Evidence review for risk prediction tools and eGFR for the prediction of iodine-based contrast media-associated acute kidney injury

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Evidence review for risk prediction tools and eGFR for the prediction of iodine-based contrast media-associated acute kidney injury

Acute Kidney Injury (update)

Evidence review B

NICE Guideline, No. 148

London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2024 Oct.

ISBN-13: 978-1-4731-6527-4

1. Prognostic accuracy of risk assessment tools/questionnaires

1.1. Review question

What is the prognostic accuracy of risk assessment tools/questionnaires to predict the occurrence of AKI following the administration of iodine-based contrast media?

1.1.1. Introduction

The focus of the 2024 guideline update is to update the recommendations on assessing risk factors for acute kidney injury in adults having iodine-based contrast media. Topic experts highlighted that the recommendation to measure eGFR in all adults before a contrast scan in the NICE guideline on acute kidney injury may lead to unnecessary cancellation of scans.

Topic experts also stated that concerns about iodine-based contrast media causing acute kidney injury are reducing, especially with modern contrast agents that are much less toxic than older agents. The NICE recommendations were developed in 2013, and since then, several external guidelines have moved away from a ‘test all’ position to a risk stratification policy and recommend a screening questionnaire ahead of eGFR measurement. Topic experts have indicated that a questionnaire-based approach might be satisfactory for most patients. This review update evaluates the latest evidence for validated risk assessment tools and questionnaires.

1.1.2. Summary of the protocol

For full details see the review protocol in Appendix A.

1.1.3. Methods and process

This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in appendix A.

Declarations of interest were recorded according to NICE’s conflicts of interest policy.

1.1.4. Risk prediction tools evidence

1.1.4.1. Included studies

Nineteen studies on twenty eight risk tools for contrast associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) were included in the review;(Liang, et al., 2023; Buratti, et al., 2021; Lei, et al., 2020; Liu, et al., 2020; Liu, et al., 2020; Seibert, et al., 2020; Serif, et al., 2020; Alan, et al., 2019; Chaudhary, et al., 2019; Connolly, et al., 2018; Lu, et al., 2016; Kul, et al., 2015; Ando, et al., 2014; Ando, et al., 2013; Gurm, et al., 2013; Tziakas, et al., 2013; Sgura, et al., 2010; Liu, et al., 2014; Victor, et al., 2014) Evidence from these studies is summarised in the clinical evidence summary below.

All evidence identified was for intra-arterial contrast administration. No evidence was identified for intravenous administration. The most frequently reported risk prediction tool was the Mehran risk tool, included in fourteen studies. Other risk prediction tools reported in multiple papers were those developed by Ando, Bartholomew, Marenzi, Inohara, Ghani, Gurm and Tziakas. All other risk prediction tools were reported in a single study. Not all data was from derivation studies, with some studies reporting risk tools that had previously been developed in separate populations. Derivation studies that also included appropriate validation methods from Bartholomew, Ghani, Liu, Maioli and Mehran were not included in this review due to incomplete reporting (AUC without variance data). Subsequent studies that utilised the risk tools developed in the aforementioned studies were included.

1.1.4.2. Excluded studies

See the excluded studies list in Appendix I.

1.1.5. Summary of studies included in the prognostic evidence

See Appendix D for full evidence tables.

1.1.6. Summary of prognostic evidence

1.1.7. Economic evidence

A literature search was carried out for both review questions (i.e. risk prediction tools and eGFR evidence) to identify relevant published economic studies. In total, 244 records were retrieved from database. After title and abstract screening, no relevant studies were found for this review question.

1.1.7.1. Included studies

No health economic studies were included.

1.1.7.2. Excluded studies

Not applicable.

1.1.8. Summary of included economic evidence

No health economic evidence was identified for this review question.

1.1.9. Economic model

No original health economic model was developed for this review question.

2. Prognostic accuracy of eGFR for iodine-based contrast media-associated AKI

2.1. Review question

What is the prognostic accuracy of eGFR for iodine-based contrast media-associated AKI?

2.1.1. Introduction

The surveillance review of the Acute kidney injury guideline found that there was a need to re-evaluate the eGFR risk threshold in the NICE guideline, as the threshold currently recommended may be too high. Some recent evidence has shown that contrast media may only pose a risk for people with an eGFR of 30 ml/min/1.73 m² or less. External guidelines have stated that risk of acute kidney injury from iodine-based contrast media is likely to be non-existent with eGFR greater than 45 ml/min/ 1.73 m², and very likely to be low or non-existent for eGFR 30 to 45 ml/min/1.73 m². This review re-evaluates the evidence for eGFR thresholds indicating risk of iodine-based contrast kidney injury.

2.1.2. Summary of the protocol

For full details see the review protocol in Appendix A.

2.1.3. Methods and process

Declarations of interest were recorded according to NICE’s conflicts of interest policy.

2.1.4. Prognostic evidence

2.1.4.1. Included studies

Six studies that examined the prognostic accuracy of eGFR, adjusted for the protocol-listed confounders, for predicting CA-AKI were included in the review;(Buratti, Crimi, Somaschini, Cornara, Camporotondo, Cosentino, Moltrasio, Rubino, De Metrio, Marana, De Servi, Marenzi and De Ferrari, 2021; Caspi, et al., 2017; Liu, et al., 2015; Lunyera, et al., 2021; Mohebi, et al., 2022; Shacham, et al., 2016). A range of cut-off values were used across the identified studies with eGFR values ranging from <15 to ≤60. Three different referent values were used, with ≥90 used in three comparisons, ≥60 used in three, and >60 used in one comparison.

See also the study selection flow chart in Appendix A, study evidence tables in Appendix D, forest plots in Appendix E and GRADE tables.

2.1.4.2. Excluded studies

See the excluded studies list in Appendix J.

2.1.5. Summary of studies included in the prognostic evidence

See Appendix D for full evidence tables.

2.1.6. Summary of the prognostic evidence

See Appendix F for full GRADE tables.

2.1.7. Economic evidence

2.1.7.1. Included studies

No health economic studies were included.

2.1.7.2. Excluded studies

Not applicable.

2.1.8. Summary of included economic evidence

No economic evidence was identified for this review question.

2.1.9. Economic model

No original economic model was developed for this review question

3. The committee’s discussion and interpretation of the evidence

3.1. The outcomes that matter most

The committee included three clinical outcomes in the evidence reviews: acute kidney injury, dialysis, and mortality. Sensitivity and specificity were prioritised as measures of discrimination, with minimum clinically important difference thresholds set as 0.60 and 0.80 for which a test would be deemed clinically useless, and 0.80 and 0.90 for which a test would be recommended for sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values, positive and negative likelihood ratios and area under the receiver operating curve were also included as measures of discrimination, with a lower emphasis placed on the latter due to its limited clinical applicability. Odds, risk and hazard ratios were included for dialysis and mortality outcomes. Hosmer-Lemeshow was included as a measure of calibration for all clinical outcomes. Mortality was considered the most important outcome, followed by dialysis, then acute kidney injury. Mortality and dialysis are patient centred outcomes, hence the committee agreed that additional care should be taken to avoid these outcomes when administering contrast media due to the negative outcomes experienced by patients. Acute kidney injury was considered less important, as this reflects a diagnosis based on an increase in creatinine that is not necessarily felt by the patient. However, acute kidney injury is still a relevant outcome as it increases the likelihood of dialysis and mortality and is more frequently reported in papers.

3.2. Risk prediction tools

3.2.1. The quality of the evidence

The quality of the evidence ranged from moderate to very low quality, although the majority was very low quality. The most common reason for downgrading was due to risk of bias, with all evidence downgraded by at least one increment. The reasons for downgrading were varied, although there were regular occurrences of unclear measurement of predictors where either definitions or timings were not clear, incomplete outcome reporting where discrimination was reported without calibration, and inadequate sample size where the number of events was less than 100 or fewer than 10 per predictor, depending on the study design. Inconsistency was largely not applicable due to a given risk prediction tool only being reported in a single study. Pooling of AUC values was was possible in ten risk prediction tools, albeit without meta analysis, with downgrading for inconsistency occurring on five occasions where there were significant differences in the model performance reported between studies. Meta analysis was conducted on one occasion where sensitivity and specificity of a risk tool at a specified threshold were reported in three separate studies. Indirectness was only seen where risk prediction tools included procedural variables, usually contrast volume and intra-aortic balloon pump, which limited the applicability of the tool as a pre-procedural tool to determine risk prior to administering contrast media. Finally, imprecision was seen across most of the risk prediction tools, mostly due to overlapping a single 95% CI threshold, but also due to overlapping both the upper and lower threshold on six occasions. These limitations and subsequent uncertainty of the evidence were highlighted to the committee. Due to the generally very low quality of the data, the committee struggled to make recommendations based on the evidence presented alone.

3.2.2. Clinically effective tools

Acute kidney injury

Twenty-eight different risk tools were reported in the nineteen studies included in this evidence review. All evidence identified was in participants undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary angiography. Twelve of these risk prediction tools met the pre-specified threshold of 0.7 for AUC, indicating good discrimination. These tools were:

Mehran risk tool: 11 studies, 8374 participants, median AUC= 0.780 (upper and lower range of confidence interval of 0.480-0.912), very low quality
Ando risk score: 2 studies, 1373 participants, mean AUC= 0.70 (upper and lower confidence interval of 0.50-0.92), very low quality
Inohara risk score: 2 studies, 2272 participants, mean AUC= 0.705 (upper and lower confidence interval of 0.600-0.770), very low quality
ACEF score: 2 studies, 1522 participants, mean AUC= 0.791 (upper and lower confidence interval of 0.656-0.850)
GRACE score, 1 study, 216 participants, AUC= 0.828 (95%CI 0.724-0.932), low quality
de Ferrari risk score: 1 study, 1782 participants, AUC= 0.838 (95%CI 0.802-0.874), low quality
CH2DS2-VASc score: 1 study, 300 participants, AUC= 0.81 (95%CI 0.73-0.90), moderate quality
Gurm (full model) risk score: 1 study, 20,572 participants, AUC= 0.852 (95%CI 0.835-0.869), very low quality
Zwolle risk score: 1 study, 314 participants, AUC= 0.85 (95%CI 0.78-0.92), very low quality
Lei risk score: 1 study, 643 participants, AUC= 0.78 (95%CI 0.73-0.83), low quality
Liu full risk score: 1 study, 1041 participants, AUC= 0.858 (95%CI 0.794-0.923), low quality
Liu reduced risk score: 1 study, 1041 participants, AUC= 0.854 (95%CI 0.796-0.913), low quality

Ten studies reported a cut-off value for the included risk tools and reported sensitivity and specificity values. Cut-off values for risk tools that met the pre-specified sensitivity threshold for predicting CA-AKI were:

Victor risk score, cut off >10%: 1 study, 300 participants, sensitivity= 92.3% (95%CI 75-99), very low quality (specificity did not meet the threshold (82.1%)
GRACE score, cut-off >142: 1 study, 216 participants, sensitivity= 81% (95%CI 58-95), very low quality (specificity did not meet the threshold (71%))
CH2DS2-VASc risk score, cut-off ≥4: 1 study, 300 participants, sensitivity= 90.2% (95%CI 77-97), low quality (specificity did not meet the threshold (62.9%))
Lei risk score, cut-off >129: 1 study, 643 participants, sensitivity= 81.2% (95%CI 72-88), very low quality (specificity did not meet the threshold (63.3%))

No evidence reported a risk prediction tool that met the pre-specified specificity threshold of 90%.

The committee’s attention was drawn to the 2020 study by Serif et al., which included seventeen previously developed risk tools. This paper summarised the general inadequacy of risk prediction tools for CA-AKI, with AUC’s ranging from 0.48-0.58, indicating poor discrimination. However, this study also reported positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), with PPV ranging from 17.0-30.2% and NPV ranging from 84.0-94.0%. Reporting of these predictive values highlighted that any risk prediction tool is unlikely to identify patients who will go on to have an AKI but may have some utility as a screening tool to identify those that won’t have an AKI. Nonetheless, no single risk prediction tool was deemed to be supported by enough evidence to warrant a recommendation based off these predictive values.

All but three risk prediction tools (Tsai, Liu, Chen) showed non-significant Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) test results. The calibration of the Ando risk score was reported in two studies, one of which showed a significant H-L statistic and the other showing a nonsignificant result. The non-significant H-L seen in the majority of risk prediction tools indicates they are suitable for correctly identifying participants who did or did not go on to have a CA-AKI. Nonetheless, the committee noted that calibration was infrequently reported and agreed that the p-values reported offered little in terms of clinical applicability.

Despite some evidence showing that risk prediction tools can accurately predict CA-AKI, the committee agreed that the evidence was lacking in both quantity and quality. The majority of the included risk prediction tools were included in a small number of studies, limiting the certainty of their accuracy beyond the small number of participants included. Furthermore, the majority of evidence was of very low quality, further reinforcing the uncertainty of the estimates presented. The committee reiterated the specific clinical scenario presented in the identified evidence, with PCI representing a very small portion of the contrast enhanced scans and procedures regularly conducted in the NHS. It was noted that the average population age in the identified evidence was in the 50-60 years range, representing a population that is younger than those typically undergoing contrast enhanced procedures. The committee agreed that recommending any specific risk prediction tool would require extrapolation of the evidence due to the procedures and populations represented in the evidence. As a result, the committee agreed that none of the reported risk tools were supported by adequate evidence to be recommended.

Dialysis

Both the full and reduced Gurm risk tools reported an AUC that exceeded the threshold for predicting dialysis in 22,572 participants. Both tools reported an AUC of 0.875 (95%CI of the full model: 0.819-0.931, reduced model: 0.823-0.931), although this was very low quality evidence for both. The committee noted the impracticality of both tools, which contained procedural variables that limited their utility as a pre-contrast screening tool. Furthermore, the full tool contained 46 variables and the reduced tool contained 15, both of which are unlikely to be used routinely in practice. One study reported the accuracy of the GRACE score, a risk prediction score developed for predicting acute coronary syndrome, not AKI, at four thresholds, none of which resulted in a sensitivity or specificity exceeding the pre-specified threshold. The committee agreed that none of the reported risk tools were supported by adequate evidence to be recommended. The lack of data on the association between dialysis and contrast use was noted and potentially an area to make a research recommendation.

Mortality

The Mehran risk score was the only risk prediction tool that showed an AUC exceeding the threshold for predicting mortality with an AUC of 0.74 (95%CI 0.59-0.79) reported by a single study containing 891 participants but with very low certainty of the estimate. The same study reported hazard ratios for different levels of the risk score, which categorises patients into low, medium, high and very high risk. Data from this study showed a HR of 3.61 (95%CI 2.19-5.98) with a medium score, a HR of 8.00 (95%CI 4.53-14.13) with a high score, and a HR of 15.29 (95%CI 8.11-28.83) with a very high score, all compared to a low score. This data suggests that applying the author-defined categories of the Mehran risk tool can predict mortality in patients, showing a clear relationship between increasing risk levels and incidence of mortality. However, it was raised to the committee that in the study reporting this, none of the participants that died had CA-AKI, limiting the strength of the conclusion that this risk tool can predict mortality in the context of CA-AKI. Furthermore, the committee noted that the Mehran risk score contains contrast volume and IABP, limiting both its utility as a pre-procedural risk score and as a tool that can be used across multiple contrast-requiring conditions. One study reported the accuracy of the GRACE score at four levels, none of which resulted in a sensitivity or specificity exceeding the pre-specified threshold in our protocol. The committee agreed by informal consensus that none of the reported risk tools were supported by adequate evidence to be recommended.

3.3. eGFR

3.3.1. The quality of the evidence

The quality of the evidence ranged from high to very low quality, with the majority being moderate quality. The majority of the evidence was downgraded by one increment due to concerns arising from risk of bias, namely due to incomplete reporting of how confounders were identified for inclusion in the multivariate model. Very serious inconsistency was noted at one threshold where three studies reported the same cut-off. All other evidence was from individual studies reporting a cut-off value, meaning inconsistency could not be assessed. No indirectness or imprecision was present at any threshold.

3.3.2. Clinically important differences

Acute kidney injury

The committee did not pre-specify thresholds for eGFR cut-offs. The evidence showed that a lower eGFR is associated with an increased risk of CA-AKI. The most useful data identified compared an eGFR of 30-59 vs ≥60, <60 vs ≥60, and ≤60 vs >60 mL/min/1.73m², with all other comparisons being made between non-adjacent categories (e.g., <15 vs ≥90). High quality evidence from a single study reported an OR of 1.71 (95%CI 1.17-2.50) when comparing 30-59 vs ≥60. Low to very low quality evidence from three studies compared <60 vs ≥60, reporting ORs of 5.12 (2.27-11.54), 5.04 (3.05-8.32) and 1.65 (1.21-2.21), with the latter containing 7287 participants, compared to 2248 and 1954 in the former estimates. Moderate quality evidence from one study compared ≤60 vs >60, reporting an OR of 1.67 (95%CI 1.02-2.75). Whilst this evidence suggests that there is an increased risk at a cut-off around 60 mL/min/1.73m², this was not a threshold that was considered by the committee to indicate any significant risk of CA-AKI in practice. No evidence was identified that compared a cut-off of 30 mL/min/1.73m² to the currently recommended threshold of 40 mL/min/1.73m², resulting in a consensus recommendation. The committee noted that in current practice, clinicians use a threshold of 30 mL/min/1.73m² rather than the previously recommended threshold of 40 mL/min/1.73m². As a result, the committee agreed that a research recommendation was not necessary in this area as this threshold has, in their experience, been shown to be acceptable for mitigating AKI risk.

Dialysis

No evidence was identified that investigated the prognostic accuracy of any eGFR threshold for the incidence of dialysis.

Mortality

No evidence was identified that investigated the prognostic accuracy of any eGFR threshold for the incidence of mortality.

3.4. Cost effectiveness and resource use

Risk assessment tools

No health economic evaluation was identified from the literature review. Due to the low quality of clinical evidence, no original economic modelling was developed either. The committee felt that all the included risk assessment tools/questionnaires from clinical evidence were of very low quality. Therefore, the committee agreed that none of the reported risk assessment tools were supported by adequate evidence to be recommended for predicting the occurrence of AKI following the administration of iodine-based contrast media.

The committee acknowledged that risk factors of developing CA-AKI should be included in the routine discussion of risks and benefits before offering iodine-based contrast media for CT imaging to adults. The committee noted that there are variations in clinical practice in the NHS; some trusts need a recent eGFR result from all patients before doing a contrast associated CT scan, while other trusts will do a contrast associated CT scan without a recent eGFR result if there is a low risk of CA-AKI. The committee also noted that risk factor-based screening should identify people at higher risk of CA-AKI.

The committee came to a consensus that if no eGFR is available within the last 6 months for a non-emergency outpatient, but a risk assessment tool indicates a history of kidney disease, then the requestor should consider requesting an eGFR test to support decision making. This is likely to affect only a small number of people because someone known to have kidney disease should already have an eGFR result from the past 6 months. No significant resource impact is expected for this in practice because any small increase in cost associated with the increase in eGFR testing at an early stage is likely to be offset by the reduced long-term costs of managing AKI, especially since the eGFR testing is likely to be provided at some point in the treatment pathway anyway.

This change in clinical practice is also likely to reduce either delayed scans or scan cancellations at short notice since an eGFR test result from the past 6 months instead of 3 months (which is used in current practice) will be able to support decisions on the contrast media scan as well as release the burden on multiple blood tests. The committee concluded that risk factor screening is an appropriate first step for people who are thought of as being at increased risk of CA-AKI needing non-emergency contrast associated CT imaging and who present without an eGFR measurement within 6 months.

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)

No health economic evaluation was identified from the literature review. Due to the poor quality of clinical evidence, no original economic modelling was developed either. No clinical evidence was identified that compared an eGFR threshold of 30 mL/min/1.73m² to the currently recommended threshold of 40 mL/min/1.73m², but the committee reached a consensus that an increased risk is associated with an eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73m² that is commonly used in clinical practice to indicate the prospect of poor kidney function. The committee noted that this updated threshold is also in line with international guidelines. This new threshold of 30 ml/min/1.73 m² may ensure that only people with the greatest risk would need an eGFR test, hence, it would be cost saving to the NHS due to the reduced number of eGFR testing.

3.5. Other factors the committee took into account

The committee agreed that in the life-threatening or emergency situations, risk prediction tools should not be applied, and contrast should be administered without delay. The example repeatedly used by the committee was a patient in the emergency department with acute coronary syndrome, indicating a life threating scenario if not treated. In situations like this, the committee agreed that using contrast, regardless of the risk of CA-AKI, is necessary in order to treat the more severe issue that has more significant implications if not acted on. The committee strongly agreed that this should be included as a separate recommendation.

The committee were aware that there is widespread concern surrounding contrast use due to antecedent data suggesting an association between contrast use and AKI. The committee noted that these associations were typically drawn from high osmolar contrast media studies, which was the standard medium used prior to the year 2000. More contemporary research suggests that the risk of CA-AKI with modern low or iso-osmolar contrast media is significantly reduced compared to high osmolar, indicating a reduced risk in current practice. Furthermore, the majority of research has been conducted in emergency settings where participants are in a state of poor acute health. A poor acute health state increases the risk of AKI, independent of contrast administration. That is not to say that contrast is safe in all situations, but that the risks are not as high as typically perceived. The evidence identified in this review was all in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), which represents an acute poor health state that mandates intra-arterial contrast administration, associated with an increased with of CA-AKI. AKI can also occasionally be associated with cholesterol embolization associated with PCI. The committee agreed that from the evidence identified it is therefore very difficult to determine the risk of CA-AKI for less invasive procedures, although based on clinical experience there was consensus that the risk of AKI is lesser in non-emergency situations. The committee noted that risks of developing AKI would be discussed with patients as part of the routine discussion of the risks and benefits before carrying our CT imaging. The committee agreed that the list of risk factors for AKI outlined in recommendation 1.1.6 of the previous NICE guidance on this topic should be removed from this section of the guideline. This decision was made on the basis that they are not specific to the risk of developing CA-AKI, but rather represent general risk factors for AKI. The committee agreed that eGFR is the most important consideration when administering contrast media, and whilst clinicians should be aware of these other risk factors, they are not necessarily additive to the risk of developing CA-AKI.

The committee concluded that that further research is needed to develop or validate a suitable risk assessment tool for use across the NHS to predict the occurrence of CI-AKI following the administration of iodine-based contrast media. A research recommendation specific to intravenous contrast administration, for which no evidence was identified, was made to address this gap in the literature.

eGFR

The committee were aware of the problem in current practice whereby a patient is required to have an eGFR within 3 months prior to undergoing contrast media-enhanced scans. This often results in delayed scans and increases the burden on patients and clinicians to conduct blood tests that may not be necessary. Due to the previously outlined lower risk of CA-AKI in non-emergency settings, the committee agreed that screening questions could be used to assess risk. By including initial questions on pre-existing kidney disease, if they have had a kidney transplant, or been seen by a kidney specialist, a large proportion of patients will not then be required to undergo blood tests, which could unnecessarily increase patient and clinician test burden whilst delaying time-sensitive diagnostic scans or treatments. The decision to include an eGFR assessment within 6 months for patients with a history of CKD was based on elevated general risk of AKI in patients with a history of CKD. The committee agreed that patients known to have kidney disease should have an eGFR result within 6 months of contrast use, unless such patients are acutely unwell at the time of contrast use (in which case, an up-to-date blood test would be expected as part of normal practice regardless). The committee also noted that people with a chronic illness are more likely to have regular routine blood tests and therefore a recent eGFR should be available.

The committee were aware that the previous NICE guidance on this topic recommended an eGFR threshold of 40 mL/min/1.73m² should be considered high risk for CA-AKI. However, this evidence was based on the risk prediction tools identified at the time, which included eGFR at this threshold. The committee agreed that whilst this was based on the best available evidence at the time, this was now outdated and did not represent what is currently done in practice. The clinical review of eGFR thresholds did not identify any evidence investigating the increase in AKI risk at a cut off of 30 vs 40 mL/min/1.73m². Nonetheless, the committee also noted that the risk prediction tools identified in both this, and the previous guideline were in patients undergoing PCI and coronary angiography, representing a high-risk group of patients. Due to the aforementioned reasons pertaining to increased risk in cardiac interventions, the committee agreed that the eGFR threshold that indicates an increased risk of AKI in non-emergency patients is likely to be lower, despite there being no evidence to support this. Furthermore, the committee agreed that a cut-off of 30 mL/min/1.73m² made practical sense, with clinicians using this threshold to indicate stage 3 CKD, as opposed to 40 mL/min/1.73m² which has no other clinical relevance. The committee were also aware of guidelines published by external international bodies, which despite not being evidence based largely supported the use of 30 mL/min/1.73m² as a threshold.

Contrast-associated acute kidney injury

The committee were aware that terminology has changed in recent years. It is no longer clear that contrast media causes acute kidney injury however, there is known to be an association between the two factors. Consequently, they agreed to update the terminology to ‘contrast-associated acute kidney injury’ to reflect current wording and align with other guidelines.

3.6. Recommendations supported by this evidence review

This evidence review supports recommendations 1.1.5 – 1.1.12 and the recommendation for research on risk factor-based screening tool for adults having iodine-based contrast media.

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Sgura FA, Bertelli L, Monopoli D, et al. (2010) Mehran Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Risk Score Predicts Short- and Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Patients With ST-Elevation?Myocardial Infarction Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions 3 (5): 491–498. [PubMed: 20923986]
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Victor SM, Gnanaraj A, S V, et al. (2014) Risk scoring system to predict contrast induced nephropathy following percutaneous coronary intervention Indian Heart Journal 66 (5): 517–524. [PMC free article: PMC4223201] [PubMed: 25443605]
Caspi O, Habib M, Cohen Y, et al. (2017) Acute Kidney Injury After Primary Angioplasty: Is Contrast-Induced Nephropathy the Culprit? Journal of the American Heart Association 6 (6). [PMC free article: PMC5669180] [PubMed: 28647690]
Liu Y, He Y-t, Tan N, et al. (2015) Preprocedural N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is similar to the Mehran contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) score in predicting CIN following elective coronary angiography Journal of the American Heart Association 4 (4). [PMC free article: PMC4579954] [PubMed: 25888371]
Lunyera J, Clare RM, Chiswell K, et al. (2021) Racial Differences in AKI Incidence Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 32 (3): 654–662. [PMC free article: PMC7920184] [PubMed: 33443096]
Mohebi R, Karimi Galougahi K, Garcia JJ, et al. (2022) Long-Term Clinical Impact of Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury Following PCI: An ADAPT-DES Substudy JACC. Cardiovascular interventions 15 (7): 753–766. [PubMed: 35305904]
Shacham Y, Gal-Oz A, Flint N, et al. (2016) Serum uric acid levels and renal impairment among st-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous intervention CardioRenal Medicine 6 (3): 191–197. [PMC free article: PMC4886033] [PubMed: 27275155]

Appendices

Appendix A. Review protocols

A.1. Review protocol for risk prediction tools (PDF, 195K)

A.2. Review protocol for eGFR (PDF, 235K)

Appendix B. Literature search strategies

The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual (2014)

For more information, please see the Methodology review published as part of the accompanying documents for this guideline.

B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy (PDF, 190K)

B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy (PDF, 166K)

Appendix C. Prognostic evidence study selection

Figure 1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of risk assessment tools and eGFR as a risk factor for iodine-based contrast media-associated acute kidney injury (PDF, 141K)

Appendix D. Prognostic evidence

4.1.1. Risk prediction tools (PDF, 687K)

4.1.2. eGFR (PDF, 311K)

Appendix E. Forest plots and AUC and ROC curves

4.1.3. Risk prediction tools

4.1.7. eGFR risk factor

No plots produced due to review type.

Appendix F. Economic evidence study selection

Figure 29. PRISMA flow chart for risk prediction tools and eGFR evidence (PDF, 137K)

Appendix G. Economic evidence tables

No health economic evidence was identified.

Appendix H. Health economic model

No original health economic model was developed.

Appendix I. Excluded studies

I.1. Clinical studies

Table 10Studies excluded from the clinical reviews

Note: this table contains the studies excluded from both reviews 1.1 and 1.2 as the search and sifting process for each was conducted simultaneously.

Study	Code [Reason]
McLean, K.A., Ahmed, W.U.R., English, C. et al. (2020) Perioperative intravenous contrast administration and the incidence of acute kidney injury after major gastrointestinal surgery: prospective, multicentre cohort study. British Journal of Surgery 107(8): 1023–1032 [PubMed: 32026470]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Not all participants received iodinated contrast media, and no subgroup analysis data for those that did receive it
Aalaei-Andabili, Seyed Hossein, Pourafshar, Negiin, Bavry, Anthony A et al. (2016) Acute Kidney Injury After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Journal of cardiac surgery 31(7): 416–22 [PubMed: 27212701]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Abbasi, Nooshin, Glazer, Daniel I, Saini, Sanjay et al. (2022) Utility of Patient-Reported Risk Factors for Identifying Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease Before Outpatient CT: Comparison With Recent ACR/NKF Consensus Criteria. AJR. American journal of roentgenology 219(3): 462–470 [PubMed: 35383485]	- Inappropriate analysis method Study aimed to identify prognostic values for an eGFR threshold and did not include a multivariate model assessing the risk of AKI with a given eGFR
Abe, Daisuke, Sato, Akira, Hoshi, Tomoya et al. (2014) Clinical predictors of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing emergency versus elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 78(1): 85–91 [PubMed: 24107362]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Abellas-Sequeiros, R.A., Raposeiras-Roubin, S., Abu-Assi, E. et al. (2016) Mehran contrast nephropathy risk score: Is it still useful 10 years later?. Journal of Cardiology 67(3): 262–267 [PubMed: 26169247]	- Retrospective cohort study
Abramavicius, S., Galaune, V., Tunaityte, A. et al. (2021) The glomerular filtration rate estimators in the pharmacokinetic modelling in acute kidney injury: An observational study. Antibiotics 10(2): 1–13 [PMC free article: PMC7915939] [PubMed: 33557261]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodinated contrast media
Abusaada, Khalid, Yuan, Cai, Sabzwari, Rafay et al. (2017) Development of a novel score to predict the risk of acute kidney injury in patient with acute myocardial infarction. Journal of nephrology 30(3): 419–425 [PubMed: 27300206]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Not all participants received iodine based contrast media
Adamo, Marianna, Provini, Martino, Fiorina, Claudia et al. (2020) Interaction between severe chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury in predicting mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Insights from the Italian Clinical Service Project. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 96(7): 1500–1508 [PubMed: 32644300]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Agarwal, S., Kareem, H., Devasia, T. et al. (2018) Baseline nt-probnp level as a risk predictor of contrast induced-acute kidney injury in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing primary angioplasty. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 12(3): oc11–oc14	- Inappropriate analysis method No multivariate analysis reported
Ahmed, M., Ibrahim, G.H., Adel, M. et al. (2021) Midkine as an early biomarker of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention foracute coronary syndrome: A single-center prospective study. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9: 983–989	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Aijaz, Saba, Ahmed, Naseer, Akhter, Zohaib et al. (2019) Clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcome in percutaneous coronary interventions with ST elevation myocardial infarction patients developing acute kidney injury. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 69(12): 1827–1833 [PubMed: 31853112]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Akin, Fatih, Celik, Omer, Altun, Ibrahim et al. (2015) Relation of red cell distribution width to contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing a primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Coronary artery disease 26(4): 289–95 [PubMed: 25714066]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Akrawinthawong, Krittapoom, Ricci, Jason, Cannon, Louis et al. (2015) Subclinical and clinical contrast-induced acute kidney injury: data from a novel blood marker for determining the risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy (ENCINO), a prospective study. Renal failure 37(2): 187–91 [PubMed: 25519207]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Multivariate model results not reported
Al Adas, Ziad, Lodewyk, Kevin, Robinson, David et al. (2019) Contrast-induced nephropathy after peripheral vascular intervention: Long-term renal outcome and risk factors for progressive renal dysfunction. Journal of vascular surgery 69(3): 913–920 [PubMed: 30292616]	- Study not investigating AKI Study investigates predictors of long-term renal dysfunction, not occurrence of AKI
Alhozali, H.M., Qutub, M., Alharbi, N.M. et al. (2023) THE RISK OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology 30(18): 1202–1212	- Full text paper not available
Amiri, Ali, Ghanavati, Reza, Riahi Beni, Hassan et al. (2018) Metabolic Syndrome and the Iodine-Dose/Creatinine Clearance Ratio as Determinants of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Cardiorenal medicine 8(3): 217–227 [PMC free article: PMC6170904] [PubMed: 29909417]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
An, Jung Nam, Yoo, Kyung Don, Hwang, Jin Ho et al. (2015) Circulating tumour necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 predict contrast-induced nephropathy and progressive renal dysfunction: a prospective cohort study. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.) 20(8): 552–9 [PubMed: 25783484]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
An, Xiuping, Guo, Xi, Ye, Nan et al. (2021) Risk factors of acute kidney injury in patients with Stanford type B aortic dissection involving the renal artery who underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair. Renal failure 43(1): 1130–1136 [PMC free article: PMC8274498] [PubMed: 35048774]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Andreis, Alessandro, Budano, Carlo, Levis, Mario et al. (2017) Contrast-induced kidney injury: how does it affect long-term cardiac mortality?. Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.) 18(11): 908–915 [PubMed: 28678146]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Risk of AKI with Mehran risk score reported using RR
Andreucci, Michele; Solomon, Richard; Tasanarong, Adis (2014) Side effects of radiographic contrast media: pathogenesis, risk factors, and prevention. BioMed research international 2014: 741018 [PMC free article: PMC4034507] [PubMed: 24895606]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Andujar, A.M., Lucas, A., Escudero, V.J. et al. (2022) Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury Following Cardiac Surgery and Performance of Leicester Score in a Spanish Cohort. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11(4): 904 [PMC free article: PMC8876028] [PubMed: 35207177]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants had received iodinated contrast media
Anton, B.; Nazarewski, S.; Malyszko, J. (2023) Kidney Function, Male Gender, and Aneurysm Diameter Are Predictors of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Treated Endovascularly. Toxins 15(2): 130 [PMC free article: PMC9966909] [PubMed: 36828444]	- Inappropriate analysis method Unclear what confounders are included in the multivariate model, and what eGFR threshold CKD was defined at
Araujo, Gustavo N, Pivatto Junior, Fernando, Fuhr, Bruno et al. (2018) Simplifying contrast-induced acute kidney injury prediction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the age, creatinine and ejection fraction score. Cardiovascular intervention and therapeutics 33(3): 224–231 [PubMed: 28540634]	- Retrospective cohort study
Arrotti, S., Sgura, F.A., Monopoli, D.E. et al. (2023) The Importance of Mehran Score to Predict Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with TAVI: A Large Multicenter Cohort Study. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 10(6): 228 [PMC free article: PMC10298873] [PubMed: 37367393]	- Retrospective cohort study
Aubry, P., Brillet, G., Catella, L. et al. (2016) Outcomes, risk factors and health burden of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: an observational study of one million hospitalizations with image-guided cardiovascular procedures. BMC Nephrology 17(1): 1–17 [PMC free article: PMC5100322] [PubMed: 27821094]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol specified confounders
Augene, E., Lareyre, F., Chikande, J. et al. (2022) Incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia and identification of potential predictive factors. Vascular 30(6): 1097–1106 [PubMed: 34645315]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Majority of participants did not receive iodine based contrast media
Avci, Y., Demir, A.R., Guler, A. et al. (2023) A simplified acute kidney injury predictor following endovascular aortic repair: ACEF score. Vascular 31(1): 26–32 [PubMed: 35077260]	- Inappropriate analysis method Risk tool not validated within study and eGFR not included in multivariate analysis
Aykut, A., Zengin, E.N., Akkaya, B.B. et al. (2023) Systemic Immune-inflammation Index Predicts Acute Kidney Injury after Cardiac Surgery: A Retrospective Observational Study. Gogus-Kalp-Damar Anestezi ve Yogun Bakim Dernegi Dergisi 29(1): 7–14	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Azzalini, L., Vilca, L.M., Lombardo, F. et al. (2018) Incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in a large cohort of all-comers undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Comparison of five contrast media. International Journal of Cardiology 273: 69–73 [PubMed: 30196995]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed eGFR included in multivariate model, but no prognostic cut-off reported
Azzalini, Lorenzo, Poletti, Enrico, Lombardo, Francesca et al. (2019) Risk of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing complex percutaneous coronary intervention. International journal of cardiology 290: 59–63 [PubMed: 31005417]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Prognostic accuracy of Mehran risk score not reported, and eGFR not included in multivariate model
Baek, Seung Don, Kim, So Mi, Kang, Jae-Young et al. (2019) A risk scoring model to predict renal progression associated with postcontrast acute kidney injury in chronic kidney disease patients. Medicine 98(5): e14377 [PMC free article: PMC6380753] [PubMed: 30702631]	- Retrospective cohort study
Baldasseroni, Samuele, Bari, Mauro Di, Pratesi, Alessandra et al. (2023) Prediction of worsening postoperative renal function in older candidates to elective cardiac surgery: Choosing the best eGFR formula may not be enough. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care 62: 28–34 [PubMed: 37295187]	- eGFR cut-off outside protocol-defined range No eGFR cut-off specified for prediction of AKI
Banda, J., Duarte, R., Dickens, C. et al. (2016) Risk factors and outcomes of contrast-induced nephropathy in hospitalised South Africans. South African Medical Journal 106(7): 699–703 [PubMed: 27384365]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Barbu, M., Hjarpe, A., Martinsson, A. et al. (2023) Cardiopulmonary bypass management and acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery patients. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica [PubMed: 38069475]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Bartholomew, Beth A, Harjai, Kishore J, Dukkipati, Srinivas et al. (2004) Impact of nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention and a method for risk stratification. American Journal of Cardiology 93(12): 1515–1519 [PubMed: 15194023]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed AUC the only protocol-specified statistic reported, but without variance data
Bell, S., James, M.T., Farmer, C.K.T. et al. (2020) Development and external validation of an acute kidney injury risk score for use in the general population. Clinical Kidney Journal 13(3): 402–412 [PMC free article: PMC7596889] [PubMed: 33149901]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Bell, Samira, Dekker, Friedo W, Vadiveloo, Thenmalar et al. (2015) Risk of postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery--development and validation of a risk score and effect of acute kidney injury on survival: observational cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 351: h5639 [PMC free article: PMC4641433] [PubMed: 26561522]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodinated contrast media
Benaicha, K, Aldroubi, B, Yousuf, P et al. (2023) Factors Associated With Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 15(9): e45131 [PMC free article: PMC10569799] [PubMed: 37842473]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model Systematic review did not report eGFR as a prognostic marker for AKI
Berg, Kristin S, Stenseth, Roar, Wahba, Alexander et al. (2013) How can we best predict acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery?: a prospective observational study. European journal of anaesthesiology 30(11): 704–12 [PubMed: 24067536]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Berglund, F., Eilertz, E., Nimmersjo, F. et al. (2023) Acute and long-term renal effects after iodine contrast media-enhanced computerised tomography in the critically ill-a retrospective bi-centre cohort study. European Radiology [PMC free article: PMC10873227] [PubMed: 37658144]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Blanco, A., Rahim, F., Nguyen, M. et al. (2021) Performance of a pre-procedural Mehran score to predict acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary intervention. Nephrology 26(1): 23–29 [PubMed: 32808734]	- Retrospective cohort study
Boyer, N., Eldridge, J., Prowle, J.R. et al. (2022) Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 17(10): 1535–1545 [PMC free article: PMC9528271] [PubMed: 35710717]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Braet, Drew J, Graham, Nathan J, Albright, Jeremy et al. (2023) A Novel Preoperative Risk Assessment Tool to Identify Patients at Risk of Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury After Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair. Annals of vascular surgery 93: 79–91 [PubMed: 36863491]	- Retrospective cohort study
Brito, C., Falcao, L., Raimundo, M. et al. (2018) Contrast induced acute kidney injury in patients with acute stroke. Neuroradiology 60(supplement2): 433 [PubMed: 33283660]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Not all participants received iodine based contrast media, and results stratified by exposure were not usable
Brito, C., Falcao, L., Raimundo, M. et al. (2020) Contrast-induced acute kidney injury in acute ischaemic stroke patients. Neuroradiology Journal [PubMed: 33283660]	- Duplicate reference
Brown, J.R., MacKenzie, T.A., Maddox, T.M. et al. (2015) Acute kidney injury risk prediction in patients undergoing coronary angiography in a national veterans health administration cohort with external validation. Journal of the American Heart Association 4(12): e002136 [PMC free article: PMC4845295] [PubMed: 26656858]	- Retrospective cohort study
Buelow, Matthew W, Dall, Aaron, Regner, Kevin et al. (2012) Urinary interleukin-18 and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predict acute kidney injury following pulmonary valve replacement prior to serum creatinine. Congenital heart disease 7(5): 441–7 [PubMed: 22537138]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants received iodine based contrast media
Butala, A.D., Nanayakkara, S., Navani, R.V. et al. (2024) Acute Kidney Injury Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation-A Contemporary Perspective of Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes. Heart Lung and Circulation [PubMed: 38245395]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Caixeta, Adriano, Nikolsky, Eugenia, Leon, Selene et al. (2010) VALIDATION OF A RISK SCORE TO PREDICT CONTRAST-INDUCED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AFTER PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION IN PATIENTS WITH ACS: RESULTS FROM THE ACUITY TRIAL. Journal of The American College of Cardiology - J AMER COLL CARDIOL 55	- Conference abstract
Candela-Toha, Angel, Pardo, Maria Carmen, Perez, Teresa et al. (2018) Estimated glomerular filtration rate is an early biomarker of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury. Nefrologia 38(6): 596–605 [PubMed: 29685332]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants had received iodine based contrast media
Carlqvist, Jeanette, Nyman, Ulf, Sterner, Gunnar et al. (2021) Minimal risk of contrast-induced kidney injury in a randomly selected cohort with mildly reduced GFR. European radiology 31(5): 3248–3257 [PMC free article: PMC8043936] [PubMed: 33155105]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Carpio, J.D., Marco, M.P., Martin, M.L. et al. (2021) Development and validation of a model to predict severe hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in non-critically ill patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine 10(17): 3959 [PMC free article: PMC8432169] [PubMed: 34501406]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Majority of participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Carrascal, Yolanda, Laguna, Gregorio, Blanco, Miriam et al. (2021) Acute Kidney Injury after Heart Valve Surgery in Elderly Patients: any Risk Factors to Modify?. Brazilian journal of cardiovascular surgery 36(1): 1–9 [PMC free article: PMC7918381] [PubMed: 33113315]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Casanova, A.G., Sancho-Martinez, S.M., Vicente-Vicente, L. et al. (2022) Diagnosis of Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: State of the Art and Perspectives. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11(15): 4576 [PMC free article: PMC9370029] [PubMed: 35956190]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Castaldo, Pasqualina, Frasca, Giovanni M, Brigante, Fabiana et al. (2019) Low incidence of nephrotoxicity following intravenous administration of iodinated contrast media: a prospective study. European radiology 29(7): 3927–3934 [PubMed: 30989349]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate analysis not reported
Chandrasekhar, J., Sartori, S., Mehran, R. et al. (2021) Incidence, predictors, and outcomes associated with acute kidney injury in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: from the BRAVO-3 randomized trial. Clinical Research in Cardiology 110(5): 649–657 [PubMed: 33839885]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants did not receive iodine based contrast media
Chaudery, Hannan, MacDonald, Neil, Ahmad, Tahania et al. (2019) Acute Kidney Injury and Risk of Death After Elective Surgery: Prospective Analysis of Data From an International Cohort Study. Anesthesia and analgesia 128(5): 1022–1029 [PubMed: 30418232]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Chaudhury, P., Armanyous, S., Harb, S.C. et al. (2019) Intra-Arterial versus Intravenous Contrast and Renal Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Propensity-Matched Analysis. Nephron 141(1): 31–40 [PubMed: 30368506]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Not all participants received iodine based contrast media, and reported risks of AKI stratified by exposure are not usable
Chen, Hanchuan, He, Chen, You, Zhebin et al. (2021) Association between urine pH and risk of contrast-associated acute kidney injury among patients after emergency percutaneous coronary intervention: a V-shape relationship?. Clinical and experimental nephrology 25(5): 554–561 [PMC free article: PMC8038988] [PubMed: 33428027]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model Included in model, but OR not reported
Chen, JW; Lin, CH; Hsu, RB (2015) Malignant ventricular arrhythmias after off-pump coronary artery bypass. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 114(10): 936–42 [PubMed: 24642387]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Chen, Yen-Yu, Liu, Chung-Feng, Shen, Yu-Ting et al. (2023) Development of real-time individualized risk prediction models for contrast associated acute kidney injury and 30-day dialysis after contrast enhanced computed tomography. European journal of radiology 167: 111034 [PubMed: 37591134]	- Retrospective cohort study
Chen, Yi-Ting, Chan, Chieh-Kai, Li, Wen-Yi et al. (2021) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition decreased contrast-associated acute kidney injury in chronic kidney disease patients. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 120(1pt3): 641–650 [PubMed: 32762878]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No prognostic cut-off value for eGFR provided
Chen, Zaiyan, Mao, Qi, Xiang, Li et al. (2023) Iodixanol-associated acute kidney injury and prognosis in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention: a prospective, multi-center study. European radiology 33(12): 9444–9454 [PubMed: 37480548]	- Retrospective cohort study
Cheng, E.L., Hong, Q., Yong, E. et al. (2020) Validating the use of contrast-induced nephropathy prediction models in endovascular aneurysm repairs. Journal of Vascular Surgery 71(5): 1546–1553 [PubMed: 31648760]	- Retrospective cohort study
Chikata, Y., Iwata, H., Doi, S. et al. (2020) Simultaneous estimation of gender male and atrial fibrillation as risk factors for adverse outcomes following transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Journal of Clinical Medicine 9(12): 1–15 [PMC free article: PMC7762231] [PubMed: 33297434]	- Study not investigating AKI
Cho, Ara, Kim, Min Joung, You, Je Sung et al. (2019) Postcontrast Acute Kidney Injury After Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography for Acute Pulmonary Embolism. The Journal of emergency medicine 57(6): 798–804 [PubMed: 31740158]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol specified confounders
Chua, Horng-Ruey, Horrigan, Mark, Mcintosh, Elizabeth et al. (2014) Extended renal outcomes with use of iodixanol versus iohexol after coronary angiography. BioMed research international 2014: 506479 [PMC free article: PMC4142278] [PubMed: 25180184]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Adjusted OR or RR not reported
Chuang, Y.-C., Tung, T.-H., Chen, J.-Y. et al. (2021) Exploration of the Relationship Among Key Risk Factors of Acute Kidney Injury for Elderly Patients Considering Covid-19. Frontiers in Medicine 8: 639250 [PMC free article: PMC8339321] [PubMed: 34368176]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodinated contrast media
Cicek, O.F., Akyurek, F., Akbayrak, H. et al. (2023) Can preoperative neopterin levels predict acute kidney injury in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery?. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 48(5): 531–540	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Cinar, T., Karabag, Y., Ozan Tanik, V. et al. (2020) The investigation of TIMI risk index for prediction of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction. Acta Cardiologica 75(1): 77–84 [PubMed: 30678606]	- Retrospective cohort study
Coca, S.G., Jammalamadaka, D., Sint, K. et al. (2012) Preoperative proteinuria predicts acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 143(2): 495–502 [PMC free article: PMC3341084] [PubMed: 22050987]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Colacchio, E.C., Berton, M., Grego, F. et al. (2023) Post-Operative and Mid-Term Renal Function Impairment Following Elective Fenestrated Endovascular Aortic Repair for Complex Aortic Aneurysms: Incidence and Risk Factors Analysis. Diagnostics 13(11): 1955 [PMC free article: PMC10252258] [PubMed: 37296807]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Comoglu, M., Acehan, F., Katipoglu, B. et al. (2023) Is eGFR >=60 mL/min/1.73 m2 in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography Really Safe for Contrast Nephropathy?. Angiology [PubMed: 37144892]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Corbett, Mark, Duarte, Ana, Llewellyn, Alexis et al. (2020) Point-of-care creatinine tests to assess kidney function for outpatients requiring contrast-enhanced CT imaging: systematic reviews and economic evaluation. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) 24(39): 1–248 [PMC free article: PMC7475798] [PubMed: 32840478]	- Study design not relevant to this review protocol Systematic review of studies comparing diagnostic accuracy of PoC devices
Coser, T.A., Leitao, J.S.V., Beltrame, B.M. et al. (2021) Intravenous contrast use and acute kidney injury: A retrospective study of 1,238 inpatients undergoing computed tomography. Radiologia Brasileira 54(2): 77–82 [PMC free article: PMC8029938] [PubMed: 33854260]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Multivariate analysis results for AKI not reported
Crawford, Todd C, Magruder, J Trent, Grimm, Joshua C et al. (2017) Renal Failure After Cardiac Operations: Not All Acute Kidney Injury Is the Same. The Annals of thoracic surgery 104(3): 760–766 [PubMed: 28434550]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants had received iodine based contrast media
Crimi, G., De Marzo, V., De Marco, F. et al. (2022) Acute Kidney Injury After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Mediates the Effect of Chronic Kidney Disease. Journal of the American Heart Association 11(19): e024589 [PMC free article: PMC9673702] [PubMed: 36172945]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model not adjusted for protocol-specified covariates
Crowhurst, James A, Savage, Michael, Subban, Vijayakumar et al. (2016) Factors Contributing to Acute Kidney Injury and the Impact on Mortality in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Heart, lung & circulation 25(3): 282–9 [PubMed: 26672437]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Crowley, M.P.; Prabhakaran, V.N.; Gilligan, O.M. (2018) Incidence of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Undergoing Contrast-Enhanced Procedures. Pathology and Oncology Research 24(4): 915–919 [PubMed: 28900871]	- Inappropriate analysis method No multivariate analysis reported
D’Oria, Mario, Wanhainen, Anders, Lindstrom, David et al. (2021) Editor’s Choice - Pre-Operative Moderate to Severe Chronic Kidney Disease is Associated with Worse Short-Term and Mid-Term Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Fenestrated-Branched Endovascular Aortic Repair. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 62(6): 859–868 [PubMed: 34716095]	- Study not investigating AKI Study assessed outcomes at <30 days and 36 months, not reporting AKI incidence within 7 days
Dagar, S., Emektar, E., Uzunosmanoglu, H. et al. (2022) Risk of acute kidney injury after contrast-enhanced computed tomography in emergency department. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 29(5): 305–311	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Dasli, T. and Turan, B. (2023) Is the transradial approach associated with decreased acute kidney injury following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients not complicated by major bleeding and haemodynamic disturbance?. Cardiovascular journal of Africa 34: 1–6 [PubMed: 37278668]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Davenport, Matthew S, Khalatbari, Shokoufeh, Cohan, Richard H et al. (2013) Contrast material-induced nephrotoxicity and intravenous low-osmolality iodinated contrast material: risk stratification by using estimated glomerular filtration rate. Radiology 268(3): 719–28 [PubMed: 23579046]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Davenport, Matthew S, Khalatbari, Shokoufeh, Dillman, Jonathan R et al. (2013) Contrast material-induced nephrotoxicity and intravenous low-osmolality iodinated contrast material. Radiology 267(1): 94–105 [PMC free article: PMC3606541] [PubMed: 23360737]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
De Filippo, O., D’Ascenzo, F., Piroli, F. et al. (2019) Sometimes neither water nor fire are more useful than friendship - A new risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) and long-term adverse outcomes in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Journal of Thoracic Disease 11(7): 2675–2679 [PMC free article: PMC6688012] [PubMed: 31463091]	- Review article but not a systematic review
De Rosa, R., Morici, N., De Servi, S. et al. (2020) Impact of renal dysfunction and acute kidney injury on outcome in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care [PubMed: 32374175]	- Study not investigating AKI Outcomes reported at 12 months
Dedemoglu, M. and Tuysuz, M.E. (2020) Risk estimation model for acute kidney injury defined by KDIGO classification after heart valve replacement surgery. General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 68(9): 922–931 [PubMed: 31865601]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Dimopoulos, S., Zagkotsis, G., Kinti, C. et al. (2023) Incidence and peri-operative risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in patients after cardiac surgery: A prospective observational study. World Journal of Clinical Cases 11(16): 3791–3801 [PMC free article: PMC10294155] [PubMed: 37383133]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants had received iodine based contrast media
Ding, Feng Hua, Lu, Lin, Zhang, Rui Yan et al. (2013) Impact of elevated serum glycated albumin levels on contrast-induced acute kidney injury in diabetic patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography. International journal of cardiology 167(2): 369–73 [PubMed: 22244477]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Diprose, William K, Sutherland, Luke J, Wang, Michael T M et al. (2019) Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in Endovascular Thrombectomy Patients With and Without Baseline Renal Impairment. Stroke 50(12): 3527–3531 [PubMed: 31587663]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Doulamis, Ilias P, Tzani, Aspasia, Kampaktsis, Polydoros N et al. (2022) Acute Kidney Injury Following Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Mitral Valve Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions 38: 29–35 [PubMed: 34334337]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Procedure not typically associated with contrast use
Drazic, Obren D, Zarate, Cristian F, Valdes, Jose F et al. (2020) Juxtarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Results of Open Surgery in an Academic Center. Annals of vascular surgery 66: 28–34 [PubMed: 31634598]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Drosos, George, Ampatzidou, Fotini, Sarafidis, Pantelis et al. (2018) Serum Creatinine and Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate: Independent Predictors of Renal Replacement Therapy following Cardiac Surgery. American journal of nephrology 48(2): 108–117 [PubMed: 30110680]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Du, Y., Wang, X.-Z., Wu, W.-D. et al. (2021) Predicting the risk of acute kidney injury in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery: Development and assessment of a nomogram prediction model. Medical Science Monitor 27: e929791 [PMC free article: PMC8083792] [PubMed: 33895770]	- Retrospective cohort study
Duceppe, Emmanuelle, Studzinska, Dorota, Devereaux, P J et al. (2019) Incidence and predictors of myocardial and kidney injury following endovascular aortic repair: a retrospective cohort study. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d’anesthesie 66(11): 1338–1346 [PubMed: 31264194]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not account for all protocol-specified confounders
Duzel, Baris; Emren, Sadik Volkan; Berilgen, Rida (2017) Effect of Atrial Fibrillation on Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Development in Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Angiology 68(10): 871–876 [PubMed: 28956474]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Risk of an AKI with a given Mehran risk score reported as RR, and eGFR cut-off not provided in multivariate model
Dziewierz, A., Tokarek, T., Kleczynski, P. et al. (2018) Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and frailty on long-term outcomes and quality of life after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 30(9): 1033–1040 [PMC free article: PMC6096867] [PubMed: 29185204]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Efe, S.C., Keskin, M., Toprak, E. et al. (2021) A Novel Risk Assessment Model Using Urinary System Contrast Blush Grading to Predict Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Low-Risk Profile Patients. Angiology 72(6): 524–532 [PubMed: 33769078]	- Inappropriate analysis method Risk prediction tool developed in study, but not validated
Ehmann, M.R., Mitchell, J., Levin, S. et al. (2023) Renal outcomes following intravenous contrast administration in patients with acute kidney injury: a multi-site retrospective propensity-adjusted analysis. Intensive Care Medicine 49(2): 205–215 [PubMed: 36715705]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants presented with AKI
Elias, A. and Aronson, D. (2021) Risk of Acute Kidney Injury after Intravenous Contrast Media Administration in Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism: A Propensity-Matched Study. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 121(6): 800–807 [PubMed: 33302305]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Not all participants received iodine based contrast media, and risk of AKI not reported for those that were exposed
Ellis, James H, Khalatbari, Shokoufeh, Yosef, Matheos et al. (2019) Influence of Clinical Factors on Risk of Contrast-Induced Nephrotoxicity From IV Iodinated Low-Osmolality Contrast Material in Patients With a Low Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate. AJR. American journal of roentgenology 213(5): w188–w193 [PubMed: 31268731]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Elmariah, Sammy, Farrell, Laurie A, Daher, Maureen et al. (2016) Metabolite Profiles Predict Acute Kidney Injury and Mortality in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Journal of the American Heart Association 5(3): e002712 [PMC free article: PMC4943248] [PubMed: 27068627]	- Inappropriate analysis method Unclear multivariate analysis confounders
Falcao, L., Brito, C., Raimundo, M. et al. (2018) Contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with suspected acute stroke. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 33(supplement1): i117	- Conference abstract
Fandler-Hofler, Simon, Odler, Balazs, Kneihsl, Markus et al. (2021) Acute and Chronic Kidney Dysfunction and Outcome After Stroke Thrombectomy. Translational stroke research 12(5): 791–798 [PMC free article: PMC8421282] [PubMed: 33398648]	- Study not investigating AKI Study reports AKI during hospital stay, but not necessarily within 7 days of contrast administration
Fathala, A., Almehemeid, S., Alkharji, I. et al. (2021) A conservative screening approach to kidney disease before contrast-enhanced computed tomography in outpatient population. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 25(6): 2503–2510 [PubMed: 33829436]	- Inappropriate analysis method No risk prediction tools or multivariate analysis including eGFR reported
Ferro, C.J., Law, J.P., Doshi, S.N. et al. (2017) Dialysis Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Risk Factors and Outcomes: An Analysis From the UK TAVI (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation) Registry. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions 10(20): 2040–2047 [PubMed: 28780035]	- Study not investigating AKI
Flaherty, Michael P, Moses, Jeffrey W, Westenfeld, Ralf et al. (2020) Impella support and acute kidney injury during high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention: The Global cVAD Renal Protection Study. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 95(6): 1111–1121 [PubMed: 31355987]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No prognostic accuracy data reported for Mehran risk score, and eGFR not reported in multivariate model
Fortrie, Gijs, Manintveld, Olivier C, Caliskan, Kadir et al. (2016) Acute Kidney Injury as a Complication of Cardiac Transplantation: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Impact on 1-year Mortality and Renal Function. Transplantation 100(8): 1740–9 [PubMed: 26479289]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Frank, B., Escola, J.K., Biermann-Ratjen, L. et al. (2021) Post-contrast acute kidney injury after acute stroke-insights from a german tertiary care center. Journal of Clinical Medicine 10(23): 5684 [PMC free article: PMC8658258] [PubMed: 34884386]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model Study did not report a multivariate model
Frydman, S., Freund, O., Banai, A. et al. (2022) Relation of Gender to the Occurrence of AKI in STEMI Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11(21): 6565 [PMC free article: PMC9655780] [PubMed: 36362793]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Fu, Naikuan, Li, Ximing, Yang, Shicheng et al. (2012) Risk Score for the Prediction of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Elderly Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Angiology 64(3): 188–194 [PubMed: 23196639]	- Retrospective cohort study
Fukushima, Yasuhiro, Miyazawa, Hitomi, Nakamura, Junpei et al. (2017) Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) of patients with renal dysfunction in CT examination. Japanese journal of radiology 35(8): 427–431 [PubMed: 28528465]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Funamoto, Masaki, Osho, Asishana A, Li, Selena S et al. (2021) Factors Related to Survival in Low-Glomerular Filtration Rate Cohorts Undergoing Lung Transplant. The Annals of thoracic surgery 112(6): 1797–1804 [PubMed: 33421391]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Gao, Y., Wang, C., Dong, W. et al. (2023) An Explainable Machine Learning Model to Predict Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Clinical Epidemiology 15: 1145–1157 [PMC free article: PMC10706584] [PubMed: 38076638]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants had received iodine based contrast media
Gao, Yu-mei, Li, Di, Cheng, Hong et al. (2014) Derivation and validation of a risk score for contrast-induced nephropathy after cardiac catheterization in Chinese patients. Clinical and experimental nephrology 18(6): 892–8 [PubMed: 24515307]	- Retrospective cohort study
Geng, Chen-Yu, Wang, Fang-Ze, Zhang, Rui et al. (2023) The predictive value of eGFR combined with BNP detection in acute kidney injury after acute myocardial infarction. African health sciences 23(2): 537–542 [PMC free article: PMC10782295] [PubMed: 38223620]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants had received iodine based contrast media
Ghani AA and Tohamy KY (2009) Risk score for contrast induced nephropathy following percutaneous coronary intervention. Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia 20(2): 240–245 [PubMed: 19237811]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed AUC the only protocol-specified statistic reported, but without variance data
Giannini, Francesco, Latib, Azeem, Jabbour, Richard J et al. (2017) The ratio of contrast volume to glomerular filtration rate predicts acute kidney injury and mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions 18(5): 349–355 [PubMed: 28342840]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Goriki, Y., Tanaka, A., Nishihira, K. et al. (2021) A Novel Prediction Model of Acute Kidney Injury Based on Combined Blood Variables in STEMI. JACC: Asia 1(3): 372–381 [PMC free article: PMC9627908] [PubMed: 36341223]	- Retrospective cohort study
Goto, M., Odab, E., Matsushita, H. et al. (2012) Renal dysfunction was an independent predictor of in-hospital death and ventricular rupture in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology Research 3(3): 123–132 [PMC free article: PMC5358241] [PubMed: 28352408]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Not all participants received iodine based contrast media
Goussot, Samuel, Mousson, Christiane, Guenancia, Charles et al. (2015) N-Terminal Fragment of Pro B-type Natriuretic Peptide as a Marker of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. The American journal of cardiology 116(6): 865–71 [PubMed: 26183794]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate analysis did not adjust for all protocol-specified confounders
Grynberg, Keren, Polkinghorne, Kevan R, Ford, Sharon et al. (2017) Early serum creatinine accurately predicts acute kidney injury post cardiac surgery. BMC nephrology 18(1): 93 [PMC free article: PMC5353965] [PubMed: 28302078]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants did not receive iodine based contrast media
Guan, Chen, Li, Chenyu, Xu, Lingyu et al. (2019) Risk factors of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: development and validation of a perioperative predictive nomogram. Journal of nephrology 32(6): 937–945 [PubMed: 31243735]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Guan, X.-L., Li, L., Li, H.-Y. et al. (2023) Risk factor prediction of severe postoperative acute kidney injury at stage 3 in patients with acute type A aortic dissection using thromboelastography. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 10: 1109620 [PMC free article: PMC9948628] [PubMed: 36844746]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Gucun, M., Kahyaoglu, M., Celik, M. et al. (2022) Predictive value of post-procedural hyponatremia on contrast-induced nephropathy in patients who underwent coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention. Acta Cardiologica 77(3): 215–221 [PubMed: 34032177]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Guenancia, Charles, Kahli, Abdelkader, Laurent, Gabriel et al. (2015) Pre-operative growth differentiation factor 15 as a novel biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac bypass surgery. International journal of cardiology 197: 66–71 [PubMed: 26113476]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Guillon, Benoit, Ecarnot, Fiona, Marcucci, Charles et al. (2018) Incidence, Predictors, and Impact on Six-Month Mortality of Three Different Definitions of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury After Coronary Angiography. The American journal of cardiology 121(7): 818–824 [PubMed: 29397881]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Gunduz, E (2023) Acute kidney injury early after left ventricular assist device implantation: incidence, risk factors and clinical consequences. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 27(8): 3336–3343 [PubMed: 37140283]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants did not receive iodine based contrast media
Guo, W., Liu, Y., Chen, J.-Y. et al. (2015) Hyperuricemia Is an Independent Predictor of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Mortality in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Angiology 66(8): 721–726 [PubMed: 25616679]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Guo, Y., Xu, X., Xue, Y. et al. (2022) Mehran 2 Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury Risk Score: Is it Applicable to the Asian Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Population?. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 28 [PMC free article: PMC9358571] [PubMed: 35924367]	- Retrospective cohort study
Gupta, Shruti, Motwani, Shveta S, Seitter, Robert H et al. (2023) Development and Validation of a Risk Model for Predicting Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Cancer: Evaluation in Over 46,000 CT Examinations. AJR. American journal of roentgenology 221(4): 486–501 [PubMed: 37195792]	- Retrospective cohort study
Haldenwang, Peter, Trampisch, Matthias, Schlomicher, Markus et al. (2014) Risk factors for acute kidney injury following TA-TAVI or minimally invasive aortic valve replacement: which procedure is less kidney damaging in elderly patients?. The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon 62(6): 482–8 [PubMed: 25025889]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Prognostic value of EUROSCORE not reported, and eGFR not included in multivariate model
Hansen, Malene Kaerslund, Gammelager, Henrik, Mikkelsen, Martin Majlund et al. (2013) Post-operative acute kidney injury and five-year risk of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke among elective cardiac surgical patients: a cohort study. Critical care (London, England) 17(6): r292 [PMC free article: PMC4057271] [PubMed: 24330762]	- Study not investigating AKI Study investigated long term outcomes of cardiac surgery
Hao, J F, Zhang, L W, Bai, J X et al. (2015) Incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of acute kidney injury following transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective cohort study. Indian journal of cancer 51suppl2: e3–8 [PubMed: 25712839]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Hasan, A.M.; Riyad, A.M.; Ahmed, M.A.R. (2024) Predictors of acute kidney injury after percutaneous nephrolithotomy in adult patients: prospective observational study. International Urology and Nephrology [PMC free article: PMC11090918] [PubMed: 38289546]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Hassan, K. and Fadi, H. (2014) Is hypoalbuminemia a prognostic risk factor for contrast-induced nephropathy in peritoneal dialysis patients?. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 10: 787–795 [PMC free article: PMC4199564] [PubMed: 25328394]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Hattar, L., Assaker, J.-P., Aoun, J. et al. (2021) Revising the Maximal Contrast Dose for Predicting Acute Kidney Injury following Coronary Intervention. American Journal of Nephrology 52(4): 328–335 [PubMed: 33827080]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Hayiroglu, M.I.; Cinar, T.; Tekkesin, A.I. (2020) The prognostic value of the GRACE score for acute kidney injury in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock. Erciyes Medical Journal 42(1): 44–49	- Retrospective cohort study
He, H.-M., He, C., You, Z.-B. et al. (2022) Association Between Different Versions of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score and Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Circulation Journal 86(5): 821–830 [PubMed: 34937817]	- Retrospective cohort study
He, Huan, Chen, Xiao-Rui, Chen, Yun-Qing et al. (2019) Prevalence and Predictors of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN) in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI): A Meta-Analysis. Journal of interventional cardiology 2019: 2750173 [PMC free article: PMC6854223] [PubMed: 31772520]	- Systematic review used as source of primary studies
Hernando, Lorenzo, Canovas, Ester, Freites, Alfonso et al. (2015) Prevalence and prognosis of percutaneous coronary intervention-associated nephropathy in patients with acute coronary syndrome and normal kidney function. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 68(4): 310–6 [PubMed: 25263104]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Hu, Diane, Blitzer, David, Zhao, Yanling et al. (2023) Quantifying the effects of circulatory arrest on acute kidney injury in aortic surgery. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 166(6): 1707–1716e6 [PubMed: 35570021]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Hu, Y., Li, Z., Chen, J. et al. (2013) Risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients undergoing same admission coronary angiography and valve replacement. Journal of Cardiac Surgery 28(6): 627–631 [PubMed: 24118099]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No eGFR cut-off reported
Hu, Yue, Wang, Xiaotong, Xiao, Shengjue et al. (2022) A Clinical Nomogram Based on the Triglyceride-Glucose Index to Predict Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury after Percutaneous Intervention in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome with Diabetes Mellitus. Cardiovascular therapeutics 2022: 5443880 [PMC free article: PMC9633196] [PubMed: 36349299]	- Retrospective cohort study
Hu, Zicheng, Shang, Tingting, Huang, Rongzhong et al. (2019) Renal Safety of Intra-Arterial Treatment after Acute Ischemic Stroke with Multimodal CT Imaging selection. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 28(7): 2031–2037 [PubMed: 31047820]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Hua, R., Ding, N., Guo, H. et al. (2022) Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients on SGLT2 Inhibitors Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: A Propensity-Matched Analysis. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 9: 918167 [PMC free article: PMC9251334] [PubMed: 35795364]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders, and no cut-off for eGFR reported
Huang, C., Murugiah, K., Li, X. et al. (2023) Effect of the New Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimation Equation on Risk Predicting Models for Acute Kidney Injury after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions 16(4): e012831 [PMC free article: PMC10622038] [PubMed: 37009734]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model Study investigates eGFR prediction equations, not it’s prognostic value
Huang, S.-S., Huang, P.-H., Leu, H.-B. et al. (2021) Significance of serum FGF-23 for risk assessment of contrast-associated acute kidney injury and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing coronary angiography. PLoS ONE 16(july): e0254835 [PMC free article: PMC8301629] [PubMed: 34297744]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Husain-Syed, F., Quattrone, M.G., Ferrari, F. et al. (2020) Clinical and Operative Determinants of Acute Kidney Injury after Cardiac Surgery. CardioRenal Medicine 10(5): 340–352 [PubMed: 32599584]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Majority of participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Husain-Syed, Faeq, Ferrari, Fiorenza, Sharma, Aashish et al. (2018) Preoperative Renal Functional Reserve Predicts Risk of Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Operation. The Annals of thoracic surgery 105(4): 1094–1101 [PubMed: 29382510]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants received iodine based contrast media
Iacovelli, F., Pignatelli, A., Cafaro, A. et al. (2021) Impact of contrast medium osmolality on the risk of acute kidney injury after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: insights from the Magna Graecia TAVI registry. International Journal of Cardiology 329: 56–62 [PubMed: 33359334]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Ibrahim, N.E., McCarthy, C.P., Shrestha, S. et al. (2019) A clinical, proteomics, and artificial intelligence-driven model to predict acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Clinical Cardiology 42(2): 292–298 [PMC free article: PMC6712314] [PubMed: 30582197]	- Study design not relevant to this review protocol No validation cohort included in model analysis
Ifedili, Ikechukwu A, Bolorunduro, Oluwaseyi, Bob-Manuel, Tamunoinemi et al. (2017) Impact of Pre-existing Kidney Dysfunction on Outcomes Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Current cardiology reviews 13(4): 283–292 [PMC free article: PMC5730961] [PubMed: 28782492]	- Study not investigating AKI
Ince, Orhan, Gulsen, Kamil, Ozcan, Sevgi et al. (2024) Positive blood pressure response may predict the recovery of renal function after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Blood pressure monitoring 29(1): 1–8 [PubMed: 37702589]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No eGFR cut-off reported
Infante, B., Conserva, F., Pontrelli, P. et al. (2023) Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of acute kidney injury in patients with diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Endocrinology 13: 903970 [PMC free article: PMC9849571] [PubMed: 36686462]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Inohara T, Kohsaka S, Abe T et al. (2015) Development and validation of a pre-percutaneous coronary intervention risk model of contrast-induced acute kidney injury with an integer scoring system. The American journal of cardiology 115(12): 1636–1642 [PubMed: 25891989]	- Retrospective cohort study
Isobe, Satoshi, Yuba, Miyuki, Mori, Hiroaki et al. (2017) Increased pre-procedural urinary microalbumin is associated with a risk for renal functional deterioration after coronary computed tomography angiography. International journal of cardiology 230: 599–603 [PubMed: 28057367]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Ivey-Miranda, J.B., Almeida-Gutierrez, E., Borrayo-Sanchez, G. et al. (2019) Right ventricular longitudinal strain predicts acute kidney injury and short-term prognosis in patients with right ventricular myocardial infarction. International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 35(1): 107–116 [PubMed: 30182321]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Jain, Tarun, Shah, Sunay, Shah, Jainil et al. (2018) Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in STEMI Patients With and Without Chronic Kidney Disease. Critical pathways in cardiology 17(1): 25–31 [PubMed: 29432373]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Prognostic accuracy of Mehran risk score not reported, and eGFR not included in multivariate model
Jeon, J., Kim, S., Yoo, H. et al. (2019) Risk Prediction for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Cancer Patients Undergoing Computed Tomography under Preventive Measures. Journal of Oncology 2019: 8736163 [PMC free article: PMC6463556] [PubMed: 31057617]	- Retrospective cohort study
Jhaveri, K.D., Saratzis, A.N., Wanchoo, R. et al. (2017) Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)- and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)-associated acute kidney injury. Kidney International 91(6): 1312–1323 [PubMed: 28318632]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Ji, Yuchen, Zhou, Yiran, Shen, Ziyun et al. (2023) Risk factors for and prognostic values of postoperative acute kidney injury after pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A retrospective, propensity score-matched cohort study of 1312 patients. Cancer medicine 12(7): 7823–7834 [PMC free article: PMC10134349] [PubMed: 36519518]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Jiang, F., Su, L., Xiang, H. et al. (2019) Incidence, risk factors, and biomarkers predicting ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke associated acute kidney injury and outcome: A retrospective study in a general intensive care unit. Blood Purification 47(4): 317–326 [PubMed: 30889582]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Jiang, Jie, Ji, Hong-Yan, Xie, Wei-Ming et al. (2019) Could platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio be a predictor for contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute coronary syndrome?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 98(32): e16801 [PMC free article: PMC6708824] [PubMed: 31393410]	- Systematic review used as source of primary studies No relevant papers identified
Jiang, M.-Y. (2020) Impact of acute kidney injury and baseline renal impairment on prognosis among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Acta Cardiologica Sinica 36(3): 223–232 [PMC free article: PMC7220960] [PubMed: 32425437]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate analysis did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Jiang, Wuhua, Yu, Jiawei, Xu, Jiarui et al. (2018) Impact of cardiac catheterization timing and contrast media dose on acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. BMC cardiovascular disorders 18(1): 191 [PMC free article: PMC6173877] [PubMed: 30290766]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Jin, L., Shan, L., Yu, K. et al. (2023) Postoperative acute kidney injury increases short- and long-term death risks in elderly patients (>= 75 years old) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. International Urology and Nephrology [PMC free article: PMC10923977] [PubMed: 37878200]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Jo, Jun-Young, Ryu, Seung Ah, Kim, Jong-Il et al. (2019) Comparison of five glomerular filtration rate estimating equations as predictors of acute kidney injury after cardiovascular surgery. Scientific reports 9(1): 11072 [PMC free article: PMC6667489] [PubMed: 31363147]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate analysis did not adjust for all protocol-specified confounders
Jochheim, D, Schneider, V-S, Schwarz, F et al. (2014) Contrast-induced acute kidney injury after computed tomography prior to transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Clinical radiology 69(10): 1034–8 [PubMed: 25017451]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No eGFR cut-off reported
Jung, Su-Young, Park, Jung Tak, Kwon, Young Eun et al. (2016) Preoperative Low Serum Bicarbonate Levels Predict Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery. Medicine 95(13): e3216 [PMC free article: PMC4998548] [PubMed: 27043687]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Not all participants received iodine based contrast media
Kajimoto, Katsuya, Sato, Naoki, Takano, Teruo et al. (2016) Association of anemia and renal dysfunction with in-hospital mortality among patients hospitalized for acute heart failure syndromes with preserved or reduced ejection fraction. European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care 5(7): 89–99 [PubMed: 26124457]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Kanchi, Muralidhar, Sudheshna, Karanam D, Damodaran, Srinath et al. (2023) Single value of NephroCheck TM performed at 4 hours after surgery does not predict acute kidney injury in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia 26(1): 57–62 [PMC free article: PMC9997466] [PubMed: 36722589]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants received iodine based contrast media
Kandathil, A, Mills, R A, Hanna, M et al. (2020) Abdominal adiposity assessed using CT angiography associates with acute kidney injury after trans-catheter aortic valve replacement. Clinical radiology 75(12): 921–926 [PubMed: 32782129]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Karaaslan, H., Uyar, N., Gocer, E.G. et al. (2023) An Analysis of the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Diabetic Foot Ulcer. Angiology 74(7): 624–630 [PubMed: 36744995]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Half of the participants had not received iodine based contrast media, and results stratified by exposure were not usable
Kashani, Kianoush, Steuernagle, Jon H 4th, Akhoundi, Abbasali et al. (2015) Vascular Surgery Kidney Injury Predictive Score: A Historical Cohort Study. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 29(6): 1588–95 [PubMed: 26159745]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Majority of participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Katoh, Hiromasa, Nozue, Tsuyoshi, Kimura, Yuya et al. (2014) Elevation of urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein as predicting factor for occurrence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury and its reduction by hemodiafiltration with blood suction from right atrium. Heart and vessels 29(2): 191–7 [PubMed: 23604313]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Katsogridakis, E, Lea, T, Yap, T et al. (2021) Acute kidney injury following endovascular intervention for peripheral artery disease. The British journal of surgery 108(2): 152–159 [PMC free article: PMC7954277] [PubMed: 33711140]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Kene, Mamata, Arasu, Vignesh A, Mahapatra, Ajit K et al. (2021) Acute Kidney Injury After CT in Emergency Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Propensity Score-matched Analysis. The western journal of emergency medicine 22(3): 614–622 [PMC free article: PMC8203012] [PubMed: 34125036]	- Inappropriate analysis method eGFR reported in univariate analysis
Khademi, S., Mehr, L.S., Janati, M. et al. (2023) Association of urine output during cardiopulmonary bypass and postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. Perfusion (United Kingdom) 38(3): 567–573 [PubMed: 35068238]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants had received iodine based contrast media
Khandy, Aashaq Hussain, Shiekh, Rayees, Nabi, Tauseef et al. (2023) Incidence, Determinants, and Outcome of Contrast-induced Acute Kidney Injury following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention at a Tertiary Care Hospital. Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia 34(3): 214–223 [PubMed: 38231716]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Kim, Myoung Hwa, Koh, Shin Ok, Kim, Eun Jung et al. (2015) Incidence and outcome of contrast-associated acute kidney injury assessed with Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) criteria in critically ill patients of medical and surgical intensive care units: a retrospective study. BMC anesthesiology 15: 23 [PMC free article: PMC4360925] [PubMed: 25780349]	- Retrospective cohort study
Kim, Won Ho, Lee, Sangmin M, Choi, Ji Won et al. (2013) Simplified clinical risk score to predict acute kidney injury after aortic surgery. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 27(6): 1158–66 [PubMed: 24050856]	- Retrospective cohort study Retrospective, so not relevant study design for risk tools, and multivariate analysis of eGFR did not include all protocol specified confounders
Kim, Won Ho, Park, Mi Hye, Kim, Hyo-Jin et al. (2015) Potentially modifiable risk factors for acute kidney injury after surgery on the thoracic aorta: a propensity score matched case-control study. Medicine 94(2): e273 [PMC free article: PMC4602544] [PubMed: 25590836]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Kiser, Kelsie A, Tanaka, Akiko, Sandhu, Harleen K et al. (2022) Extensive cell salvage and postoperative outcomes following thoracoabdominal and descending aortic repair. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 163(3): 914–921e1 [PubMed: 32711982]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Kliuk-Ben Bassat, O., Sadon, S., Sirota, S. et al. (2021) Assessment of Kidney Function After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease 8 [PMC free article: PMC8182180] [PubMed: 34158963]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Koifman, Edward, Segev, Amit, Fefer, Paul et al. (2016) Comparison of acute kidney injury classifications in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Predictors and long-term outcomes. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 87(3): 523–31 [PubMed: 26268940]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants had received iodine based contrast media
Koo, Hyang Mo, Doh, Fa Mee, Ko, Kwang Il et al. (2013) Diastolic dysfunction is associated with an increased risk of contrast-induced nephropathy: a retrospective cohort study. BMC nephrology 14: 146 [PMC free article: PMC3717078] [PubMed: 23849485]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Kooiman, J. and Gurm, H.S. (2014) Predicting Contrast-induced Renal Complications in the Catheterization Laboratory. Interventional Cardiology Clinics 3(3): 369–377 [PubMed: 28582222]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Kopolovic, Ilana, Simmonds, Kim, Duggan, Shelley et al. (2013) Risk factors and outcomes associated with acute kidney injury following ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. BMC nephrology 14: 99 [PMC free article: PMC3651711] [PubMed: 23634748]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Majority of participants did not receive iodine based contrast media
Kowalczyk, J., Lenarczyk, R., Kowalski, O. et al. (2014) Contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy-incidence and prognostic importance. Sub-analysis of data from randomized TRUST CRT trial. European Heart Journal 35(suppl1): 163 [PMC free article: PMC4062808] [PubMed: 24626998]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Koyner, Jay L, Coca, Steven G, Thiessen-Philbrook, Heather et al. (2015) Urine Biomarkers and Perioperative Acute Kidney Injury: The Impact of Preoperative Estimated GFR. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 66(6): 1006–14 [PMC free article: PMC4658239] [PubMed: 26386737]	- Predictive model included variables not measured pre-contrast administration Predictors measured after surgery
Kucukosmanoglu, M., Icen, Y.K., Sumbul, H.E. et al. (2020) Residual SYNTAX Score Is Associated With Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients With Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Preserved LVEF. Angiology 71(9): 799–803 [PubMed: 32462903]	- Retrospective cohort study
Kume, Kiyoshi, Yasuoka, Yoshinori, Adachi, Hidenori et al. (2013) Impact of contrast-induced acute kidney injury on outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions 14(5): 253–7 [PubMed: 23993293]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Kuno, Toshiki, Mikami, Takahisa, Sahashi, Yuki et al. (2022) Machine learning prediction model of acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary intervention. Scientific reports 12(1): 749 [PMC free article: PMC8760264] [PubMed: 35031637]	- Retrospective cohort study
Kurtul, Alparslan, Murat, Sani Namik, Yarlioglues, Mikail et al. (2015) Procalcitonin as an Early Predictor of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Who Underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Angiology 66(10): 957–63 [PubMed: 25688117]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No eGFR or SYNTAX risk score cut-off reported
Kuwatsuru, Yoshiki, Hirano, Takahiro, Wakabayashi, Ryozo et al. (2023) Changes in renal function over time in outpatients with eGFR >= 30 mL/min/1.73 m2: implication for timing of renal function testing before contrast-enhanced CT imaging. Japanese journal of radiology 41(9): 994–1006 [PMC free article: PMC10469099] [PubMed: 37040025]	- Study not investigating AKI Study investigates long-term loss of renal function
Kwon, J.-T.; Jung, T.-E.; Lee, D.-H. (2019) Predictive risk factors of acute kidney injury after on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Annals of Translational Medicine 7(3): 44 [PMC free article: PMC6389572] [PubMed: 30906748]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Landi, A., Chiarito, M., Branca, M. et al. (2023) Validation of a Contemporary Acute Kidney Injury Risk Score in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions 16(15): 1873–1886 [PubMed: 37587595]	- Retrospective cohort study
Lang, J., Patyna, S., Buttner, S. et al. (2020) Incidence, risk factors and prognostic impact of acute kidney injury after coronary angiography and intervention in kidney transplant recipients: A single-center retrospective analysis. Postepy w Kardiologii Interwencyjnej 16(1): 58–64 [PMC free article: PMC7189128] [PubMed: 32368237]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Langfritz, Melina, Shahin, Mohammady, Nietlispach, Fabian et al. (2019) Baseline Predictors of Renal Failure in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation. The Journal of invasive cardiology 31(10): e289–e297 [PubMed: 31567117]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Leballo, Gontse, Moutlana, Hlamatsi Jacob, Muteba, Michel Kasongo et al. (2021) Factors associated with acute kidney injury and mortality during cardiac surgery. Cardiovascular journal of Africa 32(6): 308–313 [PMC free article: PMC8756040] [PubMed: 33543745]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants had received iodine based contrast media
Ledwoch, J., Bertog, S., Wunderlich, N. et al. (2014) Predictors for prolonged hospital stay after transcatheter mitral valve repair with the MitraClip. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 84(4): 599–605 [PubMed: 24616248]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Lee, Cheng-Chia, Chan, Yi-Ling, Wong, Yon-Cheong et al. (2023) Contrast-enhanced CT and Acute Kidney Injury: Risk Stratification by Diabetic Status and Kidney Function. Radiology 307(5): e222321 [PubMed: 37278631]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Propensity matched analysis and no risk outcomes for exposed participants only
Lee, Ji Hwan, Chung, Byunghoon, Lee, Sung Chul et al. (2017) Lower incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing fluorescent angiography. BMC ophthalmology 17(1): 46 [PMC free article: PMC5395976] [PubMed: 28420348]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No multivariate model reported
Lee, S.-R.; Dardik, A.; Ochoa Chaar, C.I. (2020) Postcontrast Acute Kidney Injury after Peripheral Vascular Interventions in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Annals of Vascular Surgery 68: 8–14 [PubMed: 32428641]	- Inappropriate analysis method Unclear what confounders were included in multivariate model
Lee, Shin-Rong, Zhuo, Haoran, Zhang, Yawei et al. (2020) Risk factors and safe contrast volume thresholds for postcontrast acute kidney injury after peripheral vascular interventions. Journal of vascular surgery 72(2): 603–610e1 [PubMed: 31843298]	- Inappropriate analysis method Unclear if all protocol-specified confounders were included in the multivariate model
Lee, WC, Wu, PJ, Fang, CY et al. (2021) Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Chronic Total Occlusion Revascularization Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of clinical medicine 10(3): 1–9 [PMC free article: PMC7865303] [PubMed: 33498733]	- Study design not relevant to this review protocol Meta analysis of studies comparing contrast-enhanced to non-enhanced surgical methods
Lee, Yen-Chien, Hsieh, Chung-Cheng, Chang, Ting-Tsung et al. (2019) Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Among Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Imaging Studies: A Meta-Analysis. AJR. American journal of roentgenology 213(4): 728–735 [PubMed: 31386574]	- Inappropriate analysis method
Legrand, Matthieu, Pirracchio, Romain, Rosa, Anne et al. (2013) Incidence, risk factors and prediction of post-operative acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery for active infective endocarditis: an observational study. Critical care (London, England) 17(5): r220 [PMC free article: PMC4056899] [PubMed: 24093498]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Majority of participants did not receive iodine based contrast media
Li, J., Gong, M., Joshi, Y. et al. (2022) Machine Learning Prediction Model for Acute Renal Failure After Acute Aortic Syndrome Surgery. Frontiers in Medicine 8: 728521 [PMC free article: PMC8801502] [PubMed: 35111767]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants received iodinated contrast media
Li, Jing, Li, Yi, Wang, Xiaozeng et al. (2014) Age, estimated glomerular filtration rate and ejection fraction score predicts contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease: insight from the TRACK-D study. Chinese medical journal 127(12): 2332–6 [PubMed: 24931252]	- Retrospective cohort study
Li, Q., Lin, M., Huang, H. et al. (2022) Prevalence and mortality of transient acute kidney injury within 48 h, as new subtype, following coronary angiography: a cohort study. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 26(4): 333–340 [PubMed: 34988726]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Li, Shengnan, Liu, Ming, Liu, Xiang et al. (2022) Associated factors and short-term mortality of early versus late acute kidney injury following on-pump cardiac surgery. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 35(3) [PMC free article: PMC9419684] [PubMed: 35575352]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Li, Shengnan, Wang, Shu, Priyanka, Priyanka et al. (2019) Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients After Noncardiac Major Surgery: Early Versus Late Onset. Critical care medicine 47(6): e437–e444 [PMC free article: PMC6522312] [PubMed: 30896466]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants had received iodine based contrast media
Li, Siqian, Ren, Weifu, Ye, Xiaofei et al. (2023) An online-predictive model of acute kidney injury after pancreatic surgery. American journal of surgery [PubMed: 37716826]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Li, Tingyu, Yang, Yuelong, Huang, Jinsong et al. (2022) Machine learning to predict post-operative acute kidney injury stage 3 after heart transplantation. BMC cardiovascular disorders 22(1): 288 [PMC free article: PMC9233761] [PubMed: 35752766]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Li, Wen-hua, Li, Dong-ye, Han, Fei et al. (2013) Impact of anemia on contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. International urology and nephrology 45(4): 1065–70 [PMC free article: PMC3732774] [PubMed: 23225080]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate analysis did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Li, Y., Hou, X.-J., Liu, T.-S. et al. (2021) Risk factors for acute kidney injury following coronary artery bypass graft surgery in a Chinese population and development of a prediction model. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 18(9): 711–719 [PMC free article: PMC8501387] [PubMed: 34659377]	- Retrospective cohort study
Li, Yang, Chen, Xiaohong, Wang, Yimei et al. (2020) Application of group LASSO regression based Bayesian networks in risk factors exploration and disease prediction for acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients with hematologic malignancies. BMC nephrology 21(1): 162 [PMC free article: PMC7201633] [PubMed: 32370757]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Li, You-Qi, Shi, Yongjun, Deng, Wen-Feng et al. (2022) A novel risk factor of contrast associated acute kidney injury in patients after enhanced computed tomography: a retrospective study. PeerJ 10: e14224 [PMC free article: PMC9588300] [PubMed: 36285330]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders, and did not specify a cut-off for eGFR
Li, Yuhan, Ma, Kai, Shen, Guoqi et al. (2021) Impact of small and dense low-density lipoprotein (sd-LDL)on contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. International urology and nephrology 53(12): 2611–2617 [PubMed: 33675477]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders, and no eGFR threshold specified
Liebetrau, Christoph, Gaede, Luise, Doerr, Oliver et al. (2014) Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) for the early detection of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention. Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation 74(2): 81–8 [PubMed: 24304491]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Liu, Kathleen D, Yang, Jingrong, Tan, Thida C et al. (2019) Risk Factors for Recurrent Acute Kidney Injury in a Large Population-Based Cohort. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 73(2): 163–173 [PMC free article: PMC6647831] [PubMed: 30482577]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Liu, Tao, Jian, Xinwen, Li, Li et al. (2023) The Association between Dapagliflozin Use and the Risk of Post-Contrast Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Propensity-Matched Analysis. Kidney & blood pressure research 48(1): 752–760 [PMC free article: PMC10711763] [PubMed: 37980899]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Liu, W.T., Liu, X.Q., Jiang, T.T. et al. (2022) Using a machine learning model to predict the development of acute kidney injury in patients with heart failure. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 9: 911987 [PMC free article: PMC9512707] [PubMed: 36176988]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Liu, Xing, Ye, Yongkai, Mi, Qi et al. (2016) A Predictive Model for Assessing Surgery-Related Acute Kidney Injury Risk in Hypertensive Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. PloS one 11(11): e0165280 [PMC free article: PMC5089779] [PubMed: 27802302]	- Retrospective cohort study
Liu, Yong, He, Yi-ting, Tan, Ning et al. (2015) Preprocedural N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is similar to the Mehran contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) score in predicting CIN following elective coronary angiography. Journal of the American Heart Association 4(4) [PMC free article: PMC4579954] [PubMed: 25888371]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed AUC the only protocol-specified statistic reported, but without variance data
Liu, Yong, Liu, Yuan-hui, Chen, Ji-yan et al. (2015) A simple pre-procedural risk score for contrast-induced nephropathy among patients with chronic total occlusion undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. International Journal of Cardiology 180: 69–71 [PubMed: 25438216]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed AUC the only protocol-specified statistic reported, but without variance data
Liu, Zhenjie, Shang, Aijun, Chen, Zexin et al. (2020) Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as an early predictor of contrast-induced nephropathy following endovascular therapy for arteriosclerosis obliterans. Medicine 99(37): e21386 [PMC free article: PMC7489638] [PubMed: 32925711]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model eGFR not reported
Lo, Kevin Bryan, Penalver, Jorge, Mostafavi Toroghi, Hesam et al. (2019) Invasive Hemodynamic Predictors of Renal Outcomes after Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. Cardiorenal medicine 9(6): 382–390 [PubMed: 31394545]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate analysis did not adjust for all protocol specified confounders
Locham, S., Rodriguez, A., Balceniuk, M.D. et al. (2023) Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in High-Risk Patients Undergoing Peripheral Vascular Interventions. Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 57(6): 583–591 [PubMed: 36880982]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Loizzi, F., Burattini, O., Cafaro, A. et al. (2023) Early acute kidney injury after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: predictive value of currently available risk scores. Hellenic Journal of Cardiology 70: 19–27 [PubMed: 36581137]	- Retrospective cohort study
Luders, Florian, Meyborg, Matthias, Malyar, Nasser et al. (2015) The Preinterventional Cystatin-Creatinine-Ratio: A Prognostic Marker for Contrast Medium-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Long-Term All-Cause Mortality. Nephron 131(1): 59–65 [PubMed: 26287495]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Lunyera, Joseph, Clare, Robert M, Chiswell, Karen et al. (2023) Association of Acute Kidney Injury and Cardiovascular Disease Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Assessment of Interactions by Race, Diabetes, and Kidney Function. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 81(6): 707–716 [PubMed: 36822398]	- Study not investigating AKI Study reports risk of adverse events after an AKI, but doesn’t report risk of an AKI with a given eGFR threshold
Ma, B., Allen, D.W., Graham, M.M. et al. (2019) Comparative performance of prediction models for contrast-associated acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 12(11): e005854 [PubMed: 31722540]	- Retrospective cohort study
Ma, K., Li, J., Shen, G. et al. (2022) Development and Validation of a Risk Nomogram Model for Predicting Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Clinical Interventions in Aging 17: 65–77 [PMC free article: PMC8801515] [PubMed: 35115770]	- Retrospective cohort study
Madhavan, Mahesh V, Genereux, Philippe, Rubin, Jonah et al. (2014) Usefulness of the SYNTAX score to predict acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary intervention (from the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy Trial). The American journal of cardiology 113(8): 1331–7 [PubMed: 24560063]	- Retrospective cohort study
Mahmud, Nadim, Asrani, Sumeet K, Reese, Peter P et al. (2022) Race Adjustment in eGFR Equations Does Not Improve Estimation of Acute Kidney Injury Events in Patients with Cirrhosis. Digestive diseases and sciences 67(4): 1399–1408 [PMC free article: PMC8460692] [PubMed: 33761091]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Maioli, Mauro, Toso, Anna, Gallopin, Michela et al. (2010) Preprocedural score for risk of contrast-induced nephropathy in elective coronary angiography and intervention. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 11(6) [PubMed: 20164783]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed AUC the only protocol-specified statistic reported, but without variance data
Maioli, Mauro, Toso, Anna, Leoncini, Mario et al. (2008) Sodium Bicarbonate Versus Saline for the Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients With Renal Dysfunction Undergoing Coronary Angiography or Intervention. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 52(8): 599–604 [PubMed: 18702961]	- Study design not relevant to this review protocol RCT comparing prophylaxis methods and no risk prediction tools or adjusted eGFR values reported
Majka, J., Varvarovsky, I., Rozsival, V. et al. (2016) Heart failure is the strongest predictor of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Kardiologia Polska 74(1): 18–24 [PubMed: 26101023]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Malik, Ali O, Amin, Amit, Kennedy, Kevin et al. (2021) Patient-centered contrast thresholds to reduce acute kidney injury in high-risk patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. American heart journal 234: 51–59 [PMC free article: PMC7954906] [PubMed: 33359778]	- Retrospective cohort study
Malyszko, Jolanta, Bachorzewska-Gajewska, Hanna, Malyszko, Jacek S et al. (2019) Hepcidin - Potential biomarker of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Advances in medical sciences 64(2): 211–215 [PubMed: 30818219]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Mandurino-Mirizzi, A., Kajana, V., Cornara, S. et al. (2021) Elevated serum uric acid is a predictor of contrast associated acute kidney injury in patient with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 31(7): 2140–2143 [PubMed: 34039505]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Mandurino-Mirizzi, A.; Munafo, A.; Crimi, G. (2022) Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11(8): 2167 [PMC free article: PMC9027950] [PubMed: 35456260]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Mankerious, Nader, Hemetsberger, Rayyan, Samy, Mohamed et al. (2023) The Target Vessel SYNTAX Score: A Novel Pre-Procedural Predictor for Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury After Rotational Atherectomy. Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions 47: 18–24 [PubMed: 36057490]	- Retrospective cohort study
Marbach, Jeffrey A, Feder, Joshua, Yousef, Altayyeb et al. (2017) Predicting Acute Kidney Injury following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale 40(6): e243–e251 [PubMed: 29256390]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Marenzi, Giancarlo, Lauri, Gianfranco, Assanelli, Emilio et al. (2004) Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 44(9): 1780–1785 [PubMed: 15519007]	- Inappropriate analysis method Study developed a risk prediction tool, but did not validate it
Margolis, G., Gal-Oz, A., Letourneau-Shesaf, S. et al. (2018) Acute kidney injury based on the KDIGO criteria among ST elevation myocardial infarction patients treated by primary percutaneous intervention. Journal of Nephrology 31(3): 423–428 [PubMed: 29185210]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Marschall, A., Del Castillo Carnevalli, H., De la Flor Merino, J.C. et al. (2020) Clinical risk factors for the prediction of acute kidney injury post cardiac resynchronization therapy in an elderly population. IJC Heart and Vasculature 30: 100594 [PMC free article: PMC7388191] [PubMed: 32743047]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Mathis, Michael R, Naik, Bhiken I, Freundlich, Robert E et al. (2020) Preoperative Risk and the Association between Hypotension and Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury. Anesthesiology 132(3): 461–475 [PMC free article: PMC7015776] [PubMed: 31794513]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants had received iodine based contrast media
McCullough, Peter A, MD, MPH, Wolyn, Robert, MD et al. (1997) Acute Renal Failure After Coronary Intervention: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Relationship to Mortality. The American Journal of Medicine 103(5): 368–375 [PubMed: 9375704]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No prognostic accuracy data reported (reported as OR for an AKI)
McCullough, Peter, Ng, Chaan S, Ryan, Michael et al. (2021) Major Adverse Renal and Cardiovascular Events following Intra-Arterial Contrast Media Administration in Hospitalized Patients with Comorbid Conditions. Cardiorenal medicine 11(4): 193–199 [PubMed: 34433166]	- Inappropriate analysis method No multivariate analysis or risk prediction model reported
McDonald, J.S., Katzberg, R.W., McDonald, R.J. et al. (2016) Is the presence of a solitary kidney an independent risk factor for acute kidney injury after contrast-enhanced CT?. Radiology 278(1): 74–81 [PubMed: 26523492]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
McDonald, J.S. and McDonald, R.J. (2023) Risk of Acute Kidney Injury Following IV Iodinated Contrast Media Exposure: 2023 Update, From the AJR Special Series on Contrast Media. AJR. American journal of roentgenology [PubMed: 37791729]	- Full text paper not available
McDonald, Jennifer S, Leake, Caleb B, McDonald, Robert J et al. (2016) Acute Kidney Injury After Intravenous Versus Intra-Arterial Contrast Material Administration in a Paired Cohort. Investigative radiology 51(12): 804–809 [PubMed: 27299579]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
McDonald, Jennifer S, McDonald, Robert J, Carter, Rickey E et al. (2014) Risk of intravenous contrast material-mediated acute kidney injury: a propensity score-matched study stratified by baseline-estimated glomerular filtration rate. Radiology 271(1): 65–73 [PubMed: 24475854]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Propensity score matched study comparing contrast to non-contrast exposed patients. No risk prediction data reported for those exposed.
McDonald, Jennifer S, McDonald, Robert J, Comin, Jules et al. (2013) Frequency of acute kidney injury following intravenous contrast medium administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology 267(1): 119–28 [PubMed: 23319662]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol SR of controlled trials comparing risk of AKI in contrast to non-contrast exposed patients
McDonald, Jennifer S, McDonald, Robert J, Lieske, John C et al. (2015) Risk of Acute Kidney Injury, Dialysis, and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease After Intravenous Contrast Material Exposure. Mayo Clinic proceedings 90(8): 1046–53 [PMC free article: PMC4550308] [PubMed: 26250726]	- Inappropriate analysis method No multivariate model reported
McDonald, Jennifer S, McDonald, Robert J, Williamson, Eric E et al. (2017) Is Intravenous Administration of Iodixanol Associated with Increased Risk of Acute Kidney Injury, Dialysis, or Mortality? A Propensity Score-adjusted Study. Radiology 285(2): 414–424 [PubMed: 28708022]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Propensity score matched study comparing contrast to non-contrast exposed patients. No risk prediction data reported for those exposed.
McDonald, Jennifer S, McDonald, Robert J, Williamson, Eric E et al. (2017) Post-contrast acute kidney injury in intensive care unit patients: a propensity score-adjusted study. Intensive care medicine 43(6): 774–784 [PubMed: 28213620]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Propensity score matched study comparing contrast to non-contrast exposed patients. No risk prediction data reported for those exposed.
McDonald, Robert J, McDonald, Jennifer S, Bida, John P et al. (2013) Intravenous contrast material-induced nephropathy: causal or coincident phenomenon?. Radiology 267(1): 106–18 [PMC free article: PMC6940002] [PubMed: 23360742]	- Conference abstract
McInerney, A., Tirado-Conte, G., Rodes-Cabau, J. et al. (2021) Impact of morbid obesity and obesity phenotype on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Journal of the American Heart Association 10(12): e019051 [PMC free article: PMC8477858] [PubMed: 34056919]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Meersch, M.; Schmidt, C.; Zarbock, A. (2017) Perioperative Acute Kidney Injury: An Under-Recognized Problem. Anesthesia and Analgesia 125(4): 1223–1232 [PubMed: 28787339]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Mehran, R.; Dangas, G.D.; Weisbord, S.D. (2019) Contrast-associated acute kidney injury. New England Journal of Medicine 380(22): 2146–2155 [PubMed: 31141635]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Mehran, Roxana, Aymong, Eve D., Nikolsky, Eugenia et al. (2004) A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: Development and initial validation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 44(7): 1393–1399 [PubMed: 15464318]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed AUC the only protocol-specified statistic reported, but without variance data
Mehran, Roxana, Owen, Ruth, Chiarito, Mauro et al. (2021) A contemporary simple risk score for prediction of contrast-associated acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary intervention: derivation and validation from an observational registry. Lancet (London, England) 398(10315): 1974–1983 [PubMed: 34793743]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed AUC the only protocol-specified statistic reported, but without variance data
Meng, Z., Zhao, Y., Zheng, X. et al. (2021) The Relationship Between AKI in Patients With STEMI and Short-Term Mortality: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Angiology 72(8): 733–739 [PubMed: 34240623]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Not all participants had received iodine based contrast media
Mezhonov, Evgeny Mikhailovich, Vialkina, Iuliia Aleksandrovna, Vakulchik, Kristina Aleksandrovna et al. (2021) Acute kidney injury in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction: Predictors and outcomes. Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia 32(2): 318–327 [PubMed: 35017324]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Minakata, Kenji, Bando, Ko, Tanaka, Shiro et al. (2014) Preoperative chronic kidney disease as a strong predictor of postoperative infection and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 78(9): 2225–31 [PubMed: 25070504]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Mithiran, Harish, Kunnath Bonney, Glenn, Bose, Saideep et al. (2016) A Score for Predicting Acute Kidney Injury After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in an Asian Population. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 30(5): 1296–301 [PubMed: 27474335]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Mo, Changhua, Ma, Xiao, Jian, Wen et al. (2022) High mobility group box 1 and homocysteine as preprocedural predictors for contrast-induced acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary artery intervention. International urology and nephrology 54(7): 1663–1671 [PubMed: 34727314]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Mokhtar, Ahmed T, Tennankore, Karthik, Doucette, Steve et al. (2021) Predicting acute kidney injury following nonemergent cardiac surgery: A preoperative scorecard. Journal of cardiac surgery 36(7): 2204–2212 [PubMed: 33738864]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants had received iodine based contrast media
Mooney, John F, Ranasinghe, Isuru, Chow, Clara K et al. (2013) Preoperative estimates of glomerular filtration rate as predictors of outcome after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 118(4): 809–24 [PubMed: 23377223]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Meta analysis of events following surgery, not specifically following surgery with iodine based contrast media administration
Moos, S.I., Stoker, J., Nagan, G. et al. (2014) Prediction of presence of kidney disease in a general patient population undergoing intravenous iodinated contrast enhanced computed tomography. European Radiology 24(6): 1266–1275 [PubMed: 24663822]	- Inappropriate analysis method Prediction models were not validated and eGFR was not reported in a multivariate analysis
Moriyama, Noriaki, Laakso, Teemu, Raivio, Peter et al. (2021) Acute Kidney Injury Following Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients Without Chronic Kidney Disease. The Canadian journal of cardiology 37(1): 37–46 [PubMed: 32535038]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Not all participants received iodine based contrast media
Mosa, O.F. (2018) Prognostic Significance of Serum NGAL and Troponin i against Acute Kidney Injury in Egyptian ICU Patients after Open Heart Surgery: A Pilot Study. Kidney Diseases 4(4): 246–254 [PMC free article: PMC6276755] [PubMed: 30574501]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Mrzljak, A., Franusic, L., Pavicic-Saric, J. et al. (2020) Pre-and intraoperative predictors of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. World Journal of Clinical Cases 8(18): 4034–4042 [PMC free article: PMC7520778] [PubMed: 33024760]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Mujtaba, A., Taher, M.A., Alrubay, H.K. et al. (2020) The incidence of contrast induced nephropathy-acute kidney injury after cardiac catheterization in basra cardiac catheterization center. A prospective cohort study. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 14(1): 557–563	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Risk of AKI per Mehran risk score category reported as RR
Murakami, Ryusuke, Kumita, Shin-ichiro, Hayashi, Hiromitsu et al. (2013) Anemia and the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing contrast-enhanced MDCT. European journal of radiology 82(10): e521–4 [PubMed: 23827802]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Murat, Sani Namik; Kurtul, Alparslan; Yarlioglues, Mikail (2015) Impact of Serum Albumin Levels on Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Treated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Angiology 66(8): 732–7 [PubMed: 25260710]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No eGFR cut-off reported
Muslem, Rahatullah, Caliskan, Kadir, Akin, Sakir et al. (2018) Acute kidney injury and 1-year mortality after left ventricular assist device implantation. The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation 37(1): 116–123 [PubMed: 29174532]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Nadziakiewicz, Pawel, Grochla, Marek, Krauchuk, Alena et al. (2020) Prognostic Value of Creatinine Concentration and Glomerular Filtration Rate in Acute Kidney Injury Development in the Early Postoperative Period After Heart Transplantation. Transplantation proceedings 52(7): 2091–2093 [PubMed: 32222396]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Nagore, D., Candela, A., Burge, M. et al. (2021) Hydroxyethyl starch and acute kidney injury in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A prospective multicenter study. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 73: 110367 [PubMed: 34090184]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Nah, Chung Wei, Ti, Lian Kah, Liu, Weiling et al. (2016) A clinical score to predict acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery in a Southeast-Asian population. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 23(5): 757–761 [PubMed: 27371608]	- Predictive model included variables not measured pre-contrast administration
Najjar, M.; Salna, M.; George, I. (2015) Acute kidney injury after aortic valve replacement: Incidence, risk factors and outcomes. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 13(3): 301–316 [PubMed: 25592763]	- Conference abstract
Najjar, M., Yerebakan, H., Sorabella, R.A. et al. (2015) Acute kidney injury following surgical aortic valve replacement. Journal of Cardiac Surgery 30(8): 631–639 [PMC free article: PMC5531286] [PubMed: 26108804]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Nemoto, Teruyoshi, Minami, Yoshiyasu, Sato, Toshimitsu et al. (2019) Contrast Volume and Decline in Kidney Function in Optical Coherence Tomography-Guided Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. International heart journal 60(5): 1022–1029 [PubMed: 31484858]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Multivariate analysis results for AKI not reported
Neyra, Javier A, Shah, Sunay, Mooney, Roberta et al. (2013) Contrast-induced acute kidney injury following coronary angiography: a cohort study of hospitalized patients with or without chronic kidney disease. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 28(6): 1463–71 [PubMed: 23585585]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate analysis did not adjust for all protocol-specified confounders
Ng, Chaan S, Kalva, Sanjeeva P, Gunnarsson, Candace et al. (2018) Risk of renal events following intravenous iodinated contrast material administration among inpatients admitted with cancer a retrospective hospital claims analysis. Cancer imaging : the official publication of the International Cancer Imaging Society 18(1): 30 [PMC free article: PMC6109283] [PubMed: 30143056]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified covariates
Nombela-Franco, Luis, Rodes-Cabau, Josep, Cruz-Gonzalez, Ignacio et al. (2018) Incidence, Predictors, and Prognostic Value of Acute Kidney Injury Among Patients Undergoing Left Atrial Appendage Closure. JACC. Cardiovascular interventions 11(11): 1074–1083 [PubMed: 29880102]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Nough, H., Eghbal, F., Soltani, M. et al. (2013) Incidence and main determinants of contrast-induced nephropathy following coronary angiography or subsequent balloon angioplasty. CardioRenal Medicine 3(2): 128–135 [PMC free article: PMC3721129] [PubMed: 23922553]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate analysis did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Nusca, A., Mangiacapra, F., Sticchi, A. et al. (2021) Usefulness of Adding Pre-procedural Glycemia to the Mehran Score to Enhance Its Ability to Predict Contrast-induced Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Development and Validation of a Predictive Model. American Journal of Cardiology 155: 16–22 [PubMed: 34284868]	- Retrospective cohort study
Nyman, Ulf, Leander, Peter, Liss, Per et al. (2024) Absolute and relative GFR and contrast medium dose/GFR ratio: cornerstones when predicting the risk of acute kidney injury. European radiology 34(1): 612–621 [PMC free article: PMC10791854] [PubMed: 37540321]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Obed, Mikal, Gabriel, Maria Magdalena, Dumann, Eva et al. (2022) Risk of acute kidney injury after contrast-enhanced computerized tomography: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 propensity score-matched cohort studies. European radiology 32(12): 8432–8442 [PMC free article: PMC9705469] [PubMed: 35727320]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol SR of propensity score matched studies, with risk of AKI in contrast-exposed patients not reported separately
Oezkur, Mehmet, Wagner, Martin, Weismann, Dirk et al. (2015) Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with acute kidney injury in patients undergoing CABG surgery--a cohort study. BMC cardiovascular disorders 15: 41 [PMC free article: PMC4443518] [PubMed: 25964053]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Okoye, O., Ojogwu, L., Unuigbe, E. et al. (2013) Frequency and risk factors of contrast-induced nephropathy after contrast procedures in a Nigerian tertiary centre. West African Journal of Medicine 32(1): 19–25 [PubMed: 23613290]	- Inappropriate analysis method Unclear what confounders were included in the multivariate model
Ortega-Loubon, Christian, Fernandez-Molina, Manuel, Paneda-Delgado, Lucia et al. (2018) Predictors of Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Brazilian journal of cardiovascular surgery 33(4): 323–329 [PMC free article: PMC6122763] [PubMed: 30184028]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Osken, Altug, Oz, Ahmet, Keskin, Muhammed et al. (2021) The association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with carotid artery stenting. Vascular 29(4): 550–555 [PubMed: 33951973]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Osugi, Naohiro, Suzuki, Susumu, Shibata, Yohei et al. (2017) Coronary artery calcification scores improve contrast-induced nephropathy risk assessment in chronic kidney disease patients. Clinical and experimental nephrology 21(3): 391–397 [PubMed: 27339445]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed AUC the only protocol-specified statistic reported, but without variance data
Oweis, A.O., Alshelleh, S.A., Daoud, A.K. et al. (2018) Inflammatory milieu in contrast-induced nephropathy: A prospective single-center study. International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease 11: 211–215 [PMC free article: PMC6095120] [PubMed: 30147351]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Pacini, Davide, Pantaleo, Antonio, Di Marco, Luca et al. (2015) Risk factors for acute kidney injury after surgery of the thoracic aorta using antegrade selective cerebral perfusion and moderate hypothermia. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 150(1): 127–33e1 [PubMed: 25986495]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Pan, Hui-Chao, Wu, Xian-Hao, Wan, Qian-Li et al. (2018) Analysis of the risk factors for contrast-induced nephropathy in over-aged patients receiving coronary intervention. Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) 243(12): 970–975 [PMC free article: PMC6180409] [PubMed: 30299175]	- Inappropriate analysis method No multivariate model included
Pannu, Neesh, Graham, Michelle, Klarenbach, Scott et al. (2016) A new model to predict acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne 188(15): 1076–1083 [PMC free article: PMC5056870] [PubMed: 27297813]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants received iodine based contrast media
Park, H.S., Kim, C.J., Yi, J.-E. et al. (2015) Contrast volume/raw eGFR ratio for predicting contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction. CardioRenal Medicine 5(1): 61–68 [PMC free article: PMC4327327] [PubMed: 25759701]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Park, Jin Ha, Ihn, Kyong, Han, Seok Joo et al. (2020) Incidence and Risk Factors of Acute Kidney Injury after Kasai Operation for Biliary Atresia: A Retrospective Study. International journal of medical sciences 17(8): 1023–1029 [PMC free article: PMC7211153] [PubMed: 32410831]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Study conducted in infants
Park, Sehoon, Cho, Hyunjeong, Park, Seokwoo et al. (2019) Simple Postoperative AKI Risk (SPARK) Classification before Noncardiac Surgery: A Prediction Index Development Study with External Validation. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 30(1): 170–181 [PMC free article: PMC6317608] [PubMed: 30563915]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Park, Sehoon, Kim, Myoung-Hee, Kang, Eunjeong et al. (2016) Contrast-Induced Nephropathy After Computed Tomography in Stable CKD Patients With Proper Prophylaxis: 8-Year Experience of Outpatient Prophylaxis Program. Medicine 95(18): e3560 [PMC free article: PMC4863791] [PubMed: 27149474]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No prognostic cut-off for eGFR reported
Park, Sin-Youl and Lee, Kyung-Woo (2017) Renal assessment using CKD-EPI equation is useful as an early predictor of contrast- induced nephropathy in elderly patients with cancer. Journal of geriatric oncology 8(1): 44–49 [PubMed: 27491499]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Peillex, M., Marchandot, B., Bayer, S. et al. (2020) Bedside renal doppler ultrasonography and acute kidney injury after TAVR. Journal of Clinical Medicine 9(4): 905 [PMC free article: PMC7230258] [PubMed: 32218228]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Mehran risk tool included, but reported as a HR of AKI occurring, not prognostic accuracy
Peillex, Marilou, Marchandot, Benjamin, Matsushita, Kensuke et al. (2021) Acute kidney injury and acute kidney recovery following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. PloS one 16(8): e0255806 [PMC free article: PMC8354447] [PubMed: 34375346]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No prognostic accuracy data reported
Perez, Teresa, Candela-Toha, Angel M, Khalifi, Loubna et al. (2022) Individualized prediction for the occurrence of acute kidney injury during the first postoperative week following cardiac surgery. Journal of clinical anesthesia 77: 110596 [PubMed: 34847490]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Piasecki, P, Zabkowski, T, Brzozowski, K et al. (2018) The Assessment of the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing an Urgent Endovascular Treatment Due to Severe Renal Bleeding. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 41(3): 398–405 [PubMed: 29038877]	- Retrospective cohort study
Piffaretti, Gabriele, Mariscalco, Giovanni, Bonardelli, Stefano et al. (2012) Predictors and outcomes of acute kidney injury after thoracic aortic endograft repair. Journal of vascular surgery 56(6): 1527–34 [PubMed: 23058721]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Pighi, Michele, Fezzi, Simone, Pesarini, Gabriele et al. (2021) Extravalvular Cardiac Damage and Renal Function Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation for Severe Aortic Stenosis. The Canadian journal of cardiology 37(6): 904–912 [PubMed: 33383167]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No eGFR cut-off reported
Pistolesi, V., Di Napoli, A., Fiaccadori, E. et al. (2016) Severe acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: short-term outcomes in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Journal of Nephrology 29(2): 229–239 [PubMed: 26022723]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Pistolesi, Valentina, Regolisti, Giuseppe, Morabito, Santo et al. (2018) Contrast medium induced acute kidney injury: a narrative review. Journal of nephrology 31(6): 797–812 [PubMed: 29802583]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Poh, W.-Y.; Omar, M.S.; Tan, H.-P. (2018) Predictive factors for contrast-induced acute kidney injury in high-risk patients given N-acetylcysteine prophylaxis. Annals of Saudi Medicine 38(4): 269–276 [PMC free article: PMC6086672] [PubMed: 30078025]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Prasad, A., Ortiz-Lopez, C., Khan, A. et al. (2016) Acute kidney injury following peripheral angiography and endovascular therapy: A systematic review of the literature. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 88(2): 264–273 [PubMed: 26946253]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model SR reports incidence of AKI, but doesn’t mention any prognostic factors or risk tools
Prowle, John Richard, Calzavacca, Paolo, Licari, Elisa et al. (2015) Combination of biomarkers for diagnosis of acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass. Renal failure 37(3): 408–16 [PMC free article: PMC4544762] [PubMed: 25585949]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Qiao, Yong, Li, Mingkang, Li, Linqing et al. (2022) Fibrinogen-to-Albumin Ratio Predicts Postcontrast Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome after Implantation of Drug-Eluting Stents. Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAAS 2022: 9833509 [PMC free article: PMC9711978] [PubMed: 36568875]	- Retrospective cohort study
Qin, Y., Qiao, Y., Wang, D. et al. (2021) The predictive value of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. International Journal of General Medicine 14: 6497–6504 [PMC free article: PMC8504866] [PubMed: 34675617]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders, and no eGFR cut-off reported
Qin, Y., Tang, H., Yan, G. et al. (2020) A High Triglyceride-Glucose Index Is Associated With Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Frontiers in Endocrinology 11: 522883 [PMC free article: PMC7862330] [PubMed: 33551987]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Rafiq Abbasi, Muhammad Sajid, Sultan, Khawar, Manzoor, Rukhsana et al. (2023) Assessment of renal function and prevalence of acute kidney injury following coronary artery bypass graft surgery and associated risk factors: A retrospective cohort study at a tertiary care hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan. Medicine 102(42): e35482 [PMC free article: PMC10589541] [PubMed: 37861475]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Rahman, M.S.; Sharma, R.; Brecker, S.J.D. (2015) Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease. IJC Heart and Vasculature 8: 9–18 [PMC free article: PMC5497245] [PubMed: 28785672]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Rahul, A. and Kumar, S. (2023) A Tertiary Hospital Based Study of the Clinical Profile, Outcome, and Prognostic Factors of Acute Kidney Injury. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15(10): 873–879	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Ranucci, Marco, Aloisio, Tommaso, Cazzaniga, Anna et al. (2018) Validation of renal-risk models for the prediction of non-renal replacement therapy cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury. International journal of cardiology 272: 49–53 [PubMed: 30078648]	- Retrospective cohort study
Ray, Bappaditya, Rickert, Kim L, Welch, Babu G et al. (2013) Development of contrast-induced nephropathy in subarachnoid hemorrhage: a single center perspective. Neurocritical care 19(2): 150–6 [PubMed: 23653268]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No relevant models or analyses included
Reazaul Karim, Habib Md; Yunus, Md; Dey, Samarjit (2020) A retrospective comparison of preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate as a predictor of postoperative cardiac surgery associated acute kidney injury. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia 23(1): 53–58 [PMC free article: PMC7034201] [PubMed: 31929248]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Reuter, John E., Rao, Mohan, Ramkumar, Bhuvaneswari et al. (2011) i2.Summit (Interventional Cardiology). Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57(14s): e1891	- Conference abstract
Ribeiro, A.L., Sousa, F.B., Juchem, B.C. et al. (2023) Incidence of contrast-associated acute kidney injury: a prospective cohort. Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia [PMC free article: PMC11210539] [PubMed: 37791792]	- Inappropriate analysis method Study compared contrast-enhanced to non-enhanced scans, with no reporting of risk of AKI with eGFR or any risk prediction tools
Ribitsch, Werner, Horina, Joerg H, Quehenberger, Franz et al. (2019) Contrast Induced Acute Kidney Injury and its Impact on Mid-Term Kidney Function, Cardiovascular Events and Mortality. Scientific reports 9(1): 16896 [PMC free article: PMC6858434] [PubMed: 31729409]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Multivariate analysis not conducted
Rivera, Frederick Berro, Al-Abcha, Abdullah, Ansay, Marie Francesca Mapua et al. (2023) Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: An Update. Cardiorenal medicine 13(1): 143–157 [PubMed: 36801854]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Rosa, V.E.E., Campos, C.M., Bacelar, A. et al. (2021) Performance of prediction models for contrast-induced acute kidney injury after transcutaneous aortic valve replacement. CardioRenal Medicine 11(4): 166–173 [PubMed: 34261063]	- Retrospective cohort study
Rossouw, E. and Chetty, S. (2023) Acute kidney injury after major non-cardiac surgery: Incidence and risk factors. South African Medical Journal 113(3): 135–140 [PubMed: 36876351]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Rudnick, Michael R, Leonberg-Yoo, Amanda K, Litt, Harold I et al. (2020) The Controversy of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy With Intravenous Contrast: What Is the Risk?. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 75(1): 105–113 [PubMed: 31473019]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Ryden, L., Sartipy, U., Evans, M. et al. (2014) Acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting and long-term risk of end-stage renal disease. Circulation 130(23): 2005–2011 [PubMed: 25239439]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants received iodine based contrast media
Safley, David M, Salisbury, Adam C, Tsai, Thomas T et al. (2021) Acute Kidney Injury Following In-Patient Lower Extremity Vascular Intervention: From the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. JACC. Cardiovascular interventions 14(3): 333–341 [PMC free article: PMC8076888] [PubMed: 33541543]	- Retrospective cohort study
Sahu, A., Goel, P., Khanna, R. et al. (2022) Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a marker for contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A prospective observational analysis. Indian Journal of Nephrology 32(3): 247–255 [PMC free article: PMC9267084] [PubMed: 35814328]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Cut-off for eGFR not reported
Saia, Francesco, Ciuca, Cristina, Taglieri, Nevio et al. (2013) Acute kidney injury following transcatheter aortic valve implantation: incidence, predictors and clinical outcome. International journal of cardiology 168(2): 1034–40 [PubMed: 23164594]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Prognostic accuracy of EuroSCORE not reported, and no eGFR cut-off reported
Sakan, S., Povsic-cevra, Z., Brusich, K.T. et al. (2017) A single center retrospective study of cardiac surgery associated acute kidney injury - incidence and outcomes. Acta Medica Croatica 71: 285–291	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants received iodine based contrast media
Salem, Karim M, Saadeddin, Zein, Go, Catherine et al. (2021) Risk factors for acute kidney injury after pharmacomechanical thrombolysis for acute deep vein thrombosis. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 9(4): 868–873 [PMC free article: PMC8107181] [PubMed: 33186753]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Sany, Dawlat, Refaat, Hany, Elshahawy, Yasser et al. (2014) Frequency and risk factors of contrast-induced nephropathy after cardiac catheterization in type II diabetic patients: a study among Egyptian patients. Renal failure 36(2): 191–7 [PubMed: 24138570]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Saratzis, Athanasios, Joshi, Shivam, Benson, Ruth A et al. (2020) Editor’s Choice - Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Aortic Intervention: Findings From the Midlands Aortic Renal Injury (MARI) Cohort Study. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 59(6): 899–909 [PubMed: 31870694]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Saratzis, Athanasios, Nduwayo, Sarah, Sarafidis, Pantelis et al. (2016) Renal Function is the Main Predictor of Acute Kidney Injury after Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair. Annals of vascular surgery 31: 52–9 [PubMed: 26658089]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Saylik, Faysal, Cinar, Tufan, Akbulut, Tayyar et al. (2023) Serum Uric Acid to Albumin Ratio Can Predict Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Angiology 74(1): 70–78 [PubMed: 35451314]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Schewel, Dimitry, Zavareh, Milad, Schewel, Jury et al. (2017) Impact of interaction of diabetes mellitus and impaired renal function on prognosis and the incidence of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). International journal of cardiology 232: 147–154 [PubMed: 28089458]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Schmucker, Johannes, Fach, Andreas, Becker, Matthias et al. (2018) Predictors of acute kidney injury in patients admitted with ST-elevation myocardial infarction - results from the Bremen STEMI-Registry. European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care 7(8): 710–722 [PubMed: 29064276]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Multivariate model including appropriate confounders, but no adjusted OR or RR reported
Schnabel, Renate B, Seiffert, Moritz, Wilde, Sandra et al. (2015) Kidney injury and mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in a routine clinical cohort. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 85(3): 440–7 [PubMed: 24975883]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Risk of an AKI with increasing EuroSCORE reported, but no prognostic accuracy data
Schneider, C, Brumberg, A, Roller, F C et al. (2018) Multimodality imaging evaluation before transcatheter aortic valve implantation: incidence of contrast medium-induced acute kidney injury, risk factors and prognosis. Clinical radiology 73(5): 502e1–502e8 [PubMed: 29329731]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Schreuder, Sanne M; Stoker, Jaap; Bipat, Shandra (2017) Prediction of presence of kidney disease in patients undergoing intravenous iodinated contrast enhanced computed tomography: a validation study. European radiology 27(4): 1613–1621 [PMC free article: PMC5334394] [PubMed: 27436026]	- Study not investigating AKI Study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of prediction tools to identify people with low eGFR values
Schweitzer, Julian, Horn, Patrick, Voss, Fabian et al. (2022) Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury Is Lower in High-Risk Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Supported with Impella Compared to ECMO. Journal of cardiovascular translational research 15(2): 239–248 [PMC free article: PMC8983546] [PubMed: 34324156]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No prognostic accuracy data reported
Sedaghat, Alexander, Vij, Vivian, Streit, Samuel R et al. (2020) Incidence, predictors, and relevance of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing left atrial appendage closure with Amplatzer occluders: a multicentre observational study. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 109(4): 444–453 [PubMed: 31278520]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Not all participants received iodine based contrast media, and results not stratified by those who did / did not
Sedaghat, Farzad, Vadvala, Harshna V, Shan, Alan et al. (2022) Incidence of Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in Renal-Competent COVID-19 Patients Undergoing Computed Chest Angiography. Journal of computer assisted tomography 46(5): 701–706 [PMC free article: PMC9474721] [PubMed: 35675687]	- Inappropriate analysis method Unclear what confounders were included in the multivariate model
Serraino, Giuseppe Filiberto, Provenzano, Michele, Jiritano, Federica et al. (2021) Risk factors for acute kidney injury and mortality in high risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery. PloS one 16(5): e0252209 [PMC free article: PMC8139497] [PubMed: 34019579]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants did not receive iodine based contrast media
Sholy, H., Zukermann, R., Soni, A. et al. (2012) Contrast induced nephropathy: An update on diagnosis, predictors, implications and preventive strategies. Minerva Medica 103(6): 465–486 [PubMed: 23229367]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Sigirci, Serhat, Keskin, Kudret, Yildiz, Suleyman Sezai et al. (2019) Can Thrombus Burden Predict Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction?. Angiology 70(7): 642–648 [PubMed: 30621429]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No eGFR cut-off reported
Silvain, Johanne, Nguyen, Lee S, Spagnoli, Vincent et al. (2018) Contrast-induced acute kidney injury and mortality in ST elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 104(9): 767–772 [PubMed: 29092921]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Paper does not report multivariate analysis of predictors for AKI
Simsek, Baris, Cinar, Tufan, Inan, Duygu et al. (2022) C-Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio Predicts Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Moderate to Severe Chronic Kidney Disease and Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Angiology 73(2): 132–138 [PubMed: 34259052]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No eGFR cut-off reported
Singh, M., Gulati, R., Lewis, B.R. et al. (2022) Multimorbidity and Mortality Models to Predict Complications Following Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions 15(7): 577–586 [PubMed: 35861796]	- Inappropriate analysis method Risk prediction tool development and validation carried out on the same data set
Snaith, Beverly, Harris, Martine A, Shinkins, Bethany et al. (2018) Point-of-care creatinine testing for kidney function measurement prior to contrast-enhanced diagnostic imaging: evaluation of the performance of three systems for clinical utility. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 56(8): 1269–1276 [PubMed: 29672267]	- Study design not relevant to this review protocol Study does not reported occurrence of AKI
Spieker, Maximilian, Hellhammer, Katharina, Katsianos, Stratis et al. (2018) Effect of Acute Kidney Injury After Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair on Outcome. The American journal of cardiology 122(2): 316–322 [PubMed: 29759295]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Statius van Eps, Randolph G, Nemeth, Banne, Mairuhu, Ronne T A et al. (2017) Determinants of Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Function Decline After Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 54(6): 712–720 [PubMed: 29110930]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Su, Tse-Hsuan, Hsieh, Chih-Huang, Chan, Yi-Ling et al. (2021) Intravenous CT Contrast Media and Acute Kidney Injury: A Multicenter Emergency Department-based Study. Radiology 301(3): 571–581 [PubMed: 34636631]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Sudarsky, D., Drutin, Y., Kusniec, F. et al. (2022) Acute Kidney Injury Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Association with Contrast Media Dosage and Contrast Media Based Risk Predication Models. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11(5): 1181 [PMC free article: PMC8911230] [PubMed: 35268271]	- Retrospective cohort study
Sutheechai, S.; Lailakdamrong, K.; Sudchada, P. (2022) Performance of contrast-associated acute kidney injury predictive risk models in Thai cardiac angiography or angioplasty patients. Pharmaceutical Sciences Asia 49(5): 518–525	- Retrospective cohort study
Takahashi, Edwin A, Kallmes, David F, Fleming, Chad J et al. (2017) Predictors and Outcomes of Postcontrast Acute Kidney Injury after Endovascular Renal Artery Intervention. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 28(12): 1687–1692 [PMC free article: PMC5698138] [PubMed: 28947366]	- Inappropriate analysis method No multivariate model reported
Tan, J., Zhang, Y.-H., Si, J. et al. (2023) Incidence, predictors and prognosis of acute kidney injury in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing emergent coronary angiography/primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 20(2): 139–149 [PMC free article: PMC9992945] [PubMed: 36910244]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Tanaka, Tetsu, Kavsur, Refik, Sugiura, Atsushi et al. (2022) Acute Kidney Injury Following Tricuspid Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair. JACC. Cardiovascular interventions 15(19): 1936–1945 [PubMed: 36008268]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Tang, Ying, Chen, Junzhe, Huang, Kai et al. (2017) The incidence, risk factors and in-hospital mortality of acute kidney injury in patients after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair surgery. BMC nephrology 18(1): 184 [PMC free article: PMC5452373] [PubMed: 28569144]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Not all participants received iodine based contrast media, and results were not stratified by those who did / did not
Tao, Shu Min, Kong, Xiang, Schoepf, U Joseph et al. (2018) Acute kidney injury in patients with nephrotic syndrome undergoing contrast-enhanced CT for suspected venous thromboembolism: a propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study. European radiology 28(4): 1585–1593 [PubMed: 29098438]	- Inappropriate analysis method All analyses focussed on contrast-enhanced vs non-enhanced imaging - no data on predictors of AKI in contrast group
Thongprayoon, Charat, Cheungpasitporn, Wisit, Mao, Michael A et al. (2017) Persistent acute kidney injury following transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Journal of cardiac surgery 32(9): 550–555 [PubMed: 28833503]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No eGFR cut-off reported
Thongprayoon, Charat, Cheungpasitporn, Wisit, Srivali, Narat et al. (2016) AKI after Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 27(6): 1854–60 [PMC free article: PMC4884118] [PubMed: 26487562]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Not all participants received iodine based contrast media
Thongprayoon, Charat, Cheungpasitporn, Wisit, Srivali, Narat et al. (2016) Incidence and risk factors of acute kidney injury following transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.) 21(12): 1041–1046 [PubMed: 26714182]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No eGFR cut-off reported
Tinica, G., Brinza, C., Covic, A. et al. (2020) Determinants of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: A systematic review. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine 21(4): 601–610 [PubMed: 33388005]	- Study not investigating AKI
Tirado-Conte, Gabriela, Rodes-Cabau, Josep, Rodriguez-Olivares, Ramon et al. (2018) Clinical Outcomes and Prognosis Markers of Patients With Liver Disease Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions 11(3): e005727 [PubMed: 29870383]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Risk of AKI reported between liver disease state, not based on eGFR or any risk prediction tool
Tonchev, Ivaylo, Heberman, Dan, Peretz, Alona et al. (2021) Acute kidney injury after MitraClip implantation in patients with severe mitral regurgitation. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 97(6): e868–e874 [PubMed: 32865879]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Traub, Stephen J, Kellum, John A, Tang, Aimee et al. (2013) Risk factors for radiocontrast nephropathy after emergency department contrast-enhanced computerized tomography. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 20(1): 40–5 [PubMed: 23570477]	- Retrospective cohort study
Tsai, Thomas T, Patel, Uptal D, Chang, Tara I et al. (2014) Contemporary incidence, predictors, and outcomes of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: insights from the NCDR Cath-PCI registry. JACC. Cardiovascular interventions 7(1): 1–9 [PMC free article: PMC4122507] [PubMed: 24456715]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate analysis not reported
Tsai, Thomas T, Patel, Uptal D, Chang, Tara I et al. (2014) Validated contemporary risk model of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: insights from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Cath-PCI Registry. Journal of the American Heart Association 3(6): e001380 [PMC free article: PMC4338731] [PubMed: 25516439]	- Retrospective cohort study
Tung, Ying-Chang, Chang, Chih-Hsiang, Chen, Yung-Chang et al. (2015) Combined biomarker analysis for risk of acute kidney injury in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. PloS one 10(4): e0125282 [PMC free article: PMC4390355] [PubMed: 25853556]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate analysis results not reported
Uzendu, Anezi, Kennedy, Kevin, Chertow, Glenn et al. (2023) Implications of a Race Term in GFR Estimates Used to Predict AKI After Coronary Intervention. JACC. Cardiovascular interventions 16(18): 2309–2320 [PMC free article: PMC10795279] [PubMed: 37758386]	- Retrospective cohort study
van der Molen, Aart J, Reimer, Peter, Dekkers, Ilona A et al. (2018) Post-contrast acute kidney injury. Part 2: risk stratification, role of hydration and other prophylactic measures, patients taking metformin and chronic dialysis patients : Recommendations for updated ESUR Contrast Medium Safety Committee guidelines. European radiology 28(7): 2856–2869 [PMC free article: PMC5986837] [PubMed: 29417249]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Vavalle, John P, van Diepen, Sean, Clare, Robert M et al. (2016) Renal failure in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention: Predictors, clinical and angiographic features, and outcomes. American heart journal 173: 57–66 [PubMed: 26920597]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Vavilis, G., Evans, M., Jernberg, T. et al. (2017) Risk factors for worsening renal function and their association with long-term mortality following transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Data from the SWEDEHEART registry. Open Heart 4(2): e000554 [PMC free article: PMC5515170] [PubMed: 28761674]	- Study not investigating AKI Study investigating persistent AKI that exceeded the 7-day threshold specified in this review protocol
Venturi, Gabriele, Scarsini, Roberto, Pighi, Michele et al. (2022) Volume of contrast to creatinine clearance ratio predicts early mortality and AKI after TAVI. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 99(6): 1925–1934 [PMC free article: PMC9546166] [PubMed: 35312158]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Vives, Marc, Candela, Angel, Monedero, Pablo et al. (2023) Improving the performance of the Cleveland Clinic Score for predicting acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a prospective multicenter cohort study. Minerva anestesiologica [PubMed: 37997304]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Wang, Can, Li, Gaoye, Liang, Xiaomei et al. (2020) Predictive Value of Fibrinogen-to-Albumin Ratio for Post-Contrast Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 26: e924498 [PMC free article: PMC7757022] [PubMed: 32684616]	- Retrospective cohort study
Wang, Rui, Wang, Xian, Zhu, Yifan et al. (2020) Acute kidney injury following on-pump or off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in elderly patients: a retrospective propensity score matching analysis. Journal of cardiothoracic surgery 15(1): 186 [PMC free article: PMC7379814] [PubMed: 32709247]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Wang, X., Guo, N., Chen, Y. et al. (2022) A new model to predict acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery in patients with renal insufficiency. Renal Failure 44(1): 767–776 [PMC free article: PMC9090423] [PubMed: 35505569]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants received iodine based contrast media
Wang, Xudong, Lin, Xinghui, Xie, Bo et al. (2020) Early serum cystatin C-enhanced risk prediction for acute kidney injury post cardiac surgery: a prospective, observational, cohort study. Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals 25(1): 20–26 [PubMed: 31686541]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Wang, Xun and Fu, Xianghua (2023) Predicting AKI in patients with AMI: Development and assessment of a new predictive nomogram. Medicine 102(24): e33991 [PMC free article: PMC10270522] [PubMed: 37327276]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Wang, Yi, Liu, Kaixiang, Xie, Xisheng et al. (2021) Contrast-associated acute kidney injury: An update of risk factors, risk factor scores, and preventive measures. Clinical imaging 69: 354–362 [PubMed: 33069061]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Wang, Ying and Bellomo, Rinaldo (2017) Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: risk factors, pathophysiology and treatment. Nature reviews. Nephrology 13(11): 697–711 [PubMed: 28869251]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Wang, Zheng-Yu, Wang, Yong-Li, Wei, Jian et al. (2020) Role of serum cystatin C in the prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after intra-arterial interventions. Chinese medical journal 133(4): 408–414 [PMC free article: PMC7046250] [PubMed: 31977562]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Watanabe, Makoto, Saito, Yoshihiko, Aonuma, Kazutaka et al. (2016) Prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy by the serum creatinine level on the day following cardiac catheterization. Journal of cardiology 68(5): 412–418 [PubMed: 26708123]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model Change in eGFR included, but not pre-contrast eGFR
Werner, Gerald S, Lorenz, Simon, Yaginuma, Kenji et al. (2021) A prospective study on the incidence of contrast-associated acute kidney injury after recanalization of chronic total coronary occlusions with contemporary interventional techniques. International journal of cardiology 337: 38–43 [PubMed: 34015410]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Wilson, Todd A, de Koning, Lawrence, Quinn, Robert R et al. (2021) Derivation and External Validation of a Risk Index for Predicting Acute Kidney Injury Requiring Kidney Replacement Therapy After Noncardiac Surgery. JAMA network open 4(8): e2121901 [PMC free article: PMC8383136] [PubMed: 34424303]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Wolff, G., Lin, Y., Quade, J. et al. (2020) Validation of National Cardiovascular Data Registry risk models for mortality, bleeding and acute kidney injury in interventional cardiology at a German Heart Center. Clinical Research in Cardiology 109(2): 235–245 [PubMed: 31236693]	- Retrospective cohort study
Wu, M.-J. and Tsai, S.-F. (2022) Patients with Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Intravenous Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography-The Incidence of Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury. Diagnostics 12(4): 864 [PMC free article: PMC9025335] [PubMed: 35453910]	- Inappropriate analysis method Unclear if the multivariate model included all protocol-specified confounders
Wu, Qin, Yang, Hao, Bo, Hong et al. (2019) Predictive role of estimated glomerular filtration rate prior to surgery in postsurgical acute kidney injury among very elderly patients: a retrospective cohort study. Renal failure 41(1): 866–874 [PMC free article: PMC6758700] [PubMed: 31517563]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Majority of participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Wu, Xiaoyun, Qiu, Feng, Jin, Xianglan et al. (2022) Evaluation of Four eGFR Calculating Formulae in Predicting Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury in Adult Patients Undergoing Open-Heart Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Contrast media & molecular imaging 2022: 6929758 [PMC free article: PMC9300297] [PubMed: 35935325]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Wu, Yukun, Chen, Junxing, Luo, Cheng et al. (2021) Predicting the risk of postoperative acute kidney injury: development and assessment of a novel predictive nomogram. The Journal of international medical research 49(8): 3000605211032838 [PMC free article: PMC8366143] [PubMed: 34382465]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Xie, B., Fu, L., Wu, Y. et al. (2022) Risk factors of renal replacement therapy after heart transplantation: a retrospective single-center study. Annals of Translational Medicine 10(5): 257 [PMC free article: PMC8987878] [PubMed: 35402585]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Xu, Feng-Bo, Cheng, Hong, Yue, Tong et al. (2019) Derivation and validation of a prediction score for acute kidney injury secondary to acute myocardial infarction in Chinese patients. BMC nephrology 20(1): 195 [PMC free article: PMC6543657] [PubMed: 31146701]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Yamauchi, Takashi, Miyagawa, Shigeru, Yoshikawa, Yasushi et al. (2017) Risk Index for Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury After Valvular Surgery Using Cardiopulmonary Bypass. The Annals of thoracic surgery 104(3): 868–875 [PubMed: 28460874]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Yan, Ping, Duan, Shao-Bin, Luo, Xiao-Qin et al. (2023) Development and validation of a deep neural network-based model to predict acute kidney injury following intravenous administration of iodinated contrast media in hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease: a multicohort analysis. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 38(2): 352–361 [PubMed: 35218197]	- Retrospective cohort study
Yan, Y., Gong, H., Hu, J. et al. (2023) Perioperative parameters-based prediction model for acute kidney injury in Chinese population following valvular surgery. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 10: 1094997 [PMC free article: PMC10028074] [PubMed: 36960471]	- Predictive model included variables not measured pre-contrast administration
Yang, C., Hou, P., Wang, D. et al. (2022) Serum Myoglobin Is Associated With Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury in Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection. Frontiers in Medicine 9: 821418 [PMC free article: PMC8902311] [PubMed: 35273980]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Participants had not received iodine based contrast media
Yang, Junqing, He, Yibo, Liu, Yong et al. (2022) A risk score predicting unplanned renal replacement therapy after coronary catheterization. Clinical nephrology 97(1): 28–38 [PubMed: 34605397]	- Study not investigating AKI Study investigated a risk prediction tool for post-contrast renal replacement therapy, not AKI
Yarkova, N.A. and Borovkov, N.N. (2017) Algorithm for early diagnosis of contrast-induced nephropathy using biomarkers of renal damage. Sovremennye Tehnologii v Medicine 9(4): 156–161	- Inappropriate analysis method No multivariate analysis reported
Yildirim, Erkan; Ermis, Emrah; Cengiz, Mahir (2020) Inflammatory markers of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Coronary artery disease 31(3): 279–283 [PubMed: 31658143]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Yin, Wen-Jun, Yi, Yi-Hu, Guan, Xiao-Feng et al. (2017) Preprocedural Prediction Model for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Patients. Journal of the American Heart Association 6(2) [PMC free article: PMC5523753] [PubMed: 28159819]	- Retrospective cohort study
You, Je Sung, Cho, Junho, Shin, Hye Jung et al. (2023) Baseline eGFR cutoff for increased risk of post-contrast acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in the emergency department. PloS one 18(10): e0293598 [PMC free article: PMC10602274] [PubMed: 37883518]	- eGFR cut-off outside protocol-defined range
Yuan, Y., Qiu, H., Hu, X. et al. (2017) Predictive value of inflammatory factors on contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients who underwent an emergency percutaneous coronary intervention. Clinical Cardiology 40(9): 719–725 [PMC free article: PMC6490320] [PubMed: 28543803]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Yuan, Y., Qiu, H., Hu, X. et al. (2022) A risk score model of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with emergency percutaneous coronary interventions. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 9: 989243 [PMC free article: PMC9606750] [PubMed: 36312242]	- Retrospective cohort study
Yuan, Ying, Qiu, Hong, Hu, Xiao-Ying et al. (2018) Relationship between High Level of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients who Underwent an Emergency Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Chinese medical journal 131(17): 2041–2048 [PMC free article: PMC6111677] [PubMed: 30127213]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed Cut-off value for predictive value of eGFR not reported
Yuan, Ying, Qiu, Hong, Hu, Xiao-Ying et al. (2017) Risk Factors of Contrast-induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Emergency Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Chinese medical journal 130(1): 45–50 [PMC free article: PMC5221111] [PubMed: 28051022]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No eGFR threshold reported
Yuan, Ying, Qiu, Hong, Song, Lei et al. (2018) A New Risk Factor Profile for Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Who Underwent an Emergency Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Angiology 69(6): 523–531 [PubMed: 29082747]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Yue, J.-N., Luo, Z., Guo, D.-Q. et al. (2013) Evaluation of acute kidney injury as defined by the risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage criteria in critically ill patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Chinese Medical Journal 126(3): 431–436 [PubMed: 23422102]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Yue, Zhou; Yan-Meng, Guan; Ji-Zhuang, Lou (2019) Prediction model for acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting: a retrospective study. International urology and nephrology 51(9): 1605–1611 [PubMed: 31161519]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No eGFR cut-off reported
Yun, Donghwan, Kim, Dong Ki, Lee, Jung Pyo et al. (2021) Can sodium fluorescein cause contrast-induced nephropathy?. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 36(5): 819–825 [PubMed: 31773157]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Zahler, David, Rozenfeld, Keren-Lee, Merdler, Ilan et al. (2020) Contrast Volume to Glomerular Filtration Ratio and Acute Kidney Injury among ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Treated with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Cardiorenal medicine 10(2): 108–115 [PubMed: 31801134]	- eGFR not included in multivariate model
Zaleska-Kociecka, M.; Dabrowski, M.; Stepinska, J. (2019) Acute kidney injury after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in the elderly: Outcomes and risk management. Clinical Interventions in Aging 14: 195–201 [PMC free article: PMC6345183] [PubMed: 30718946]	- Review article but not a systematic review
Zarkowsky, Devin S, Hicks, Caitlin W, Bostock, Ian C et al. (2016) Renal dysfunction and the associated decrease in survival after elective endovascular aneurysm repair. Journal of vascular surgery 64(5): 1278–1285e1 [PMC free article: PMC5079759] [PubMed: 27478004]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Zbierska-Rubinkiewicz, Katarzyna, Trebacz, Oksana, Tomala, Marek et al. (2017) Creatine kinase-MB and red cell distribution width as predictors of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. Folia medica Cracoviensia 57(3): 87–99 [PubMed: 29263458]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Zealley, Ian, Wang, Huan, Donnan, Peter T et al. (2018) Exposure to contrast media in the perioperative period confers no additional risk of acute kidney injury in surgical patients. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 33(10): 1751–1756 [PubMed: 29237046]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Zhang, Dong, Teng, Jie, Luo, Zhe et al. (2023) Risk Factors and Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury after Cardiac Surgery in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Blood purification 52(2): 166–173 [PubMed: 36030778]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants had received iodine based contrast media
Zhang, H., Wang, Z., Tang, Y. et al. (2022) Prediction of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: model development using a Chinese electronic health record dataset. Journal of Translational Medicine 20(1): 166 [PMC free article: PMC8994277] [PubMed: 35397573]	- Population not relevant to this review protocol Unclear if participants had received iodine based contrast media
Zhang, L., Xu, J., Li, X. et al. (2022) Risk Factors and Outcomes of AKI after LAAC Operation: A Single-Center Observational Study from Mainland China. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine 23(9): 306 [PMC free article: PMC11262336] [PubMed: 39077701]	- Inappropriate analysis method Multivariate model did not include all protocol-specified confounders
Zhao, Ning, Chen, Zaiyan, Zhou, Yinpin et al. (2021) Effects of a High Dose of the Contrast Medium Iodixanol on Renal Function in Patients Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Angiology 72(2): 145–152 [PubMed: 32911955]	- Data not reported in an extractable format or a format that can be analysed No eGFR cut-off reported
Zhou, F., Lu, Y., Xu, Y. et al. (2023) Correlation between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and contrast-induced acute kidney injury and the establishment of machine-learning-based predictive models. Renal Failure 45(2): 2258983 [PMC free article: PMC10538452] [PubMed: 37755332]	- Inappropriate analysis method Prediction models not validated and predictive cut-off for eGFR not reported
Zhou, X., He, Y., Hu, L. et al. (2022) Lactate level and lactate clearance for acute kidney injury prediction among patients admitted with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: A retrospective cohort study. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 9: 930202 [PMC free article: PMC9606207] [PubMed: 36312228]	- Retrospective cohort study
Zhou, Xuejun, Sun, Zhiqin, Zhuang, Yi et al. (2018) Development and Validation of Nomogram to Predict Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated Invasively. Scientific reports 8(1): 9769 [PMC free article: PMC6021383] [PubMed: 29950662]	- Retrospective cohort study
Zhu, Jian-Cheng, Chen, Shao-Liang, Jin, Guo-Zhen et al. (2014) Acute renal injury after thoracic endovascular aortic repair of Stanford type B aortic dissection: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 113(9): 612–9 [PubMed: 24613460]	- Study not investigating AKI AKI reported, but no prognostic factors assessed

I.2. Health economic studies

Not applicable.

Appendix J. Recommendations for research – full details

J.1. Recommendation for research (PDF, 171K)

Tables

Table 1PICO characteristics of review question

Population	Adults receiving iodine-based contrast media Strata: Intravenous vs intra-arterial media administration Exclusion: High osmolar contrast media
Risk tool	Validated risk assessment tools/questionnaires for acute kidney injury
Patient outcomes	Diagnosis of an acute kidney injury using any study definition Timeframe: Within 7 days of contrast administration
Statistical outcomes	Primary outcomes: Sensitivity and specificity Positive and negative predictive values Positive and negative likelihood ratios Area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) Had to report variance. Calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test) Minimal important difference (MID): Sensitivity: upper= 80%, lower= 60% Specificity: upper= 90%, lower= 80% AUC: upper= 0.70, lower= 0.50 Hosmer-Lemeshow: p value >0.05 Secondary Outcomes (include only if reported in papers reporting primary outcomes): Mortality (risk ratio, odds ratio or hazard ratio) Dialysis (risk ratio, odds ratio or hazard ratio)
Study design	Prospective cohort studies Systematic reviews of prognostic cohort studies

Table 3Summary of studies included in the evidence review

Study	Risk tool	Population	Outcomes (including definitions)	No. of event (n)
Alan 2019 (Alan, Guenancia, Arnould, Azemar, Pitois, Maza, Bichat, Zeller, Gabrielle, Bron, Creuzot-Garcher and Cottin, 2019)	Mehran risk score (cut-off: 5) GRACE score (cut-off: 142)	N=216 Patient records from a regional survey of patients hospitalised with acute coronary syndrome who underwent coronary angiography Mean age (SD): 62.68 (12.38) years France	AKI (referred to as acute renal failure in the paper), as per KDIGO criteria: increase in serum creatinine of ≥26.5 µmol/L at 48h after injection or >50% compared to the initial dosage within 7 days	21 (10%)
Ando 2014 (Ando, de Gregorio, Morabito, Trio, Saporito and Oreto, 2014)	Study-developed risk score (AGEF score): Age eGFR LVEF Contrast volume : eGFR ratio	N=126 Non-consecutive patients undergoing primary PCI admitted within 12 hours of STEMI symptom onset Mean age (SD): 64.3 (14.1) years Italy	Contrast-induced AKI, defined as: increase in serum creatinine concentration ≥0.5 mg/dL or ≥25% from baseline within 72 hours after the administration of contrast medium, without any other plausible cause	12 (9.5%)
Ando 2013 (Ando, Morabito, de Gregorio, Trio, Saporito and Oreto, 2013)	ACEF score: Age Ejection fraction Serum creatinine Mehran risk score (cut-off: 5)	N=481 Consecutive patients referred for primary PCI due to STEMI admitted within 12 hours of symptom onset Mean age (SD): 62 (12) years Italy	Contrast-induced nephropathy, defined as: increase in serum creatinine ≥0.5 mg/dL or an increase ≥25% from baseline within 72 hours of contrast administration, without any other plausible aetiology	25 (5.2%)
Buratti 2021 (Buratti, Crimi, Somaschini, Cornara, Camporotondo, Cosentino, Moltrasio, Rubino, De Metrio, Marana, De Servi, Marenzi and De Ferrari, 2021)	Study-developed risk score: Killip class Diabetes Anterior STEMI Age >75 eGFR <60 Mehran risk score Marenzi risk score Inohara risk score	N=1782 Consecutive STEMI patients undergoing PCI Mean age (SD): 63.7 (12.2) years Italy	Contrast-induced acute kidney injury, defined as: an absolute serum creatinine increase ≥0.5 mg/dl in the first 72 hours	136 (7.6%)
Chaudhary 2019 (Chaudhary, Pathak, Kunal, Shukla and Pathak, 2019)	CHA2DS2 score (cut-off: ≥4): Congestive heart failure or ejection fraction ≤40% Hypertension Age Diabetes Vascular disease Female Previous stroke or transient ischemic attack	N=300 Consecutive patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and undergoing PCI Mean age (SD): 55.03 (9.56) years India	Contrast induced nephropathy, defined as the elevation of serum creatinine ≥0.5 mg/dL or ≥25% increase in the baseline serum creatinine levels within 48 hours	41 (13.7%)
Connolly 2018 (Connolly, Kinnin, McEneaney, Menown, Kurth, Lamont, Morgan and Harbinson, 2018)	Mehran risk score (cut-off: ≥10)	N=301 Patients at high risk of AKI (eGFR ≤60 ml/min) who were assessed prior to cardiac catheterisation Mean age (SD): 72.53 (8.30) years UK	Contrast induced AKI, defined as per KDIGO guidelines: absolute delta rise in creatinine of ≥26.5 mmol/l or a 50% relative rise from baseline at 48 hours following contrast	28 (9.3%)
Gurm 2013 (Gurm, Seth, Kooiman and Share, 2013)	Study-developed risk score (full model): contained 46 variables, see evidence tables for full details. Study-developed risk score (reduced model): contained the 15 most important variables from the full model.	N=20,572 Consecutive patients undergoing PCI Mean age (SD): 65.0 (12.2) years USA	Contrast-induced nephropathy, defined as: impairment in renal function resulting in ≥0.5 mg/dl absolute increase in serum creatinine level from baseline	505 (2.5%)
Kul 2015 (Kul, Uyarel, Kucukdagli, Turfan, Vatankulu, Tasal, Erdogan, Asoglu, Sahin, Guvenc and Goktekin, 2015)	Mehran risk score (cut-off: >5) Zwolle risk score (cut-off: >2)	N=314 Consecutive patients admitted with STEMI undergoing urgent cardiac catheterisation Mean age (SD): 56.33 (11.41) years Germany	Contrast-induced AKI, defined as: a relative increase in baseline serum creatinine of >25% and/or an absolute increase of 0.5 mg/ dl within 72 hours after contrast administration	38 (12.1%)
Lei 2020 (Lei, Xue, Guo, Liu, He, Liu, Nie, Chen, Chen, Huang, Liang, Chen, Liu and Chen, 2020)	Mehran risk score Study-developed nomogram (cut-off: 129) Age Heart rate Weight Hypotension PCI Beta blocker use	N=643 Consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography or PCI Mean age (SD): 69.88 (9.67) years China	Contrast-induced AKI, defined as: serum creatinine elevation ≥0.5 mg/dL or 25% from baseline within the first 48–72 hours following contrast exposure	96 (14.9%)
Liang 2023 (Liang, Li, Zeng, Zhang, Lv, Wei and Wan, 2023)	Mehran risk score	N=842 Patients admitted with chest pain who were diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome and underwent PCI Mean age (SD): 66.9 (13.0) years China	AKI, defined as per KDIGO standard: elevated serum creatinine level >0.3 mg/dL (26.5 mmol/L) less than 2 days; serum creatinine increase to 1.5–1.9-fold from the baseline level; urine output<0.5 mL/kg/h for 6–12 hours	139 (16.5%)
Liu 2020 (Liu, Liu, Lei, Wang, Sun, Guo, He, Song, Lun, Liu, Chen, Chen, Yang, Liu and Chen, 2020)	Study-developed nomogram: eGFR Age Albumin IABP Mehran risk score	N=428 Patients with hypoalbuminemi a who were undergoing coronary angiography or PCI Mean age (SD): 65.96 (11.02) years China	Contrast associated AKI, defined as: increase of ≥0.3 mg/dL or 50% in serum creatinine compared to baseline in the 48 to 72 hours post procedure	48 (11.2%)
Liu 2020a (Liu, Chen, Ye, Xian, Wang, Xuan, Tan, Li, Chen and Ni, 2020)	Study-developed model (full model): see evidence table for full details Study-developed model (reduced model) Mehran risk score ACEF risk score	N=1041 Consecutive patients undergoing PCI or coronary angiogram Mean age (SD): 62.82 (11.24) years China	Contrast induced nephropathy, defined as: increase in serum creatinine ≥0.5 mg/dL	37 (3.5%)
Liu 2014 (Liu, Liu, Tan, Chen, Chen, Chen, He, Ran, Ye and Li, 2014)	GRACE risk score (cut-off: >160) Mehran risk score	N=251 Consecutive patients with STEMI undergoing PCI Mean age(SD): 62.74 (12.27) years China	Contrastassociated AKI, defined by three separate cut-offs: absolute increase in serum creatinine of ≥0.3 mg/dL or ≥0.5 mg/dL 50% increase within 48–72 hours after contrast exposure	≥0.3 mg/dL definition: 43 (17.1%) ≥0.5 mg/dL definition: 22 (8.8%) 50% increase definition: 19 (7.6%)
Lu 2016 (Lu, Hsu, Chang, Lin, Lee, Lin and Chan, 2016)	Mehran risk score (cut-off: 7)	N=664 Consecutive patients referred for coronary angiography for investigation of chest pain and/or suspected coronary artery disease Mean age (SD): 67 (12) years Taipei	Contrast-induced AKI, defined as: increase of serum creatinine concentration of ≥0.3 mg/dl or a 25% increase from the baseline value measured at 48 hours after exposure to contrast media	78 (11.7%)
Seibert 2020 (Seibert, Heringhaus, Pagonas, Rudolf, Rohn, Bauer, Timmesfeld, Trappe, Babel and Westhoff, 2020)	Inohara risk model Ghani risk model	N=490 Patients with an indication for coronary angiography Mean age (IQR): 66 (57-73) years Germany	AKI defined as per AKIN criteria	30 (6.1%)
Serif 2020 (Serif, Chalikias, Didagelos, Stakos, Kikas, Thomaidis, Lantzouraki, Ziakas and Tziakas, 2020)	Seventeen risk scores previously developed in other papers: Brown 2015 Tsai 2014 Gurm 2013 Caspi 2017 Victor 2014 Maioli 2010 Marenzi 2004 Liu 2015 Gao 2014 Fu 2012 Chen 2014 Ghani 2009 Bartholomew 2004 Mehran 2004 Tsiakas 2013 Ando 2013 McCullough 1997	N=1247 Consecutive patients treated with PCI on an emergency or elective basis Mean age (SD): 62 (10) years Greece	Contrast-induced AKI was given two definitions: Liberal criterion: increase of ≥25% or ≥0.5 mg/dl in pre-PCI serum creatinine at 48 h to 72 h post PCI Strict criterion: increase of ≥0.5 mg/dl in pre-PCI serum creatinine at 48 h to 72 h post PCI	Liberal definition: 206 (16.5%) Strict definition: 24 (1.9%)
Sgura 2010 (Sgura, Bertelli, Monopoli, Leuzzi, Guerri, Spart, Politi, Aprile, Amato, Rossi, Biondi-Zoccai, Sangiorgi and Modena, 2010)	Mehran risk score Marenzi risk score	N=891 Consecutive patients admitted for STEMI who were treated with PCI Mean age (SD): 63.9 (13.1) years Italy	Contrast induced nephropathy, defined as: 0.5 mg/dL (44 mmol/L) increase in serum creatinine or 25% increase compared with baseline values within 48 hours of the procedure	126 (14.1%)
Tziakas 2013 (Tziakas, Chalikias, Stakos, Apostolakis, Adina, Kikas, Alexoudis, Passadakis, Thodis, Vargemezis and Konstantinides, 2013)	Mehran risk score Bartholomew risk score Study-developed risk score (cut-off >3): Pre-existing renal disease Metformin use Previous PCI Peripheral artery disease Contrast volume ≥300 mL	N=488 for previously established models, N=200 for study-developed model Consecutive patients treated with PCI on an elective or emergency basis Mean age (SD): n=488, 64 (11) years, n=200, 61 (12) years Greece	Contrast induced nephropathy, defined as an increase of ≥25% or ≥0.5 mg/dl in pre-PCI serum creatinine at 48 hours post procedure	Derivation cohort (n=488): 50 (10.2%) Validation cohort (n=200): 28 (14%)
Victor 2014 (Victor, Gnanaraj, S, Deshmukh, Kandasamy, Janakiraman, Pandurangi, Latchumanadhas, Abraham and Mullasari, 2014)	Study-developed risk score (cut-off: 10%): GFR Amount of contrast Diabetic microangiography Hypotension Albuminuria Peripheral vascular disease	N=300 Consecutive patients undergoing PCI Mean age (SD): 57.3 (10.2) years India	Contrast-induced nephropathy, defined as: an increase of ≥25% and/or ≥0.5 mg/dl in serum creatinine at 48 hours after PCI when compared to baseline value	26 (8.7%)

Table 2Clinical evidence profile: discrimination of risk prediction tools for the prediction of contrast-associated acute kidney injury in adults receiving iodine-based contrast media

Risk tool	No of studies	n	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Mean effect size (95% CI or 95%CI range if >1 study for AUC)	GRADE overall quality
Mehran risk tool	11	8374	Very high¹	Very high²	High³	Very high⁴	Median AUC= 0.780 (0.480-0.912)	VERY LOW
Mehran risk tool (cut-off: >5)	3	910	Very high¹	Low	High³	Very high⁵	Sensitivity= 75.7% (45.3-92.6)	VERY LOW
Mehran risk tool (cut-off: >5)	3	910	Very high¹	Low	High³	High⁶	Specificity= 73.8% (47.9-89.7)	VERY LOW
Mehran risk tool (cut-off: >7)	1	644	Very high⁷	NA	High³	High⁸	Sensitivity= 64.1% (52.0-75.0)	VERY LOW
Mehran risk tool (cut-off: >7)	1	644	Very high⁷	NA	High³	Low	Specificity= 54.9% (51.0-59.0)	VERY LOW
Mehran risk tool (cut-off: ≥10)	1	301	Very high⁷	NA	High³	Very high⁵	Sensitivity= 64% (44.0-81.0)	VERY LOW
Mehran risk tool (cut-off: ≥10)	1	301	Very high⁷	NA	High³	Low	Specificity= 62% (56.0-68.0)	VERY LOW
Marenzi risk score	3	3920	Very high⁹	High¹⁰	High³	High¹¹	Median AUC= 0.57 (range: 0.51-0.83)	VERY LOW
Bartholomew risk score	2	1735	Very high⁷	Low	High³	Very high⁴	AUC= 0.59 (0.47-0.72)	VERY LOW
Ghani risk score	2	1737	Very high¹	Low	Low	High¹²	AUC= 0.55 (0.41-0.67)	VERY LOW
Ando risk score	2	1373	Very high¹³	Very high²	High³	High¹¹	AUC= 0.70 (0.50-0.92)	VERY LOW
Gurm (reduced model) risk score	2	21,819	Very high¹⁴	Very high²	High³	High¹¹	AUC= 0.69 (0.51-0.86)	VERY LOW
Inohara risk score	2	2272	Very high⁷	Low	Low	High¹¹	AUC= 0.705 (0.600-0.770)	VERY LOW
Tziakas risk score	2	1447	Very high¹³	Very high²	High³	Very high⁴	AUC= 0.68 (0.46-0.93)	VERY LOW
ACEF score	2	1522	Very high⁹	Low	Low	High¹¹	AUC= 0.791 (0.656-0.850)	VERY LOW
Victor risk score (cut-off: 10%)	1	300	Very high¹⁵	NA	High³	High¹⁶	Sensitivity= 92.3% (75-99)	VERY LOW
Victor risk score (cut-off: 10%)	1	300	Very high¹⁵	NA	High³	High⁶	Specificity= 82.1% (77-86)	VERY LOW
GRACE score	1	216	Very high¹	NA	Low	Low	AUC= 0.828 (0.724-0.932)	LOW
GRACE score (cut-off >142)	1	216	Very high¹	NA	Low	Very high⁵	Sensitivity= 81.0% (58.0-95.0)	VERY LOW
GRACE score (cut-off >142)	1	216	Very high¹	NA	Low	Low	Specificity= 71.0% (64.0-77.0)	LOW
GRACE score (cut-off >160)	1	251	Very high⁷	NA	Low	High¹⁶	Sensitivity= 79.1% (64.0-90.0)	VERY LOW
GRACE score (cut-off >160)	1	251	Very high⁷	NA	Low	Low	Specificity= 61.0% (54.0-68.0)	LOW
de Ferrari risk score	1	1782	Very high¹⁷	NA	Low	Low	AUC= 0.838 (0.802-0.874)	LOW
CH2DS2-VASc score (cut-off: ≥4)	1	300	High¹⁸	NA	Low	Low	AUC= 0.81 (0.73-0.90)	MODERATE
			High¹⁸	NA	Low	High¹⁶	Sensitivity= 90.2% (77.0-97.0)	LOW
			High¹⁸	NA	Low	Low	Specificity= 62.9% (57.0-69.0)	MODERATE
Gurm (full model) risk score	1	20,572	Very high¹⁹	NA	High³	Low	AUC= 0.852 (0.835-0.869)	VERY LOW
Zwolle risk score (cut-off: >2)	1	314	Very high⁷	NA	High³	Low	AUC= 0.85 (0.78-0.92)	VERY LOW
			Very high⁷	NA	High³	High¹⁶	Sensitivity= 76.3% (68.0-84.0)	VERY LOW
			Very high⁷	NA	High³	High⁶	Specificity= 75.4% (66.0-83.0)	VERY LOW
Lei risk score (cut-off: >129)	1	643	Very high¹⁸	NA	Low	Low	AUC= 0.78 (0.73-0.83)	LOW
			Very high¹⁸	NA	Low	High⁵	Sensitivity= 81.2% (72.0-88.0)	VERY LOW
			Very high¹⁸	NA	Low	Low	Specificity= 63.3% (58.0-66.0)	LOW
Liu risk score	1	428	Very high²⁰	NA	High³	High¹¹	AUC= 0.693 (0.608-0.779)	VERY LOW
Liu full risk score	1	1041	Very high²¹	NA	Low	Low	AUC= 0.858 (0.794-0.923)	LOW
Liu reduced risk score	1	1041	Very high²¹	NA	Low	Low	AUC= 0.854 (0.796-0.913)	LOW
Maioli risk score	1	1247	High¹⁸	NA	Low	Low	AUC= 0.58 (0.56-0.61)	MODERATE
Brown risk score	1	1247	High¹⁸	NA	Low	High¹²	AUC= 0.52 (0.47-0.56)	LOW
Tsai risk score	1	1247	High¹⁸	NA	High³	High¹²	AUC= 0.51 (0.49-0.54)	VERY LOW
Caspi risk score	1	1247	High¹⁸	NA	Low	Low	AUC= 0.53 (0.51-0.56)	MODERATE
Liu risk score	1	1247	High¹⁸	NA	Low	High¹²	AUC= 0.52 (0.48-0.57)	LOW
Victor risk score	1	1247	High¹⁸	NA	High³	Low	AUC= 0.54 (0.50-0.59)	LOW
Gao risk score	1	1247	High¹⁸	NA	High³	High¹²	AUC= 0.49 (0.45-0.53)	VERY LOW
Fu risk score	1	1247	High¹⁸	NA	High³	High¹²	AUC= 0.50 (0.46-0.54)	VERY LOW
Chen risk score	1	1247	High¹⁸	NA	Low	High¹¹	AUC= 0.48 (0.43-0.52)	LOW
McCullough risk score	1	1247	High¹⁸	NA	High³	Low	AUC= 0.58 (0.53-0.62)	LOW

1: Downgraded by two increments due to very high risk of bias arising from multiple domains of the PROBAST risk of bias tool, most frequently due to unclear definition and assessment of predictors (timing and criteria not specified), unclear interval between predictor and outcome assessment (not specified when predictors were assessed), unclear flow of participants through the study (missing data with no imputation of missing values), inadequate sample size (<100 events) and incomplete analysis reporting (discrimination reported without calibration)
2: Downgraded by two increments due to substantial differences between the point estimate and 95%CI’s reported in studies examining the same risk prediction tool
3: Downgraded by one increment due to high levels of concern surrounding the applicability of the risk prediction tool (not all predictors available at the intended time of assessment (prior to contrast administration))
4: Downgraded by two increments due to the 95%CI overlapping both the upper and lower thresholds for decision making (0.50-0.70)
5: Downgraded by two increments due to the 95%CI overlapping both the threshold corresponding to ‘low sensitivity’ (60%) and ‘high sensitivity’ (80%)
6: Downgraded by one increment due to the 95%CI overlapping the threshold corresponding to ‘low specificity’ (80%)
7: Downgraded by two increments due to very high risk of bias arising from multiple domains of the PROBAST risk of bias tool, namely due to unclear definitions and assessments of predictors (timing and criteria not specified), inadequate sample size (<100 events) and incomplete analysis reporting (discrimination reported without calibration)
8: Downgraded by one increment due to the 95%CI overlapping the threshold corresponding to ‘low sensitivity’ (60%)
9: Downgraded by two increments due to very high risk of bias arising from multiple domains of the PROBAST risk of bias tool, most frequently due to inadequate sample size (<100 events) and incomplete analysis reporting (discrimination reported without calibration)
10: Downgraded by one increment due to considerable differences between the point estimate and 95%CI’s reported in studies examining the same risk prediction tool
11: Downgraded by one increment due to the 95%CI overlapping the upper threshold for decision making (0.70)
12: Downgraded by one increment due to the 95%CI overlapping the lower threshold for decision making (0.50)
13: Downgraded by two increments due to very high risk of bias arising from multiple domains of the PROBAST risk of bias tool, namely due to inadequate sample size (<100 events) and concerns arising from the analysis method (model developed using univariate analysis to identify relevant predictors, unclear if the validation study applied the risk prediction tool as intended)
14: Downgraded by two increments due to very high risk of bias arising from multiple domains of the PROBAST risk of bias tool, namely due to inadequate sample size (<100 events), unclear definition and assessment of predictors (timing and criteria not specified) and concerns arising from the analysis method (model development study validated the tool using random split sampling and unclear if the external validation study applied the risk prediction tool as intended)
15: Downgraded by two increments due to very high risk of bias arising from multiple domains of the PROBAST risk of bias tool, namely due to unclear definition and assessment of predictors (timing and criteria not specified), inadequate sample size (<10 events per predictor) and concerns arising from the analysis method (model developed using univariate analysis to identify relevant predictors and random split sampling to validate)
16: Downgraded by one increment due to the 95%CI overlapping the threshold corresponding to ‘high sensitivity’ (80%)
17: Downgraded by two increments due to very high risk of bias arising from multiple domains of the PROBAST risk of bias tool, namely due to unclear definition and assessment of predictors (timing and criteria not specified), inadequate sample size (<10 events per predictor) and concerns arising from the analysis method (model developed using univariate analysis to identify relevant predictors)
18: Downgraded by one increment due to high risk of bias arising from the PROBAST risk of bias tool, namely due to inadequate sample size (<100 events)
19: Downgraded by two increments due to very high risk of bias arising from multiple domains of the PROBAST risk of bias tool, namely due to unclear definition and assessment of predictors (timing and criteria not specified), inadequate sample size (<10 events per predictor) and concerns arising from the analysis method (model validated using random split sampling)
20: Downgraded by two increments due to very high risk of bias arising from multiple domains of the PROBAST risk of bias tool, namely due to inadequate sample size (<100 events) and concerns arising from the analysis method (model developed using univariate analysis to identify relevant predictors and random split sampling to validate)
21: Downgraded by two increments due to very high risk of bias arising from multiple domains of the PROBAST risk of bias tool, namely due to inadequate sample size (<10 events per predictor) and concerns arising from the analysis method (model validated using random split sampling)

Table 3Clinical evidence profile: risk prediction tools for the prediction of dialysis in adults receiving iodine-based contrast media

Risk tool	No of studies	n	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Mean effect size (95% CI)	GRADE overall quality
Gurm risk tool (full model)	1	22,572	Very high¹	NA	High²	Low	AUC= 0.875 (0.819-0.931)	VERY LOW
Gurm risk tool (reduced model)	1	22,572	Very high¹	NA	High²	Low	AUC= 0.875 (0.823-0.931)	VERY LOW
GRACE score (<136)	1	251	Very high³	NA	Not serious	Low	Sensitivity= 0% (0-46)	LOW
GRACE score (<136)	1	251	Very high³	NA	Not serious	Low	Specificity= 75% (69-80)	LOW
GRACE score (136-158)	1	251	Very high³	NA	Not serious	Low	Sensitivity= 0% (0-46)	LOW
GRACE score (136-158)	1	251	Very high³	NA	Not serious	Low	Specificity= 74% (68-80)	LOW
GRACE score (159-180)	1	251	Very high³	NA	Not serious	High⁴	Sensitivity= 33% (4-78)	VERY LOW
GRACE score (159-180)	1	251	Very high³	NA	Not serious	Low	Specificity= 75% (69-80)	LOW
GRACE score (>180)	1	251	Very high³	NA	Not serious	Very high⁵	Sensitivity= 67% (22-96)	VERY LOW
GRACE score (>180)	1	251	Very high³	NA	Not serious	High⁶	Specificity= 76% (70-81)	VERY LOW

1: Downgraded by two increments due to very high risk of bias arising from multiple domains of the PROBAST risk of bias tool, namely due to unclear definition and assessment of predictors (timing and criteria not specified), inadequate sample size (<10 events per predictor) and concerns arising from the analysis method (model validated using random split sampling)
2: Downgraded by one increment due to high levels of concern surrounding the applicability of the risk prediction tool (not all predictors available at the intended time of assessment (prior to contrast administration))
3: Downgraded by two increments due to very high risk of bias arising from multiple domains of the PROBAST risk of bias tool, namely due to unclear definitions and assessments of predictors (timing and criteria not specified), inadequate sample size (<100 events) and incomplete analysis reporting (discrimination reported without calibration)
4: Downgraded by one increment due to the 95%CI overlapping the threshold corresponding to ‘low sensitivity’ (60%)
5: Downgraded by two increments due to the 95%CI overlapping both the threshold corresponding to ‘low sensitivity’ (60%) and ‘high sensitivity’ (80%)
6: Downgraded by one increment due to the 95%CI overlapping the threshold corresponding to ‘low specificity’ (80%)

Table 4Clinical evidence profile: risk prediction tools for the prediction of mortality in adults receiving iodine-based contrast media

Risk tool	No of studies	n	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Mean effect size (95% CI)	GRADE overall quality
Mehran risk score	1	891	High¹	NA	High²	High³	AUC= 0.74 (0.59-0.79)	VERY LOW
Mehran risk score (medium risk) vs low risk	1	891	High¹	NA	High²	Low	HR= 3.61 (2.19-5.98)	LOW
Mehran risk score (high risk) vs low risk	1	891	High¹	NA	High²	Low	HR= 8.00 (4.53-14.13)	LOW
Mehran risk score (very high risk) vs low risk	1	891	High¹	NA	High²	Low	HR= 15.29 (8.11-28.83)	LOW
Marenzi risk score	1	891	High¹	NA	High²	Low	AUC= 0.60 (0.55-0.65)	LOW
GRACE score (<136)	1	251	Very high⁴	NA	Not serious	Low	Sensitivity= 0% (0-31)	LOW
GRACE score (<136)	1	251	Very high⁴	NA	Not serious	Low	Specificity= 75% (69-80)	LOW
GRACE score (136-158)	1	251	Very high⁴	NA	Not serious	Low	Sensitivity= 20% (3-56)	LOW
GRACE score (136-158)	1	251	Very high⁴	NA	Not serious	Low	Specificity= 75% (69-80)	LOW
GRACE score (159-180)	1	251	Very high⁴	NA	Not serious	Low	Sensitivity= 20% (3-56)	LOW
GRACE score (159-180)	1	251	Very high⁴	NA	Not serious	Low	Specificity= 74% (68-80)	LOW
GRACE score (>180)	1	251	Very high⁴	NA	Not serious	Very serious⁵	Sensitivity= 60% (26-88)	VERY LOW
GRACE score (>180)	1	251	Very high⁴	NA	Not serious	Serious⁶	Specificity= 76% (70-82)	VERY LOW

1: Downgraded by one increment due to very high risk of bias arising from the PROBAST risk of bias tool, namely due to unclear timing of the assessment of predictors relative to outcome assessment and concerns arising from the analysis method (discrimination reported without calibration)
2: Downgraded by one increment due to high levels of concern surrounding the applicability of the risk prediction tool (not all predictors available at the intended time of assessment (prior to contrast administration))
3: Downgraded by one increment due to the 95%CI overlapping the upper threshold for decision making (0.70)
4: Downgraded by two increments due to very high risk of bias arising from multiple domains of the PROBAST risk of bias tool, namely due to unclear definitions and assessments of predictors (timing and criteria not specified), inadequate sample size (<100 events) and incomplete analysis reporting (discrimination reported without calibration)
5: Downgraded by two increments due to the 95%CI overlapping both the threshold corresponding to ‘low sensitivity’ (60%) and ‘high sensitivity’ (80%)
6: Downgraded by one increment due to the 95%CI overlapping the threshold corresponding to ‘low specificity’ (80%)

Table 5PICO characteristics of review question

Population	Adults receiving iodine-based contrast media Strata: Intravenous vs intra-arterial media administration Key confounding variables: (excluded unless all accounted for) Diabetes Heart failure Age Additional confounder: (included if not accounted for, but recorded) Hypertension Exclusion: High osmolar contrast media
Prognostic factor	Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) Cut-offs pooled depending on stage of chronic kidney disease indicated: 45-60 (stage 3a) 44-30 (stage 3b) 29-15 (stage 4) <15 (stage 5) Recorded within 3 months of contrast media administration
Patient outcomes	Occurrence of an event following intravenous administration of iodine-based contrast media. Study defined AKI Mortality Dialysis Timeframe: Within 7 days of contrast administration
Statistical outcomes	Risk of mortality, dialysis, or an AKI occurring: Adjusted relative risk (RR) Adjusted odds ratio (OR) Adjusted hazard ratio (HR)
Study design	Prognostic cohort studies Case control studies Systematic reviews of prognostic cohort studies Studies will only be included if all of the key confounders have been accounted for in a multivariate analysis. In the absence of multivariate analysis, studies that account for key confounders with univariate analysis or matched groups will be considered.

Table 6Summary of studies included in the evidence review

Study	Risk factor	Population	Outcomes (including definitions)	No. of event (n)
Buratti 2021 (Buratti, Crimi, Somaschini, Cornara, Camporotondo, Cosentino, Moltrasio, Rubino, De Metrio, Marana, De Servi, Marenzi and De Ferrari, 2021)	eGFR <60	N=1954 Consecutive STEMI patients undergoing PCI Mean age (SD): 62.48 (12.14) years Italy	Contrast-induced AKI, defined as: an absolute serum creatinine increase ≥0.5 mg/dl in the first 72 hours	93 (4.8%)
Caspi 2017 (Caspi, Habib, Cohen, Kerner, Roguin, Abergel, Boulos, Kapeliovich, Beyar, Nikolsky and Aronson, 2017)	eGFR: <30 30-59	N=2025 Patients admitted with STEMI undergoing PCI Mean age (SD): 59.72 (12.93) years Israel	Increase in serum creatinine concentration ≥0.5 mg/dL compared with admission value or a >25% relative rise during the first 72 hours after the procedure	209 (10.3%)
Liu 2015 (Liu, He, Tan, Chen, Liu, Yang, Huang, Ye, Li, Ran, Duan, Chen, Zhou and Chen, 2015)	eGFR: <60	N=2248 Consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography or PCI Mean age (SD): 63.48 (10.72) years China	Increase in serum creatinine of >0.5 mg/ dL over the baseline value within 48 to 72 hours after the administration of contrast medium	50 (2.2%)
Lunyera 2021 (Lunyera, Clare, Chiswell, Scialla, Pun, Thomas, Starks and Diamantidis, 2021)	eGFR: <15 15-29 30-59	N=9422 Patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and cardiac surgery Mean age (IQR): 62 (54-72) USA	KDIGO criteria: a 1.5-fold or greater relative elevation in serum creatinine from the reference value to the highest value within 7 days after the date and time of PCI, or a 0.3 mg/dl absolute increase in serum creatinine from the reference value within 48 hours after the date and time of PCI	865 (9%)
Mohebi 2022 (Mohebi, Karimi Galougahi, Garcia, Horst, Ben-Yehuda, Radhakrishnan, Chertow, Jeremias, Cohen, Cohen, Maehara, Mintz, Chen, Redfors, Leon, Stuckey, Rinaldi, Weisz, Witzenbichler, Kirtane, Mehran, Dangas, Stone and Ali, 2022)	eGFR: <60	N=7287 Consecutive patients successfully treated with drug-eluting stents Mean age (SD): 63.84 (10.85) years USA and Germany	European Society of Urogenital Radiology definition: absolute increase of ≥0.5 mg/dL or ≥25% relative increase in serum creatinine after PCI compared with the pre-PCI serum creatinine level occurring within 3 days of the intravascular administration of contrast medium when no alternative aetiology for AKI was identified	476 (6.5%)
Shacham 2016 (Shacham, Gal-Oz, Flint, Keren and Arbel, 2016)	eGFR: ≤60	N=1372 Consecutive patients referred with STEMI undergoing primary PCI Mean age (SD): 61.50 (12.83) years Israel	AKI network criteria - a rise in serum creatinine >0.3 mg/dl, compared with the admission value	153 (11%)

Table 7Clinical evidence profile: eGFR for the prediction of contrast-associated acute kidney injury in adults receiving iodine-based contrast media

Cut-off and referent value	No of studies	n	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Effect size (95%CI)	Quality
<15 vs ≥90	1	9422	Some concerns¹	Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	OR: 15.71 (9.97-24.77)	MODERATE
15-29 vs ≥90	1	9422	Some concerns¹	Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	OR: 5.77 (3.96-8.41)	MODERATE
<30 vs ≥60	1	2025	Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	OR: 6.27 (3.15-12.49)	HIGH
30-59 vs ≥90	1	9422	Some concerns¹	Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	OR: 2.29 (1.77-2.97)	MODERATE
30-59 vs ≥60	1	2025	Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	OR: 1.71 (1.17-2.50)	HIGH
<60 vs ≥60	3	2248	Not serious	Very serious²	Not serious	Not serious	OR: 5.12 (2.27-11.54)	LOW
		1954	Some concerns¹	Very serious²	Not serious	Not serious	OR: 5.04 (3.05-8.32)	VERY LOW
		7287	Some concerns¹	Very serious²	Not serious	Not serious	OR: 1.65 (1.21-2.21)	VERY LOW
≤60 vs >60	1	1372	Some concerns¹	Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	OR: 1.67 (1.02-2.75)	MODERATE

1: Downgraded by one increment due to concerns arising from statistical analysis and reporting (unclear how the confounding variables included in the multivariate model were identified)
2: Downgraded by two increments due to substantial differences between the point estimates and 95%CIs reported in studies examining the same threshold

Final

Evidence review underpinning recommendations 1.1.5 to 1.1.12 and a recommendation for research in the NICE guideline

This evidence review was developed by NICE

Disclaimer: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.

Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.

NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the Welsh Government, Scottish Government, and Northern Ireland Executive. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.

Bookshelf ID: NBK609470PMID: 39585950

Evidence review for risk prediction tools and eGFR for the prediction of iodine-based contrast media-associated acute kidney injury

1. Prognostic accuracy of risk assessment tools/questionnaires

1.1. Review question

1.1.1. Introduction

1.1.2. Summary of the protocol

1.1.3. Methods and process

1.1.4. Risk prediction tools evidence

1.1.4.1. Included studies

1.1.4.2. Excluded studies

1.1.5. Summary of studies included in the prognostic evidence

1.1.6. Summary of prognostic evidence

1.1.7. Economic evidence

1.1.7.1. Included studies

1.1.7.2. Excluded studies

1.1.8. Summary of included economic evidence

1.1.9. Economic model

2. Prognostic accuracy of eGFR for iodine-based contrast media-associated AKI

2.1. Review question

2.1.1. Introduction

2.1.2. Summary of the protocol

2.1.3. Methods and process

2.1.4. Prognostic evidence

2.1.4.1. Included studies

2.1.4.2. Excluded studies

2.1.5. Summary of studies included in the prognostic evidence

2.1.6. Summary of the prognostic evidence

2.1.7. Economic evidence

2.1.7.1. Included studies

2.1.7.2. Excluded studies

2.1.8. Summary of included economic evidence

2.1.9. Economic model

3. The committee’s discussion and interpretation of the evidence

3.1. The outcomes that matter most

3.2. Risk prediction tools

3.2.1. The quality of the evidence

3.2.2. Clinically effective tools

Acute kidney injury

Dialysis

Mortality

3.3. eGFR

3.3.1. The quality of the evidence

3.3.2. Clinically important differences

Acute kidney injury

Dialysis

Mortality

3.4. Cost effectiveness and resource use

Risk assessment tools

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)

3.5. Other factors the committee took into account

eGFR

Contrast-associated acute kidney injury

3.6. Recommendations supported by this evidence review

4. References

Appendices

Appendix A. Review protocols

Appendix B. Literature search strategies

Appendix C. Prognostic evidence study selection

Appendix D. Prognostic evidence

Appendix E. Forest plots and AUC and ROC curves

4.1.3. Risk prediction tools

4.1.4. Contrast-associated acute kidney injury

4.1.5. Dialysis

4.1.6. Mortality

4.1.7. eGFR risk factor

Appendix F. Economic evidence study selection

Appendix G. Economic evidence tables

Appendix H. Health economic model

Appendix I. Excluded studies

I.1. Clinical studies

Table 10Studies excluded from the clinical reviews

I.2. Health economic studies

Appendix J. Recommendations for research – full details

Tables

Table 1PICO characteristics of review question

Table 3Summary of studies included in the evidence review

Table 2Clinical evidence profile: discrimination of risk prediction tools for the prediction of contrast-associated acute kidney injury in adults receiving iodine-based contrast media

Table 3Clinical evidence profile: risk prediction tools for the prediction of dialysis in adults receiving iodine-based contrast media

Table 4Clinical evidence profile: risk prediction tools for the prediction of mortality in adults receiving iodine-based contrast media

Table 5PICO characteristics of review question

Table 6Summary of studies included in the evidence review