| Study Populationa | Exposed Casesb | Exposure of Interest/Estimated Relative Risk (95% CI)b | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| VIETNAM VETERANS | |||
| US Vietnam Veterans | |||
| US CDC Vietnam Experience Study—Cross-sectional study, with medical examinations, of Army veterans: 9,324 deployed vs 8,989 nondeployed | All COIs | ||
| Mortality | |||
| 1965–2000 | 0 | 0.0 (nr) | Boehmer et al., 2004 |
| US VA Proportionate Mortality Study—sample of deceased male Vietnam-era Army and Marine veterans who served 7/4/1965–3/1/1973 | All COIs | ||
| 1965–1988 | 50 | 1.3 (nr) | Watanabe and Kang, 1996 |
| Army, deployed (n = 27,596) vs nondeployed (n = 31,757) | 50 | 1.4 (p < 0.05) | |
| Marine Corps, deployed (n = 6,237) vs nondeployed (n = 5,040) | 4 | 0.7 (nr) | |
| International Vietnam-Veteran Studies | |||
| Australian Vietnam Veterans—58,077 men and 153 women served on land or in Vietnamese waters during 5/23/1962–7/1/1973 vs Australian population | All COIs | ||
| Incidence | |||
| All branches, 1982–2000 | 97 | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | ADVA, 2005a |
| Navy | 21 | 1.5 (0.9–2.1) | |
| Army | 69 | 1.6 (1.2–1.9) | |
| Air Force | 7 | 0.8 0.3–1.7) | |
| Mortality | |||
| All branches, return–2001 | 28 | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | ADVA, 2005b |
| Navy | 6 | 1.1 (0.4–2.4) | |
| Army | 19 | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | |
| Air Force | 3 | 0.9 (0.2–2.5) | |
| 1980–1994 | 12 | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | CDVA, 1997a |
| Australian Conscripted Army National Service | All COIs | ||
| (18,940 deployed vs 24,642 nondeployed) | |||
| Incidence | |||
| 1982–2000 | 8 | 0.7 (0.2–1.6) | ADVA, 2005c |
| Mortality | |||
| 1966–2001 | 2 | 0.4 (0.0–2.4) | ADVA, 2005c |
| 1982–1994 | 0 | 0 (0– > 10) | CDVA, 1997b |
| OCCUPATIONAL—INDUSTRIAL | |||
| IARC Phenoxy Herbicide Cohort—Workers exposed to any phenoxy herbicide or chlorophenol (production or spraying) vs respective national mortality rates | |||
| Mortality 1939–1992 | 21 | 1.6 (1.0–2.5) | Kogevinas et al., 1997 |
| 13,831 exposed to highly chlorinated PCDDs | 15 | 1.7 (1.0–2.8) | |
| 7,553 not exposed to highly chlorinated PCDDs | 5 | 1.2 (0.4–2.9) | |
| Mortality 1955–1988 of 12,492 production workers and 5,898 sprayers exposed—13,482 in exposed subcohort | Saracci et al., 1991 | ||
| 8 | 1.5 (0.6–2.9) | ||
| British MCPA Plant—Production 1947–1982 (n = 1,545) (included in IARC cohort) and spraying 1947–1972 (n = 2,561) (not included in IARC cohort) | MCPA | ||
| Mortality through 1983 | 4 | 1.7 (0.5–4.5) | Coggon et al., 1986 |
| German Production Workers at Boehringer–Ingelheim Plant in Hamburg (1,144 men working > 1 month in 1952–1984; generation of TCDD reduced after chloracne outbreak in 1954) and women—no results (some additions to observed cancers over Manz et al., 1991) (in | Dioxins; 2,4,5-T; 2,5-DCP; 2,4,5-TCP | ||
| IARC cohort as of 1997) | |||
| Mortality 1952–2007 | 7 | 3.5 (1.4–7.2) | Manuwald et al., 2012 |
| Men | 6 | 3.8 (1.4–8.2) | |
| Women | 1 | 2.5 (0.0–13.9) | |
| Mortality 1952–1989—stats on men only, 1,184 (tables all for 1,148 men, not necessarily German nationals) | 2 | 2.0 (0.2–7.1) | Manz et al., 1991 |
| vs national rates (also vs gas workers); same observation period as Becher et al., 1966 | |||
| New Zealand Phenoxy Herbicide Production Workers and Sprayers (1,599 men and women working any time in 1969–1988 at Dow plant in New Plymouth) (in IARC cohort) | Dioxins; 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T; MCPA; MCPB; 2,4,5-TCP; Picloram | ||
| Mortality 1969–2004 | McBride et al., 2009a | ||
| Ever-exposed workers | 1 | 2.5 (0.1–14.0) | |
| Never-exposed workers | 1 | 9.7 (0.2–54.3) | |
| Production Workers (713 men and 100 women worked > 1 month in 1969–1984) | |||
| Mortality 1969–2000 | 0 | nr | 't Mannetje et al., 2005 |
| NIOSH Mortality Cohort (12 US plants, 5,172 male production and maintenance workers 1942–1984) (included in IARC cohort as of 1997) | Dioxins, phenoxy herbicides | ||
| Through 1987 | 7 | 2.1 (0.8–4.3) | Fingerhut et al., 1991 |
| ≥ 1-year exposure, ≥ 20-year latency | 3 | 2.7 (0.6–7.8) | |
| All Dow TCP-Exposed Workers (TCP production 1942–1979 or 2,4,5-T production 1948–1982 in Midland, Michigan) (in IARC and NIOSH cohorts) | 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-TCP | ||
| 1942–2003 (n = 1,615) | 3 | 1.3 (0.3–3.9) | Collins et al., 2009a |
| All Dow PCP-Exposed Workers—all workers from the two plants that only made PCP (in Tacoma, Washington, and Wichita, Kansas) and workers who made PCP and TCP at two additional plants (in Midland, Michigan, and Sauget, Illinois) | 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-TCP | Ruder and Yiin, 2011 | |
| 1940–2005 (n = 2,122) | 5 | 1.5 (0.5–3.4) | |
| PCP and TCP (n = 720) | 1 | 0.9 (0.0–5.1) | |
| PCP (no TCP) (n = 1,402) | 4 | 1.7 (0.5–4.3) | |
| Dow 2,4-D Production Workers (1945–1982 in Midland, Michigan) (subset of all TCP-exposed workers) | 2,4-D, lower chlorinated dioxins | ||
| Cancer incidence through 2007 in Dow workers (n = 1,256) vs comparisons from state cancer registries (n = 23,354) (Cohort 3) | 4 | 1.1 (0.3–2.9) | Burns et al., 2011 |
| Through 1982 (n = 878) | 1 | 3.0 (0.0–16.8) | Bond et al., 1988 |
| Dow PCP Production Workers (1937–1989 in Midland, Michigan) (not in IARC and NIOSH cohorts) | Low chlorinated dioxins, 2,4-D | ||
| Mortality 1940–2004 (n = 577, excluding 196 also having exposure to TCP) | 2 | 1.7 (0.2–6.2) | Collins et al., 2009b |
| Mortality 1940–1989 (n = 770) | 2 | 2.9 (0.3–10.3) | Ramlow et al., 1996 |
| 0-yr latency | 2 | 2.9 (0.4–10.3) | |
| 15-yr latency | 1 | nr | |
| OCCUPATIONAL—PAPER AND PULP | TCDD | ||
| WORKERS | |||
| IARC cohort of pulp and paper workers—60,468 workers from 11 countries, TCDD among 27 agents assessed by JEM | McLean et al., 2006 | ||
| Exposure to nonvolatile organochlorine compounds | |||
| Never | 18 | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | |
| Ever | 20 | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | |
| OCCUPATIONAL—HERBICIDE-USING | |||
| WORKERS (not related to IARC sprayer cohorts) | |||
| DENMARK | |||
| Danish gardeners (n = 3,124) exposed to pesticides | 9 | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | Kenborg et al., 2012 |
| ITALIAN Licensed Pesticide Users—male farmers in southern Piedmont licensed 1970–1974 | |||
| Mortality 1970–1986 (n = 23,401) | 25 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | Torchio et al., 1994 |
| Italian rice growers with documented phenoxy use (n = 1,487) | Phenoxy herbicides | Gambini et al., 1997 | |
| 7 | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | ||
| NEW ZEALAND National Cancer Registry (1980–1984)—case-control study of 303 incident laryngeal cancer cases vs remainder of 19,904 men with any incident cancer | Herbicides | Reif et al., 1989 | |
| Forestry workers (n = 134) | 2 | 1.1 (0.3–4.7) | |
| SWEDEN | |||
| Swedish lumberjacks—used phenoxys 1954–1967, Incidence 1958–1992 | Thörn et al., 2000 | ||
| Exposed (n = 154) | |||
| Foremen (n = 15) | 0 | nr | |
| THE NETHERLANDS | |||
| Dutch Licensed Herbicide Sprayers—1,341 certified before 1980 | |||
| Through 2000 | 1 | 1.0 (0.0–5.1) | Swaen et al., 2004 |
| UNITED STATES | |||
| US farmers—usual occupation of farmer and industry of agriculture on death certificates 1984–1988 from 23 states | Herbicides PCMRs | Blair et al., 1993 | |
| Men | |||
| Whites (n = 119,648) | 162 | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | |
| Nonwhites (n = 11,446) | 32 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | |
| Women | |||
| Whites (n = 2,400) | 0 | nr (0.0–3.3) | |
| Nonwhites (n = 2,066) | 0 | nr (0.0–4.8) | |
| ENVIRONMENTAL | |||
| Seveso, Italy Residential Cohort—Industrial accident July 10, 1976 (723 residents Zone A; 4,821 Zone B; 31,643 Zone R; 181,574 local reference group) | TCDD | ||
| Mortality | |||
| 25-yr followup to 2001—men and women, all respiratory cancers (ICD-9 160–165) excluding lung cancers (ICD-9 162) | Consonni et al., 2008 | ||
| Zone A | 0 | nr | |
| Zone B | ≤ 8 | nr | |
| Zone R | ≤ 49 | nr | |
| 20-yr followup to 1996—men and women, all respiratory cancers (ICD-9 160–165) excluding lung cancers (ICD-9 162) | Bertazzi et al., 2001 | ||
| Zone A | 0 | nr | |
| Zone B | 8 | nr | |
| 15-yr followup to 1991—men | Bertazzi et al., 1997, 1998 | ||
| Zone B | 6 | nr | |
| Zone R | 32 | nr | |
| 15-yr followup to 1991—women | Bertazzi et al., 1997, 1998 | ||
| Zone B | 0 | nr | |
| Zone R | 6 | nr | |
| Ecological Study of Residents of Chapaevsk, Russia | Dioxin | Revich et al., 2001 | |
| Incidence—Crude incidence rate in 1998 vs | |||
| Men | |||
| Regional (Samara) | 0 | ||
| National (Russia) | 11.3 | ||
| Women | |||
| Regional (Samara) | 0 | ||
| National (Russia) | 0.4 | ||
| Mortality—1995–1998 (SMR vs regional rates) | |||
| Men | 13 | 2.3 (1.2–3.8) | |
| Women | 1 | 0.1 (0.0–0.6) | |
NOTE: 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4-DP, dichlorprop; 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-TCP, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol; 2,5-DCP, 2,5-dichlorophenol; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CI, confidence interval; COI, chemical of interest; IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; JEM, job–exposure matrix; MCPA, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid; MCPB, 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid; NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; nr, not reported; PCDD, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (highly chlorinated, if four or more chlorines); PCMR, proportionate cancer mortality ratios; PCP, pentachlorophenol; SMR, standardized mortality ratio; TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; TCP, trichlorophenol; VA, US Department of Veterans Affairs.
Subjects are male and outcome is mortality unless otherwise noted.
Given when available; results other than estimated risk explained individually.
From: 8, Cancer
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