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Pontocerebellar hypoplasia, type 11(PCH11)

MedGen UID:
1627627
Concept ID:
C4540164
Congenital Abnormality
Synonyms: PCH11; PONTOCEREBELLAR HYPOPLASIA, TYPE 11
 
Gene (location): TBC1D23 (3q12.1-12.2)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0054669
OMIM®: 617695
Orphanet: ORPHA611247

Definition

Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 11 (PCH11) is an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severely delayed psychomotor development with impaired intellectual development and poor speech, microcephaly, dysmorphic features, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia on brain imaging. Additional features are more variable (summary by Marin-Valencia et al., 2017). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of PCH, see PCH1 (607596). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Clubfoot
MedGen UID:
3130
Concept ID:
C0009081
Congenital Abnormality
Clubfoot is a congenital limb deformity defined as fixation of the foot in cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (i.e., inclined inwards, axially rotated outwards, and pointing downwards) with concomitant soft tissue abnormalities (Cardy et al., 2007). Clubfoot may occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome (e.g., diastrophic dysplasia, 222600). Clubfoot has been reported with deficiency of long bones and mirror-image polydactyly (Gurnett et al., 2008; Klopocki et al., 2012).
Pes planus
MedGen UID:
42034
Concept ID:
C0016202
Anatomical Abnormality
A foot where the longitudinal arch of the foot is in contact with the ground or floor when the individual is standing; or, in a patient lying supine, a foot where the arch is in contact with the surface of a flat board pressed against the sole of the foot by the examiner with a pressure similar to that expected from weight bearing; or, the height of the arch is reduced.
Short stature
MedGen UID:
87607
Concept ID:
C0349588
Finding
A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).
Decreased body weight
MedGen UID:
1806755
Concept ID:
C5574742
Finding
Abnormally low body weight.
Imperforate anus
MedGen UID:
1997
Concept ID:
C0003466
Congenital Abnormality
Congenital absence of the anus, i.e., the opening at the bottom end of the intestinal tract.
Dysphagia
MedGen UID:
41440
Concept ID:
C0011168
Disease or Syndrome
Difficulty in swallowing.
Macrotia
MedGen UID:
488785
Concept ID:
C0152421
Congenital Abnormality
Median longitudinal ear length greater than two standard deviations above the mean and median ear width greater than two standard deviations above the mean (objective); or, apparent increase in length and width of the pinna (subjective).
Cerebellar ataxia
MedGen UID:
849
Concept ID:
C0007758
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).
Dysarthria
MedGen UID:
8510
Concept ID:
C0013362
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.
Spasticity
MedGen UID:
7753
Concept ID:
C0026838
Sign or Symptom
A motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone, exaggerated (hyperexcitable) tendon reflexes.
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Intellectual disability, severe
MedGen UID:
48638
Concept ID:
C0036857
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Severe mental retardation is defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) in the range of 20-34.
Motor stereotypies
MedGen UID:
21318
Concept ID:
C0038271
Individual Behavior
Use of the same abnormal action in response to certain triggers or at random. They may be used as a way to regulate one's internal state but must otherwise have no apparent functional purpose.
Self-injurious behavior
MedGen UID:
88371
Concept ID:
C0085271
Individual Behavior
Self-aggression.
Corpus callosum, agenesis of
MedGen UID:
104498
Concept ID:
C0175754
Congenital Abnormality
The corpus callosum is the largest fiber tract in the central nervous system and the major interhemispheric fiber bundle in the brain. Formation of the corpus callosum begins as early as 6 weeks' gestation, with the first fibers crossing the midline at 11 to 12 weeks' gestation, and completion of the basic shape by age 18 to 20 weeks (Schell-Apacik et al., 2008). Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is one of the most frequent malformations in brain with a reported incidence ranging between 0.5 and 70 in 10,000 births. ACC is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition, which can be observed either as an isolated condition or as a manifestation in the context of a congenital syndrome (see MOLECULAR GENETICS and Dobyns, 1996). Also see mirror movements-1 and/or agenesis of the corpus callosum (MRMV1; 157600). Schell-Apacik et al. (2008) noted that there is confusion in the literature regarding radiologic terminology concerning partial absence of the corpus callosum, where various designations have been used, including hypogenesis, hypoplasia, partial agenesis, or dysgenesis.
Cerebellar hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
120578
Concept ID:
C0266470
Congenital Abnormality
Cerebellar hypoplasia is a descriptive term implying a cerebellum with a reduced volume, but a normal shape and is stable over time.
Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum
MedGen UID:
138005
Concept ID:
C0344482
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.
Delayed speech and language development
MedGen UID:
105318
Concept ID:
C0454644
Finding
A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Inability to walk
MedGen UID:
107860
Concept ID:
C0560046
Finding
Incapability to ambulate.
Poor coordination
MedGen UID:
107874
Concept ID:
C0563243
Finding
Gait disturbance
MedGen UID:
107895
Concept ID:
C0575081
Finding
The term gait disturbance can refer to any disruption of the ability to walk.
Hyporeflexia
MedGen UID:
195967
Concept ID:
C0700078
Finding
Reduction of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.
Limb ataxia
MedGen UID:
196692
Concept ID:
C0750937
Finding
A kind of ataxia that affects movements of the extremities.
Broad-based gait
MedGen UID:
167799
Concept ID:
C0856863
Finding
An abnormal gait pattern in which persons stand and walk with their feet spaced widely apart. This is often a component of cerebellar ataxia.
Autistic behavior
MedGen UID:
163547
Concept ID:
C0856975
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Persistent deficits in social interaction and communication and interaction as well as a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest as well as repetitive patterns of behavior.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
MedGen UID:
220387
Concept ID:
C1263846
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder that typically begins in childhood and is characterized by a short attention span (inattention), an inability to be calm and stay still (hyperactivity), and poor impulse control (impulsivity). Some people with ADHD have problems with only inattention or with hyperactivity and impulsivity, but most have problems related to all three features.\n\nIn people with ADHD, the characteristic behaviors are frequent and severe enough to interfere with the activities of daily living such as school, work, and relationships with others. Because of an inability to stay focused on tasks, people with inattention may be easily distracted, forgetful, avoid tasks that require sustained attention, have difficulty organizing tasks, or frequently lose items.\n\nHyperactivity is usually shown by frequent movement. Individuals with this feature often fidget or tap their foot when seated, leave their seat when it is inappropriate to do so (such as in the classroom), or talk a lot and interrupt others.\n\nImpulsivity can result in hasty actions without thought for the consequences. Individuals with poor impulse control may have difficulty waiting for their turn, deferring to others, or considering their actions before acting.\n\nIn most affected individuals, ADHD continues throughout life, but in about one-third of individuals, signs and symptoms of ADHD go away by adulthood.\n\nMore than two-thirds of all individuals with ADHD have additional conditions, including insomnia, mood or anxiety disorders, learning disorders, or substance use disorders. Affected individuals may also have autism spectrum disorder, which is characterized by impaired communication and social interaction, or Tourette syndrome, which is a disorder characterized by repetitive and involuntary movements or noises called tics.
Reduced eye contact
MedGen UID:
303190
Concept ID:
C1445953
Finding
A reduced frequency or duration of eye contact.
Hypoplasia of the pons
MedGen UID:
341246
Concept ID:
C1848529
Finding
Underdevelopment of the pons.
Happy demeanor
MedGen UID:
344654
Concept ID:
C1856115
Finding
A conspicuously happy disposition, characterized by frequent smiling and laughing, which may be contextually inappropriate or unrelated to the situation.
Muscular atrophy
MedGen UID:
892680
Concept ID:
C0541794
Pathologic Function
The presence of skeletal muscular atrophy (which is also known as amyotrophy).
Generalized hypotonia
MedGen UID:
346841
Concept ID:
C1858120
Finding
Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Recurrent respiratory infections
MedGen UID:
812812
Concept ID:
C3806482
Finding
An increased susceptibility to respiratory infections as manifested by a history of recurrent respiratory infections.
Bulbous nose
MedGen UID:
66013
Concept ID:
C0240543
Finding
Increased volume and globular shape of the anteroinferior aspect of the nose.
Congenital ocular coloboma
MedGen UID:
1046
Concept ID:
C0009363
Congenital Abnormality
Coloboma is an eye abnormality that occurs before birth. Colobomas are missing pieces of tissue in structures that form the eye. They may appear as notches or gaps in one of several parts of the eye, including the colored part of the eye called the iris; the retina, which is the specialized light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye; the blood vessel layer under the retina called the choroid; or the optic nerves, which carry information from the eyes to the brain.\n\nColobomas may be present in one or both eyes and, depending on their size and location, can affect a person's vision. Colobomas affecting the iris, which result in a "keyhole" appearance of the pupil, generally do not lead to vision loss. Colobomas involving the retina result in vision loss in specific parts of the visual field. Large retinal colobomas or those affecting the optic nerve can cause low vision, which means vision loss that cannot be completely corrected with glasses or contact lenses.\n\nSome people with coloboma also have a condition called microphthalmia. In this condition, one or both eyeballs are abnormally small. In some affected individuals, the eyeball may appear to be completely missing; however, even in these cases some remaining eye tissue is generally present. Such severe microphthalmia should be distinguished from another condition called anophthalmia, in which no eyeball forms at all. However, the terms anophthalmia and severe microphthalmia are often used interchangeably. Microphthalmia may or may not result in significant vision loss.\n\nPeople with coloboma may also have other eye abnormalities, including clouding of the lens of the eye (cataract), increased pressure inside the eye (glaucoma) that can damage the optic nerve, vision problems such as nearsightedness (myopia), involuntary back-and-forth eye movements (nystagmus), or separation of the retina from the back of the eye (retinal detachment).\n\nColobomas involving the eyeball should be distinguished from gaps that occur in the eyelids. While these eyelid gaps are also called colobomas, they arise from abnormalities in different structures during early development.\n\nSome individuals have coloboma as part of a syndrome that affects other organs and tissues in the body. These forms of the condition are described as syndromic. When coloboma occurs by itself, it is described as nonsyndromic or isolated.
Esotropia
MedGen UID:
4550
Concept ID:
C0014877
Disease or Syndrome
A form of strabismus with one or both eyes turned inward ('crossed') to a relatively severe degree, usually defined as 10 diopters or more.
Hypermetropia
MedGen UID:
43780
Concept ID:
C0020490
Disease or Syndrome
An abnormality of refraction characterized by the ability to see objects in the distance clearly, while objects nearby appear blurry.
Strabismus
MedGen UID:
21337
Concept ID:
C0038379
Disease or Syndrome
A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Kahn-Kirby AH, Amagata A, Maeder CI, Mei JJ, Sideris S, Kosaka Y, Hinman A, Malone SA, Bruegger JJ, Wang L, Kim V, Shrader WD, Hoff KG, Latham JC, Ashley EA, Wheeler MT, Bertini E, Carrozzo R, Martinelli D, Dionisi-Vici C, Chapman KA, Enns GM, Gahl W, Wolfe L, Saneto RP, Johnson SC, Trimmer JK, Klein MB, Holst CR
PLoS One 2019;14(3):e0214250. Epub 2019 Mar 28 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214250. PMID: 30921410Free PMC Article
Mathijssen IB, Henneman L, van Eeten-Nijman JM, Lakeman P, Ottenheim CP, Redeker EJ, Ottenhof W, Meijers-Heijboer H, van Maarle MC
Eur J Med Genet 2015 Mar;58(3):123-8. Epub 2015 Jan 30 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.01.004. PMID: 25641760

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Bilge S, Mert GG, Hergüner Ö, Özcanyüz D, Bozdoğan ST, Kaya Ö, Havalı C
Ital J Pediatr 2022 Sep 8;48(1):169. doi: 10.1186/s13052-022-01349-9. PMID: 36076253Free PMC Article
Laugwitz L, Buchert R, Groeschel S, Riess A, Grimmel M, Beck-Wödl S, Sturm M, Gohla G, Döbler-Neumann M, Krägeloh-Mann I, Haack TB
Eur J Med Genet 2020 Jul;63(7):103938. Epub 2020 Apr 28 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103938. PMID: 32360255
Ekert K, Groeschel S, Sánchez-Albisua I, Frölich S, Dieckmann A, Engel C, Krägeloh-Mann I
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016 Jul 19;11(1):100. doi: 10.1186/s13023-016-0481-4. PMID: 27430971Free PMC Article
Sánchez-Albisua I, Frölich S, Barth PG, Steinlin M, Krägeloh-Mann I
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014 May 5;9:70. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-70. PMID: 24886362Free PMC Article
Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Senderek J, Jen JC, Houge G, Seeman P, Puchmajerová A, Graul-Neumann L, Seidel U, Korinthenberg R, Kirschner J, Seeger J, Ryan MM, Muntoni F, Steinlin M, Sztriha L, Colomer J, Hübner C, Brockmann K, Van Maldergem L, Schiff M, Holzinger A, Barth P, Reardon W, Yourshaw M, Nelson SF, Eggermann T, Zerres K
Neurology 2013 Jan 29;80(5):438-46. Epub 2013 Jan 2 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827f0f66. PMID: 23284067Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Bilge S, Mert GG, Hergüner Ö, Özcanyüz D, Bozdoğan ST, Kaya Ö, Havalı C
Ital J Pediatr 2022 Sep 8;48(1):169. doi: 10.1186/s13052-022-01349-9. PMID: 36076253Free PMC Article
Iwama K, Sasaki M, Hirabayashi S, Ohba C, Iwabuchi E, Miyatake S, Nakashima M, Miyake N, Ito S, Saitsu H, Matsumoto N
J Hum Genet 2016 Jun;61(6):527-31. Epub 2016 Feb 18 doi: 10.1038/jhg.2016.9. PMID: 26888482
Joseph JT, Innes AM, Smith AC, Vanstone MR, Schwartzentruber JA, Bulman DE, Majewski J, Daza RA, Hevner RF, Michaud J, Boycott KM; FORGE Canada Consortium
J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014 Nov;73(11):1009-25. doi: 10.1097/NEN.0000000000000123. PMID: 25289895
Halevy A, Lerer I, Cohen R, Kornreich L, Shuper A, Gamliel M, Zimerman BE, Korabi I, Meiner V, Straussberg R, Lossos A
J Neurol 2014 Nov;261(11):2165-9. Epub 2014 Aug 23 doi: 10.1007/s00415-014-7457-x. PMID: 25149867
Sánchez-Albisua I, Frölich S, Barth PG, Steinlin M, Krägeloh-Mann I
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014 May 5;9:70. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-70. PMID: 24886362Free PMC Article

Therapy

Vitiello G, De Clemente V, Della Casa R, Romano A, Rosa M, Pascarella A, Riccitelli M, Parenti G, Del Giudice E
Minerva Pediatr 2012 Oct;64(5):513-20. PMID: 22992533

Prognosis

Laugwitz L, Buchert R, Groeschel S, Riess A, Grimmel M, Beck-Wödl S, Sturm M, Gohla G, Döbler-Neumann M, Krägeloh-Mann I, Haack TB
Eur J Med Genet 2020 Jul;63(7):103938. Epub 2020 Apr 28 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103938. PMID: 32360255
Lax NZ, Alston CL, Schon K, Park SM, Krishnakumar D, He L, Falkous G, Ogilvy-Stuart A, Lees C, King RH, Hargreaves IP, Brown GK, McFarland R, Dean AF, Taylor RW
J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015 Jul;74(7):688-703. doi: 10.1097/NEN.0000000000000209. PMID: 26083569Free PMC Article
Sánchez-Albisua I, Frölich S, Barth PG, Steinlin M, Krägeloh-Mann I
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014 May 5;9:70. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-70. PMID: 24886362Free PMC Article
Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Senderek J, Jen JC, Houge G, Seeman P, Puchmajerová A, Graul-Neumann L, Seidel U, Korinthenberg R, Kirschner J, Seeger J, Ryan MM, Muntoni F, Steinlin M, Sztriha L, Colomer J, Hübner C, Brockmann K, Van Maldergem L, Schiff M, Holzinger A, Barth P, Reardon W, Yourshaw M, Nelson SF, Eggermann T, Zerres K
Neurology 2013 Jan 29;80(5):438-46. Epub 2013 Jan 2 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827f0f66. PMID: 23284067Free PMC Article
Sanefuji M, Kira R, Matsumoto K, Gondo K, Torisu H, Kawakami H, Iwaki T, Hara T
J Child Neurol 2010 Nov;25(11):1429-34. Epub 2010 Jun 17 doi: 10.1177/0883073810372991. PMID: 20558670

Clinical prediction guides

Laugwitz L, Buchert R, Groeschel S, Riess A, Grimmel M, Beck-Wödl S, Sturm M, Gohla G, Döbler-Neumann M, Krägeloh-Mann I, Haack TB
Eur J Med Genet 2020 Jul;63(7):103938. Epub 2020 Apr 28 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103938. PMID: 32360255
Wan J, Steffen J, Yourshaw M, Mamsa H, Andersen E, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Pope K, Howell KB, McLean CA, Kornberg AJ, Joseph J, Lockhart PJ, Zerres K, Ryan MM, Nelson SF, Koehler CM, Jen JC
Brain 2016 Nov 1;139(11):2877-2890. doi: 10.1093/brain/aww212. PMID: 27543974Free PMC Article
Ekert K, Groeschel S, Sánchez-Albisua I, Frölich S, Dieckmann A, Engel C, Krägeloh-Mann I
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016 Jul 19;11(1):100. doi: 10.1186/s13023-016-0481-4. PMID: 27430971Free PMC Article
Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Senderek J, Jen JC, Houge G, Seeman P, Puchmajerová A, Graul-Neumann L, Seidel U, Korinthenberg R, Kirschner J, Seeger J, Ryan MM, Muntoni F, Steinlin M, Sztriha L, Colomer J, Hübner C, Brockmann K, Van Maldergem L, Schiff M, Holzinger A, Barth P, Reardon W, Yourshaw M, Nelson SF, Eggermann T, Zerres K
Neurology 2013 Jan 29;80(5):438-46. Epub 2013 Jan 2 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827f0f66. PMID: 23284067Free PMC Article
Burglen L, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Garel C, Milh M, Touraine R, Zanni G, Petit F, Afenjar A, Goizet C, Barresi S, Coussement A, Ioos C, Lazaro L, Joriot S, Desguerre I, Lacombe D, des Portes V, Bertini E, Siffroi JP, de Villemeur TB, Rodriguez D
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012 Mar 27;7:18. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-18. PMID: 22452838Free PMC Article

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