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Congenital myasthenic syndrome 21(CMS21)

MedGen UID:
934621
Concept ID:
C4310654
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 21, presynaptic
 
Gene (location): SLC18A3 (10q11.23)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0014983
OMIM®: 617239

Definition

Any congenital myasthenic syndrome in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the SLC18A3 gene. [from MONDO]

Clinical features

From HPO
Fatigue
MedGen UID:
41971
Concept ID:
C0015672
Sign or Symptom
A subjective feeling of tiredness characterized by a lack of energy and motivation.
Exercise intolerance
MedGen UID:
603270
Concept ID:
C0424551
Finding
A functional motor deficit where individuals whose responses to the challenges of exercise fail to achieve levels considered normal for their age and gender.
Knee flexion contracture
MedGen UID:
98042
Concept ID:
C0409355
Finding
A type of knee joint contracture in which the knee is in a fixed bent (flexed) configuration such that it cannot be straightened actively or passively.
Feeding difficulties
MedGen UID:
65429
Concept ID:
C0232466
Finding
Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.
Meconium ileus
MedGen UID:
473705
Concept ID:
C2939175
Disease or Syndrome
Meconium ileus refers to intestinal obstruction due to inspissated meconium in the distal ileum and cecum, which develops in utero and presents shortly after birth as a failure to pass meconium (summary by Romi et al., 2012). Meconium ileus is a known clinical manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF; 219700), and meconium ileus in the absence of CF is a rare phenomenon (summary by Tal et al., 1985).
Gait disturbance
MedGen UID:
107895
Concept ID:
C0575081
Finding
The term gait disturbance can refer to any disruption of the ability to walk.
Easy fatigability
MedGen UID:
373253
Concept ID:
C1837098
Finding
Increased susceptibility to fatigue.
Hyperintensity of cerebral white matter on MRI
MedGen UID:
811125
Concept ID:
C2938912
Pathologic Function
A brighter than expected signal on magnetic resonance imaging emanating from the cerebral white matter.
Fatigable weakness of skeletal muscles
MedGen UID:
868194
Concept ID:
C4022586
Finding
A type of weakness of skeletal muscle that occurs after a muscle group is used and lessens if the muscle group has some rest. That is, there is diminution of strength with repetitive muscle actions.
Hypotonia
MedGen UID:
10133
Concept ID:
C0026827
Finding
Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.
Weakness of facial musculature
MedGen UID:
98103
Concept ID:
C0427055
Disease or Syndrome
Reduced strength of one or more muscles innervated by the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve).
Apnea
MedGen UID:
2009
Concept ID:
C0003578
Sign or Symptom
Lack of breathing with no movement of the respiratory muscles and no exchange of air in the lungs. This term refers to a disposition to have recurrent episodes of apnea rather than to a single event.
Respiratory insufficiency
MedGen UID:
11197
Concept ID:
C0035229
Pathologic Function
Impairment of gas exchange within the lungs secondary to a disease process, neoplasm, or trauma, possibly resulting in hypoxia, hypercarbia, or both, but not requiring intubation or mechanical ventilation. Patients are normally managed with pharmaceutical therapy, supplemental oxygen, or both.
Cyanosis
MedGen UID:
1189
Concept ID:
C0010520
Sign or Symptom
Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosa due to poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of arterial or capillary blood.
Ptosis
MedGen UID:
2287
Concept ID:
C0005745
Disease or Syndrome
The upper eyelid margin is positioned 3 mm or more lower than usual and covers the superior portion of the iris (objective); or, the upper lid margin obscures at least part of the pupil (subjective).
Ophthalmoplegia
MedGen UID:
45205
Concept ID:
C0029089
Sign or Symptom
Paralysis of one or more extraocular muscles that are responsible for eye movements.
Horizontal nystagmus
MedGen UID:
124399
Concept ID:
C0271385
Disease or Syndrome
Nystagmus consisting of horizontal to-and-fro eye movements.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Verschuuren JJ, Palace J, Murai H, Tannemaat MR, Kaminski HJ, Bril V
Lancet Neurol 2022 Feb;21(2):189-202. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00463-4. PMID: 35065041
Kinali M, Beeson D, Pitt MC, Jungbluth H, Simonds AK, Aloysius A, Cockerill H, Davis T, Palace J, Manzur AY, Jimenez-Mallebrera C, Sewry C, Muntoni F, Robb SA
J Neuroimmunol 2008 Sep 15;201-202:6-12. Epub 2008 Aug 15 doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.026. PMID: 18707767

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Polavarapu K, Sunitha B, Töpf A, Preethish-Kumar V, Thompson R, Vengalil S, Nashi S, Bardhan M, Sanka SB, Huddar A, Unnikrishnan G, Arunachal G, Girija MS, Porter A, Azuma Y, Lorenzoni PJ, Baskar D, Anjanappa RM, Keertipriya M, Padmanabh H, Harikrishna GV, Laurie S, Matalonga L, Horvath R, Nalini A, Lochmüller H
Brain 2024 Jan 4;147(1):281-296. doi: 10.1093/brain/awad315. PMID: 37721175Free PMC Article
Hamasaki Y, Hamada R, Muramatsu M, Matsumoto S, Aya K, Ishikura K, Kaneko T, Iijima K
BMC Nephrol 2020 Aug 24;21(1):363. doi: 10.1186/s12882-020-02010-5. PMID: 32838745Free PMC Article
Caggiano S, Khirani S, Verrillo E, Barnerias C, Amaddeo A, Gitiaux C, Thierry B, Desguerre I, Cutrera R, Fauroux B
Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2017 Nov;21(6):842-851. Epub 2017 Jul 21 doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.07.010. PMID: 28755803
Tan JZ, Man Y, Xiao F
Chin Med J (Engl) 2016 Nov 5;129(21):2596-2602. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.192780. PMID: 27779167Free PMC Article
Kinali M, Beeson D, Pitt MC, Jungbluth H, Simonds AK, Aloysius A, Cockerill H, Davis T, Palace J, Manzur AY, Jimenez-Mallebrera C, Sewry C, Muntoni F, Robb SA
J Neuroimmunol 2008 Sep 15;201-202:6-12. Epub 2008 Aug 15 doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.026. PMID: 18707767

Diagnosis

Polavarapu K, Sunitha B, Töpf A, Preethish-Kumar V, Thompson R, Vengalil S, Nashi S, Bardhan M, Sanka SB, Huddar A, Unnikrishnan G, Arunachal G, Girija MS, Porter A, Azuma Y, Lorenzoni PJ, Baskar D, Anjanappa RM, Keertipriya M, Padmanabh H, Harikrishna GV, Laurie S, Matalonga L, Horvath R, Nalini A, Lochmüller H
Brain 2024 Jan 4;147(1):281-296. doi: 10.1093/brain/awad315. PMID: 37721175Free PMC Article
Allen NM, O'Rahelly M, Eymard B, Chouchane M, Hahn A, Kearns G, Kim DS, Byun SY, Nguyen CE, Schara-Schmidt U, Kölbel H, Marina AD, Schneider-Gold C, Roefke K, Thieme A, Van den Bergh P, Avalos G, Álvarez-Velasco R, Natera-de Benito D, Cheng MHM, Chan WK, Wan HS, Thomas MA, Borch L, Lauzon J, Kornblum C, Reimann J, Mueller A, Kuntzer T, Norwood F, Ramdas S, Jacobson LW, Jie X, Fernandez-Garcia MA, Wraige E, Lim M, Lin JP, Claeys KG, Aktas S, Oskoui M, Hacohen Y, Masud A, Leite MI, Palace J, De Vivo D, Vincent A, Jungbluth H
Brain 2023 Oct 3;146(10):4233-4246. doi: 10.1093/brain/awad153. PMID: 37186601Free PMC Article
Caldas VM, Heise CO, Kouyoumdjian JA, Zambon AA, Silva AMS, Estephan EP, Zanoteli E
Neuromuscul Disord 2020 Nov;30(11):897-903. Epub 2020 Oct 14 doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.10.002. PMID: 33121830
Hamasaki Y, Hamada R, Muramatsu M, Matsumoto S, Aya K, Ishikura K, Kaneko T, Iijima K
BMC Nephrol 2020 Aug 24;21(1):363. doi: 10.1186/s12882-020-02010-5. PMID: 32838745Free PMC Article
Kinali M, Beeson D, Pitt MC, Jungbluth H, Simonds AK, Aloysius A, Cockerill H, Davis T, Palace J, Manzur AY, Jimenez-Mallebrera C, Sewry C, Muntoni F, Robb SA
J Neuroimmunol 2008 Sep 15;201-202:6-12. Epub 2008 Aug 15 doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.026. PMID: 18707767

Therapy

Eshaghian T, Rabbani B, Badv RS, Mikaeeli S, Gharib B, Iyadurai S, Mahdieh N
Neurogenetics 2023 Jul;24(3):189-200. Epub 2023 May 25 doi: 10.1007/s10048-023-00719-7. PMID: 37231228
Shao S, Shi G, Bi FF, Huang K
Curr Neuropharmacol 2023;21(7):1594-1605. doi: 10.2174/1570159X21666230126145652. PMID: 36703579Free PMC Article
Rodríguez Cruz PM, Hughes I, Manzur A, Munot P, Ramdas S, Wright R, Breen C, Pitt M, Pagnamenta AT, Taylor JC, Palace J, Beeson D
Neuromuscul Disord 2021 Jan;31(1):21-28. Epub 2020 Oct 20 doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.10.006. PMID: 33250374
Hamasaki Y, Hamada R, Muramatsu M, Matsumoto S, Aya K, Ishikura K, Kaneko T, Iijima K
BMC Nephrol 2020 Aug 24;21(1):363. doi: 10.1186/s12882-020-02010-5. PMID: 32838745Free PMC Article
Milone M, Shen XM, Selcen D, Ohno K, Brengman J, Iannaccone ST, Harper CM, Engel AG
Neurology 2009 Jul 21;73(3):228-35. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ae7cbc. PMID: 19620612Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Verschuuren JJ, Palace J, Murai H, Tannemaat MR, Kaminski HJ, Bril V
Lancet Neurol 2022 Feb;21(2):189-202. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00463-4. PMID: 35065041
Rodríguez Cruz PM, Hughes I, Manzur A, Munot P, Ramdas S, Wright R, Breen C, Pitt M, Pagnamenta AT, Taylor JC, Palace J, Beeson D
Neuromuscul Disord 2021 Jan;31(1):21-28. Epub 2020 Oct 20 doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.10.006. PMID: 33250374
Cossins J, Liu WW, Belaya K, Maxwell S, Oldridge M, Lester T, Robb S, Beeson D
Hum Mol Genet 2012 Sep 1;21(17):3765-75. Epub 2012 Jun 1 doi: 10.1093/hmg/dds198. PMID: 22661499
Milone M, Shen XM, Selcen D, Ohno K, Brengman J, Iannaccone ST, Harper CM, Engel AG
Neurology 2009 Jul 21;73(3):228-35. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ae7cbc. PMID: 19620612Free PMC Article
Uchitel O, Engel AG, Walls TJ, Nagel A, Atassi MZ, Bril V
Muscle Nerve 1993 Dec;16(12):1293-301. doi: 10.1002/mus.880161205. PMID: 8232384

Clinical prediction guides

Shen XM, Di L, Shen S, Zhao Y, Neumeyer AM, Selcen D, Sine SM, Engel AG
Exp Neurol 2020 Sep;331:113375. Epub 2020 Jun 3 doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113375. PMID: 32504635Free PMC Article
Caggiano S, Khirani S, Verrillo E, Barnerias C, Amaddeo A, Gitiaux C, Thierry B, Desguerre I, Cutrera R, Fauroux B
Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2017 Nov;21(6):842-851. Epub 2017 Jul 21 doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.07.010. PMID: 28755803
Cossins J, Liu WW, Belaya K, Maxwell S, Oldridge M, Lester T, Robb S, Beeson D
Hum Mol Genet 2012 Sep 1;21(17):3765-75. Epub 2012 Jun 1 doi: 10.1093/hmg/dds198. PMID: 22661499
Robb SA, Sewry CA, Dowling JJ, Feng L, Cullup T, Lillis S, Abbs S, Lees MM, Laporte J, Manzur AY, Knight RK, Mills KR, Pike MG, Kress W, Beeson D, Jungbluth H, Pitt MC, Muntoni F
Neuromuscul Disord 2011 Jun;21(6):379-86. Epub 2011 Mar 25 doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.02.012. PMID: 21440438
Milone M, Shen XM, Selcen D, Ohno K, Brengman J, Iannaccone ST, Harper CM, Engel AG
Neurology 2009 Jul 21;73(3):228-35. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ae7cbc. PMID: 19620612Free PMC Article

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