U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

GDF15 growth differentiation factor 15 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 9518, updated on 4-Jan-2025

Summary

Official Symbol
GDF15provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
growth differentiation factor 15provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:30142
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000130513 MIM:605312; AllianceGenome:HGNC:30142
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
HG; PDF; MIC1; PLAB; MIC-1; NAG-1; PTGFB; GDF-15
Summary
This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer. The protein is expressed in a broad range of cell types, acts as a pleiotropic cytokine and is involved in the stress response program of cells after cellular injury. Increased protein levels are associated with disease states such as tissue hypoxia, inflammation, acute injury and oxidative stress. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]
Expression
Biased expression in placenta (RPKM 62.0), prostate (RPKM 53.1) and 11 other tissues See more
Orthologs
NEW
Try the new Gene table
Try the new Transcript table

Genomic context

See GDF15 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
19p13.11
Exon count:
2
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 19 NC_000019.10 (18386158..18389176)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 19 NC_060943.1 (18515920..18523324)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 19 NC_000019.9 (18496968..18499986)

Chromosome 19 - NC_000019.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124904654 Neighboring gene RNA, 7SL, cytoplasmic 513, pseudogene Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:18451278-18451965 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:18454745-18455584 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:18455585-18456422 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:18456925-18457507 Neighboring gene pyroglutamyl-peptidase I Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr19:18460464-18460672 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:18472794-18473579 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 798 Neighboring gene MED14-independent group 3 enhancer GRCh37_chr19:18484262-18485461 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr19:18486310-18486537 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:18491252-18491819 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:18496512-18497334 Neighboring gene microRNA 3189 Neighboring gene leucine rich repeat containing 25 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:18518971-18519471 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 10391 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 10392 Neighboring gene single stranded DNA binding protein 4 Neighboring gene CRISPRi-validated cis-regulatory element chr19.2899 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:18526865-18527500 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 10393 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr19:18528379-18528618 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 10395 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:18534153-18534654 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:18534655-18535154 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 10396 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 10397 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 14318 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:18541209-18541757 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:18541758-18542305 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 10398 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 10399 Neighboring gene inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

Expression

  • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
  • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
  • BioProject: PRJNA270632
  • Publication: PMID 26076956
  • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

Bibliography

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Phenotypes

Associated conditions

Description Tests
Hyperemesis gravidarum, susceptibility to
MedGen: C5889860 OMIM: 620730 GeneReviews: Not available
not available

Pathways from PubChem

Interactions

General gene information

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables cytokine activity  
enables cytokine activity PubMed 
enables growth factor activity  
enables hormone activity PubMed 
enables protein binding PubMed 
enables protein homodimerization activity PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in GDF15-GFRAL signaling pathway PubMed 
involved_in cell-cell signaling PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to chemical stress  
involved_in negative regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of appetite PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway  
involved_in negative regulation of leukocyte migration  
involved_in negative regulation of multicellular organism growth  
involved_in negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of MAPK cascade PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of MAPK cascade PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation  
involved_in positive regulation of myoblast fusion  
involved_in positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction PubMed 
involved_in reduction of food intake in response to dietary excess PubMed 
involved_in response to metformin PubMed 
involved_in signal transduction PubMed 
involved_in transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway PubMed 

General protein information

Preferred Names
growth/differentiation factor 15
Names
NRG-1
NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug)-activated protein 1
NSAID-activated gene 1 protein
NSAID-regulated gene 1 protein
PTGF-beta
macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1
placental TGF-beta
placental bone morphogenetic protein
prostate differentiation factor

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_004864.4NP_004855.2  growth/differentiation factor 15 preproprotein

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_004855.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    BC008962, BQ901034
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS12376.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    O14629, P78360, Q99988, Q9BWA0, Q9NRT0
    Related
    ENSP00000252809.3, ENST00000252809.3
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    smart00204
    Location:211308
    TGFB; Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family
    cl26309
    Location:23147
    MscS_TM; Mechanosensitive ion channel inner membrane domain 1

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000019.10 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    18386158..18389176
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060943.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    18515920..18523324
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_054322715.1XP_054178690.1  growth/differentiation factor 15 isoform X1

External link. Please review our privacy policy.