Antihyperglycemic Medication Use Among Adults With Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes, by Age, Sex, Race and Ethnicity, and BMI, U.S., 2015–2020
| CHARACTERISTICS | WEIGHTED NUMBER | GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS* | SGLT2 INHIBITORS† | SGLT2 INHIBITORS PLUS DPP-4 OR METFORMIN | METFORMIN | DPP-4 INHIBITORS‡ | DPP-4 INHIBITORS PLUS METFORMIN OR TZD | SULFONYLUREAS§ | TZDS|| | INSULIN¶ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weighted number | 25,791,754 | 1,278,816 | 329,251 | 1,417,409 | 11,286,827 | 486,919 | 2,729,336 | 5,972,183 | 1,047,432 | 5,673,892 |
| Percent (Standard Error) | ||||||||||
| Total | 25,791,754 | 5.0 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.4)1 | 5.5 (1.1) | 43.8 (2.0) | 1.9 (0.4) | 10.6 (1.3) | 23.2 (1.7) | 4.1 (0.7) | 22.0 (1.5) |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| 20–44 | 2,901,666 | 5.6 (1.6) | 3 | 6.2 (2.8)2 | 33.0 (5.7) | 3 | 3.6 (1.7)2 | 12.0 (2.6) | 3.4 (1.7)2 | 19.1 (4.3) |
| 45–64 | 11,516,943 | 6.1 (1.0) | 2.2 (0.8)1 | 8.1 (2.0) | 47.7 (3.9) | 1.8 (0.7)1 | 12.9 (2.0) | 21.6 (2.5) | 3.4 (1.1)1 | 20.5 (2.4) |
| ≥65 | 11,373,146 | 3.6 (1.0) | 0.4 (0.2)2 | 2.6 (0.8)1 | 42.5 (3.0) | 2.0 (0.5) | 10.0 (1.7) | 27.6 (2.4) | 4.9 (1.4) | 24.3 (1.9) |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Men | 14,114,960 | 5.7 (1.2) | 1.7 (0.7)2 | 7.3 (1.7) | 46.5 (2.3) | 2.0 (0.6) | 12.6 (1.8) | 25.4 (1.8) | 5.0 (1.0) | 21.8 (2.4) |
| Women | 11,676,795 | 4.1 (1.0) | 0.8 (0.4)2 | 3.3 (1.2)1 | 40.4 (2.7) | 1.7 (0.5) | 8.2 (1.3) | 20.5 (2.4) | 3.0 (0.8) | 22.3 (1.5) |
| Race and Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 15,123,823 | 6.0 (1.3) | 1.4 (0.6)2 | 6.9 (1.7) | 43.7 (3.3) | 1.4 (0.5)1 | 12.8 (2.2) | 22.8 (2.3) | 4.8 (1.3) | 22.5 (2.2) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3,414,579 | 4.8 (1.0) | 1.2 (0.5)2 | 2.6 (0.6) | 39.3 (3.8) | 1.3 (0.4)1 | 6.7 (1.1) | 19.7 (2.1) | 2.5 (0.8)1 | 25.5 (2.1) |
| Hispanic | 4,358,840 | 3.1 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.7)2 | 4.3 (1.0) | 41.1 (3.9) | 2.3 (0.7)1 | 6.5 (1.7) | 22.9 (2.2) | 3.5 (1.2)1 | 22.2 (2.1) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1,551,739 | 3 | 3 | 3.9 (1.4)1 | 56.1 (5.3) | 1.9 (0.8)2 | 7.0 (1.8) | 27.2 (2.1) | 2.4 (1.2)2 | 14.5 (3.4) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||
| Non-Asian | ||||||||||
| 18.0–24.9 | 1,776,146 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 41.6 (7.5) | 3 | 15.4 (6.5)2 | 13.8 (3.3) | 3 | 18.8 (4.2) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 5,528,606 | 4.5 (1.7)1 | 3.2 (1.5)2 | 5.7 (1.9)1 | 42.3 (3.4) | 3.2 (1.1)1 | 7.8 (1.4) | 19.4 (1.7) | 6.0 (2.4)2 | 16.5 (2.1) |
| 30.0–34.9 | 7,100,433 | 3.7 (1.2)1 | 0.9 (0.5)2 | 6.0 (2.4)2 | 39.8 (4.8) | 3 | 14.6 (2.9) | 26.0 (4.4) | 3.0 (0.9) | 27.1 (3.8) |
| 35.0–39.9 | 4,142,903 | 8.0 (3.5)2 | 3 | 9.0 (3.7)2 | 43.8 (4.9) | 3 | 5.3 (1.7) | 26.5 (3.5) | 3.0 (1.3)2 | 24.7 (2.8) |
| ≥40.0 | 3,698,705 | 9.6 (2.5) | 3 | 3.6 (1.5)2 | 48.6 (4.7) | 2.0 (0.9)2 | 12.6 (3.0) | 18.4 (3.3) | 5.7 (2.8)2 | 20.9 (3.5) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | ||||||||||
| 18.0–22.9 | 312,284 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 61.2 (9.3) | 3 | 12.3 (5.6)2 | 26.3 (7.4) | 3 | 11.2 (4.9)2 |
| 23.0–27.4 | 654,596 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 49.8 (7.3) | 3.8 (1.6)2 | 9.1 (3.1)1 | 27.6 (2.8) | 3 | 15.8 (4.1) |
| ≥27.5 | 570,218 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 62.0 (6.5) | 3 | 3 | 27.9 (4.5) | 3 | 12.6 (5.8)2 |
Diagnosed diabetes is self-reported. Excludes probable type 1 diabetes, defined as current insulin use alone and continuous insulin use within 1 year of diagnosis. Estimates for alpha-glucoside inhibitors, glinides, insulin plus GLP-1 RAs, amylin analogs, and dopamine receptor agonists were too small to present. BMI, body mass index.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs) include liraglutide, semaglutide, and dulaglutide.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors include empagliflozin, canagliflozin, and dapagliflozin.
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4) include sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin.
Sulfonylureas include glipizide, glyburide, and glimepiride.
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) include rosiglitazone and pioglitazone.
Insulins include insulin, insulin aspart, insulin degludec, insulin detemir, insulin glargine, insulin glulisine, insulin inhalation rapid acting, insulin isophane (NPH), insulin regular, insulin lispro.
Relative standard error >30%–40%
Relative standard error >40%–50%
Estimate is too unreliable to present; relative standard error ≥50% or ≤1 case.
SOURCE: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2015–2020
From: Obesity Management for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
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