| Study Populationa | Exposed Casesb | Exposure of Interest/Estimated Relative Risk (95% CI)b | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| VIETNAM VETERANS | |||
| International Vietnam-Veteran Study | |||
| Australian Vietnam Veterans—58,077 men and 153 women served on land or in Vietnamese waters during 5/23/1962–7/1/1973 vs Australian population | All COIs | ||
| Incidence | |||
| All branches, 1982–2000 | 58 | 1.2 (0.7–1.7) | ADVA, 2005a |
| Navy | 12 | 1.5 (0.8–2.6) | |
| Army | 42 | 1.7 (1.2–2.2) | |
| Air Force | 4 | 0.9 (0.2–2.2) | |
| OCCUPATIONAL—HERBICIDE-USING WORKERS (not related to IARC sprayer cohorts) | |||
| CANADA | |||
| Sawmill Workers in British Columbia—23,829 workers for ≥ 1 year at 11 mills using chlorophenates 1940–1985 | Chlorophenates, not TCDD | ||
| Incidence—all leukemias (1969–1989) | 47 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | Hertzman et al., 1997 |
| ALL | 2 | 1.0 (0.2–3.1) | |
| CLL | 24 | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | |
| AML | 5 | 0.8 (0.3–1.7) | |
| CML | 7 | 1.1 (0.5–2.0) | |
| Other, unspecified | 5 | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | |
| DENMARK | |||
| Danish gardeners—incidence from 3,156 male and 859 female gardeners | Herbicides | Hansen et al., 2007 | |
| 10-year followup (1975–1984) of Danish gardeners | Hansen et al., 1992 | ||
| All gardeners | 6 | 2.5 (0.9–5.5) | |
| Male gardeners | 6 | 2.8 (1.0–6.0) | |
| UNITED STATES | |||
| White Male Residents of Iowa—chronic lymphocytic leukemia on death certificate, usual occupation: farmers vs not | Herbicides | ||
| > 30 yrs old when died 1964–1978—case-control (1,675 leukemia deaths, 1968–1978) | Burmeister et al., 1982 | ||
| Farmer usual occupation on death certificate | 1.2 (p < 0.05)) | ||
| CLL | 132 | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | |
| Lived in counties with highest herbicide use | nr | 1.9 (1.2–3.1) | |
| White Male Residents of Iowa and Minnesota— > 30 yrs old diagnosed 1981–1983 in Iowa or 1980–1982 in Minnesota—case-control | Herbicides | ||
| > 30 yrs old diagnosed 1981–1983 in Iowa or 1980–1982 in Minnesota—case-control (ever farmer) | Brown et al., 1990 | ||
| Ever farmed | 156 | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | |
| Any herbicide used | 74 | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | |
| Ever used 2,4,5-T | 10 | 1.6 (0.7–3.4) | |
| Use at least 20 yrs before interview | 7 | 3.3 (1.2–8.7) | |
| ENVIRONMENTAL | |||
| Seveso, Italy Residential Cohort—Industrial accident July 10, 1976 (723 residents Zone A; 4,821 Zone B; 31,643 Zone R; 181,574 local reference group) (ICD-9 171) | TCDD | ||
| Incidence | |||
| 20-yr followup to 1996—men and women (lymphatic leukemia, ICD-9 204) | |||
| Zone A | 1 | 2.8 (0.4–19.9) | Pesatori et al., 2009 |
| Zone B | 0 | nr | |
| Zone R | 13 | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) | |
| Mortality | |||
| 25-yr followup to 2001—men and women (lymphatic leukemia, ICD-9 204) | Consonni et al., 2008 | ||
| Zone A | 0 | nr | |
| Zone B | 3 | 1.3 (0.4–4.1) | |
| Zone R | 23 | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | |
| 20-yr followup to 1996 (lymphatic leukemia) | Bertazzi et al., 2001 | ||
| Zones A, B—men | 2 | 1.6 (0.4–6.8) | |
| Zones A, B—women | 0 | nr | |
| Other International Environmental Studies | |||
| NEW ZEALAND | |||
| Residents of New Plymouth Territorial Authority, New Zealand, near plant manufacturing 2,4,5-T in 1962–1987 | 2,4,5-T | Read et al., 2007 | |
| Incidence | 104 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6)c | |
| 1970–1974 | 16 | 2.5 (1.4–4.1) | |
| 1975–1979 | 7 | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | |
| 1980–1984 | 21 | 2.6 (1.6–3.9) | |
| 1985–1989 | 16 | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) | |
| 1990–1994 | 13 | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | |
| 1995–1999 | 19 | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | |
| 2000–2001 | 12 | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | |
| Mortality | 40 | 1.3 (0.9–1.8)c | |
| 1970–1974 | 7 | 1.7 (0.7–3.5) | |
| 1975–1979 | 7 | 1.8 (0.7–3.6) | |
| 1980–1984 | 6 | 1.4 (0.5–3.0) | |
| 1985–1989 | 4 | 0.8 (0.2–2.2) | |
| 1990–1994 | 6 | 1.1 (0.4–2.5) | |
| 1995–1999 | 8 | 1.3 (0.6–2.6) | |
| 2000–2001 | 2 | 0.8 (0.1–2.8) | |
| CASE-CONTROL STUDIES | |||
| US Case-Control Studies | |||
| Tecumseh, Michigan, residents participating in longitudinal study (1959–1987) | 10 | Herbicides 1.8 (0.8–3.2) | Waterhouse et al., 1996 |
| Nebraska—1,084 leukemia deaths in 1957–1974; farmers–usual occupation on death certificate | Herbicides, pesticides | Blair and White, 1985 | |
| nr | 1.3 (p < 0.05) | ||
| 248 CLL cases | nr | 1.7 (p < 0.05) | |
| International Case-Control Studies | |||
| France hospital-based case-control study | Herbicides | Orsi et al., 2009 | |
| Occupational use of herbicides | 5 | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) | |
| Phenoxy herbicides | 3 | 0.4 (0.1–1.7) | |
| German population-based study (1986–1998), men and women, 15–75 yrs of age—occupational factors associated with CLL | TCDD, herbicides | Richardson et al., 2008 | |
| Chlorophenols | 44 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | |
| Lowest tertile cumulative exposure | 12 | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | |
| Middle tertile | 15 | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | |
| Highest tertile | 17 | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | |
| p-trend = 0.770 | |||
| Herbicides | 43 | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | |
| Lowest tertile cumulative exposure | 13 | 1.3 (0.7–2.7) | |
| Middle tertile | 15 | 1.3 (0.7–2.5) | |
| Highest tertile | 15 | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | |
| p-trend = 0.755 | |||
| Italian farming and animal-breeding workers (men and women)—incidence | 15 | Herbicides 2.3 (0.9–5.8) | Amadori et al., 1995 |
| Farming workers only | 5 | 1.6 (0.5–5.2) | |
| Breeding workers only | 10 | 3.1 (1.1–8.3) | |
NOTE: 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; ALL, acute lymphocytic leukemia; AML, acute myelogenous leukemia; CI, confidence interval; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CML, chronic myelogenous leukemia; COI, chemical of interest; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; nr, not reported; TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
Subjects are male and outcome is mortality unless otherwise noted.
Given when available; results other than estimated risk explained individually.
The total SMR/SIR were computed by dividing sum of observed values by sum of expected values over all years; 95% CIs on these total ratios were computed with exact methods.
From: 8, Cancer
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