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Hereditary spastic paraplegia 46(SPG46)

MedGen UID:
473687
Concept ID:
C2828721
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Spastic paraplegia 46, autosomal recessive
SNOMED CT: Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 46 (723822009)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
141025
Concept ID:
C0441748
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).
 
Gene (location): GBA2 (9p13.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0013737
OMIM®: 614409
Orphanet: ORPHA320391

Definition

Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia-46 (SPG46) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by onset in childhood of slowly progressive spastic paraplegia and cerebellar signs. Some patients have cognitive impairment, cataracts, and cerebral, cerebellar, and corpus callosum atrophy on brain imaging (summary by Boukhris et al., 2010 and Martin et al., 2013). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia, see SPG5A (270800). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Urinary incontinence
MedGen UID:
22579
Concept ID:
C0042024
Finding
Loss of the ability to control the urinary bladder leading to involuntary urination.
Infertility disorder
MedGen UID:
43876
Concept ID:
C0021359
Finding
Inability to conceive for at least one year after trying and having unprotected sex. Causes of female infertility include endometriosis, fallopian tubes obstruction, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Causes of male infertility include abnormal sperm production or function, blockage of the epididymis, blockage of the ejaculatory ducts, hypospadias, exposure to pesticides, and health related issues.
Ankle clonus
MedGen UID:
68672
Concept ID:
C0238651
Finding
Clonus is an involuntary tendon reflex that causes repeated flexion and extension of the foot. Ankle clonus is tested by rapidly flexing the foot upward.
Limb muscle weakness
MedGen UID:
107956
Concept ID:
C0587246
Finding
Reduced strength and weakness of the muscles of the arms and legs.
Pes cavus
MedGen UID:
675590
Concept ID:
C0728829
Congenital Abnormality
An increase in height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot that does not flatten on weight bearing (i.e., a distinctly hollow form of the sole of the foot when it is bearing weight).
Lower limb muscle weakness
MedGen UID:
324478
Concept ID:
C1836296
Finding
Weakness of the muscles of the legs.
Hearing impairment
MedGen UID:
235586
Concept ID:
C1384666
Disease or Syndrome
A decreased magnitude of the sensory perception of sound.
Dysarthria
MedGen UID:
8510
Concept ID:
C0013362
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.
Babinski sign
MedGen UID:
19708
Concept ID:
C0034935
Finding
Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract.
Spastic paraplegia
MedGen UID:
20882
Concept ID:
C0037772
Disease or Syndrome
Spasticity and weakness of the leg and hip muscles.
Hyperreflexia
MedGen UID:
57738
Concept ID:
C0151889
Finding
Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.
Orofacial dyskinesia
MedGen UID:
57747
Concept ID:
C0152115
Disease or Syndrome
Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.
Spastic gait
MedGen UID:
115907
Concept ID:
C0231687
Finding
Spasticity is manifested by increased stretch reflex which is intensified with movement velocity. This results in excessive and inappropriate muscle activation which can contribute to muscle hypertonia. Spastic gait is characterized by manifestations such as muscle hypertonia, stiff knee, and circumduction of the leg.
Mental deterioration
MedGen UID:
66713
Concept ID:
C0234985
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Loss of previously present mental abilities, generally in adults.
Cerebral atrophy
MedGen UID:
116012
Concept ID:
C0235946
Disease or Syndrome
Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.
Hand tremor
MedGen UID:
68689
Concept ID:
C0239842
Finding
An unintentional, oscillating to-and-fro muscle movement affecting the hand.
Head tremor
MedGen UID:
68690
Concept ID:
C0239882
Finding
An unintentional, oscillating to-and-fro muscle movement affecting head movement.
Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum
MedGen UID:
138005
Concept ID:
C0344482
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.
Dementia
MedGen UID:
99229
Concept ID:
C0497327
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
A loss of global cognitive ability of sufficient amount to interfere with normal social or occupational function. Dementia represents a loss of previously present cognitive abilities, generally in adults, and can affect memory, thinking, language, judgment, and behavior.
Knee clonus
MedGen UID:
488908
Concept ID:
C0520823
Finding
Clonus is an involuntary tendon reflex that causes repeated flexion and extension of the foot. Knee clonus can be tested by rapidly pushing the patella towards the toes.
Cerebellar atrophy
MedGen UID:
196624
Concept ID:
C0740279
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar atrophy is defined as a cerebellum with initially normal structures, in a posterior fossa with normal size, which displays enlarged fissures (interfolial spaces) in comparison to the foliae secondary to loss of tissue. Cerebellar atrophy implies irreversible loss of tissue and result from an ongoing progressive disease until a final stage is reached or a single injury, e.g. an intoxication or infectious event.
Lower limb spasticity
MedGen UID:
220865
Concept ID:
C1271100
Finding
Spasticity (velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone and hyperexcitable tendon reflexes) in the muscles of the lower limbs, hips, and pelvis.
Upper limb spasticity
MedGen UID:
220882
Concept ID:
C1273957
Finding
Impaired vibratory sensation
MedGen UID:
220959
Concept ID:
C1295585
Finding
A decrease in the ability to perceive vibration. Clinically, this is usually tested with a tuning fork which vibrates at 128 Hz and is applied to bony prominences such as the malleoli at the ankles or the metacarpal-phalangeal joints. There is a slow decay of vibration from the tuning fork. The degree of vibratory sense loss can be crudely estimated by counting the number of seconds that the examiner can perceive the vibration longer than the patient.
Impaired vibration sensation in the lower limbs
MedGen UID:
338617
Concept ID:
C1849134
Finding
A decrease in the ability to perceive vibration in the legs.
Limb dysmetria
MedGen UID:
340244
Concept ID:
C1854489
Finding
A type of dysmetria involving the limbs.
Upper limb dysmetria
MedGen UID:
482338
Concept ID:
C3280708
Finding
A lack of coordination of arm movement manifested by undershoot or overshoot of the intended position of the arm.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Kyphosis
MedGen UID:
44042
Concept ID:
C0022821
Anatomical Abnormality
Exaggerated anterior convexity of the thoracic vertebral column.
Scoliosis
MedGen UID:
11348
Concept ID:
C0036439
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
Nystagmus
MedGen UID:
45166
Concept ID:
C0028738
Disease or Syndrome
Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.
Cataract
MedGen UID:
39462
Concept ID:
C0086543
Disease or Syndrome
A cataract is an opacity or clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its capsule.
Jerky ocular pursuit movements
MedGen UID:
342908
Concept ID:
C1853558
Finding

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVHereditary spastic paraplegia 46
Follow this link to review classifications for Hereditary spastic paraplegia 46 in Orphanet.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Leighton DJ, Ansari M, Newton J, Parry D, Cleary E, Colville S, Stephenson L, Larraz J, Johnson M, Beswick E, Wong M, Gregory J, Carod Artal J, Davenport R, Duncan C, Morrison I, Smith C, Swingler R, Deary IJ, Porteous M, Aitman TJ, Chandran S, Gorrie GH, Pal S; Lothian Birth Cohorts Group; and the CARE-MND Consortium
J Neurol 2023 Mar;270(3):1702-1712. Epub 2022 Dec 14 doi: 10.1007/s00415-022-11505-0. PMID: 36515702Free PMC Article
Kerstens HCJW, Van Lith BJH, Nijkrake MJ, De Swart BJM, Van den Bemd LAC, Smeets RJEM, Klemens F, Van de Warrenburg BPC, Van der Wees PJ, Geurts ACH
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021 Jun 24;16(1):283. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-01915-0. PMID: 34167574Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Diarra S, Coulibaly T, Dembélé K, Ngouth N, Cissé L, Diallo SH, Ouologuem M, Diallo S, Coulibaly O, Bagayoko K, Coulibaly D, Simaga A, Sango HA, Traoré M, Jacobson S, Fischbeck KH, Landouré G, Guinto CO; H3Africa consortium
Acta Neurol Belg 2023 Dec;123(6):2155-2165. Epub 2022 Nov 17 doi: 10.1007/s13760-022-02113-w. PMID: 36396882
Liao P, Yuan Y, Liu Z, Hou X, Li W, Wen J, Zhang K, Jiao B, Shen L, Jiang H, Guo J, Tang B, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Wang J
Transl Neurodegener 2022 Oct 26;11(1):46. doi: 10.1186/s40035-022-00320-2. PMID: 36284339Free PMC Article
Legrand A, Pujol C, Durand CM, Mesnil A, Rubera I, Duranton C, Zuily S, Sousa AB, Renaud M, Boucher JL, Pietrancosta N, Adham S, Orssaud C, Marelli C, Casali C, Ziccardi L, Villain N, Ewenczyk C, Durr A, Mignot C, Stevanin G, Billon C, Hureaux M, Jeunemaitre X, Goizet C, Albuisson J
J Intern Med 2021 May;289(5):709-725. Epub 2021 Mar 31 doi: 10.1111/joim.13193. PMID: 33107650
Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Teinert J, Behne R, Wimmer M, D'Amore A, Eberhardt K, Brechmann B, Ziegler M, Jensen DM, Nagabhyrava P, Geisel G, Carmody E, Shamshad U, Dies KA, Yuskaitis CJ, Salussolia CL, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Pearson TS, Saffari A, Ziegler A, Kölker S, Volkmann J, Wiesener A, Bearden DR, Lakhani S, Segal D, Udwadia-Hegde A, Martinuzzi A, Hirst J, Perlman S, Takiyama Y, Xiromerisiou G, Vill K, Walker WO, Shukla A, Dubey Gupta R, Dahl N, Aksoy A, Verhelst H, Delgado MR, Kremlikova Pourova R, Sadek AA, Elkhateeb NM, Blumkin L, Brea-Fernández AJ, Dacruz-Álvarez D, Smol T, Ghoumid J, Miguel D, Heine C, Schlump JU, Langen H, Baets J, Bulk S, Darvish H, Bakhtiari S, Kruer MC, Lim-Melia E, Aydinli N, Alanay Y, El-Rashidy O, Nampoothiri S, Patel C, Beetz C, Bauer P, Yoon G, Guillot M, Miller SP, Bourinaris T, Houlden H, Robelin L, Anheim M, Alamri AS, Mahmoud AAH, Inaloo S, Habibzadeh P, Faghihi MA, Jansen AC, Brock S, Roubertie A, Darras BT, Agrawal PB, Santorelli FM, Gleeson J, Zaki MS, Sheikh SI, Bennett JT, Sahin M
Brain 2020 Oct 1;143(10):2929-2944. doi: 10.1093/brain/awz307. PMID: 32979048Free PMC Article
Ruano L, Melo C, Silva MC, Coutinho P
Neuroepidemiology 2014;42(3):174-83. Epub 2014 Mar 5 doi: 10.1159/000358801. PMID: 24603320

Diagnosis

Diarra S, Coulibaly T, Dembélé K, Ngouth N, Cissé L, Diallo SH, Ouologuem M, Diallo S, Coulibaly O, Bagayoko K, Coulibaly D, Simaga A, Sango HA, Traoré M, Jacobson S, Fischbeck KH, Landouré G, Guinto CO; H3Africa consortium
Acta Neurol Belg 2023 Dec;123(6):2155-2165. Epub 2022 Nov 17 doi: 10.1007/s13760-022-02113-w. PMID: 36396882
Du J
J Clin Neurosci 2021 Mar;85:67-71. Epub 2021 Jan 15 doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.11.036. PMID: 33581793
Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Teinert J, Behne R, Wimmer M, D'Amore A, Eberhardt K, Brechmann B, Ziegler M, Jensen DM, Nagabhyrava P, Geisel G, Carmody E, Shamshad U, Dies KA, Yuskaitis CJ, Salussolia CL, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Pearson TS, Saffari A, Ziegler A, Kölker S, Volkmann J, Wiesener A, Bearden DR, Lakhani S, Segal D, Udwadia-Hegde A, Martinuzzi A, Hirst J, Perlman S, Takiyama Y, Xiromerisiou G, Vill K, Walker WO, Shukla A, Dubey Gupta R, Dahl N, Aksoy A, Verhelst H, Delgado MR, Kremlikova Pourova R, Sadek AA, Elkhateeb NM, Blumkin L, Brea-Fernández AJ, Dacruz-Álvarez D, Smol T, Ghoumid J, Miguel D, Heine C, Schlump JU, Langen H, Baets J, Bulk S, Darvish H, Bakhtiari S, Kruer MC, Lim-Melia E, Aydinli N, Alanay Y, El-Rashidy O, Nampoothiri S, Patel C, Beetz C, Bauer P, Yoon G, Guillot M, Miller SP, Bourinaris T, Houlden H, Robelin L, Anheim M, Alamri AS, Mahmoud AAH, Inaloo S, Habibzadeh P, Faghihi MA, Jansen AC, Brock S, Roubertie A, Darras BT, Agrawal PB, Santorelli FM, Gleeson J, Zaki MS, Sheikh SI, Bennett JT, Sahin M
Brain 2020 Oct 1;143(10):2929-2944. doi: 10.1093/brain/awz307. PMID: 32979048Free PMC Article
Ruano L, Melo C, Silva MC, Coutinho P
Neuroepidemiology 2014;42(3):174-83. Epub 2014 Mar 5 doi: 10.1159/000358801. PMID: 24603320
Lenaers G, Hamel C, Delettre C, Amati-Bonneau P, Procaccio V, Bonneau D, Reynier P, Milea D
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012 Jul 9;7:46. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-46. PMID: 22776096Free PMC Article

Therapy

Ardolino G, Bocci T, Nigro M, Vergari M, Di Fonzo A, Bonato S, Cogiamanian F, Cortese F, Cova I, Barbieri S, Priori A
J Spinal Cord Med 2021 Jan;44(1):46-53. Epub 2018 Dec 3 doi: 10.1080/10790268.2018.1543926. PMID: 30508408Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Leighton DJ, Ansari M, Newton J, Parry D, Cleary E, Colville S, Stephenson L, Larraz J, Johnson M, Beswick E, Wong M, Gregory J, Carod Artal J, Davenport R, Duncan C, Morrison I, Smith C, Swingler R, Deary IJ, Porteous M, Aitman TJ, Chandran S, Gorrie GH, Pal S; Lothian Birth Cohorts Group; and the CARE-MND Consortium
J Neurol 2023 Mar;270(3):1702-1712. Epub 2022 Dec 14 doi: 10.1007/s00415-022-11505-0. PMID: 36515702Free PMC Article
Diarra S, Coulibaly T, Dembélé K, Ngouth N, Cissé L, Diallo SH, Ouologuem M, Diallo S, Coulibaly O, Bagayoko K, Coulibaly D, Simaga A, Sango HA, Traoré M, Jacobson S, Fischbeck KH, Landouré G, Guinto CO; H3Africa consortium
Acta Neurol Belg 2023 Dec;123(6):2155-2165. Epub 2022 Nov 17 doi: 10.1007/s13760-022-02113-w. PMID: 36396882
Rydning SL, Dudesek A, Rimmele F, Funke C, Krüger S, Biskup S, Vigeland MD, Hjorthaug HS, Sejersted Y, Tallaksen C, Selmer KK, Kamm C
Eur J Neurol 2018 Jul;25(7):943-e71. Epub 2018 Apr 15 doi: 10.1111/ene.13625. PMID: 29528531
Kumar KR, Wali GM, Kamate M, Wali G, Minoche AE, Puttick C, Pinese M, Gayevskiy V, Dinger ME, Roscioli T, Sue CM, Cowley MJ
Neurogenetics 2016 Oct;17(4):265-270. Epub 2016 Sep 28 doi: 10.1007/s10048-016-0495-z. PMID: 27679996Free PMC Article
Lenaers G, Hamel C, Delettre C, Amati-Bonneau P, Procaccio V, Bonneau D, Reynier P, Milea D
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012 Jul 9;7:46. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-46. PMID: 22776096Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Alecu JE, Saffari A, Ziegler M, Jordan C, Tam A, Kim S, Leung E, Szczaluba K, Mierzewska H, King SD, Santorelli FM, Yoon G, Trombetta B, Kivisäkk P, Zhang B, Sahin M, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D
Mov Disord 2023 Sep;38(9):1742-1750. Epub 2023 Jul 22 doi: 10.1002/mds.29524. PMID: 37482941Free PMC Article
Diarra S, Coulibaly T, Dembélé K, Ngouth N, Cissé L, Diallo SH, Ouologuem M, Diallo S, Coulibaly O, Bagayoko K, Coulibaly D, Simaga A, Sango HA, Traoré M, Jacobson S, Fischbeck KH, Landouré G, Guinto CO; H3Africa consortium
Acta Neurol Belg 2023 Dec;123(6):2155-2165. Epub 2022 Nov 17 doi: 10.1007/s13760-022-02113-w. PMID: 36396882
Du J
J Clin Neurosci 2021 Mar;85:67-71. Epub 2021 Jan 15 doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.11.036. PMID: 33581793
Cui F, Sun L, Qiao J, Xiong J, Zhao Y, Li J, Li M, Chen S, Huang X
Neurol Res 2018 Dec;40(12):1088-1093. doi: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1522412. PMID: 30352018
Rydning SL, Dudesek A, Rimmele F, Funke C, Krüger S, Biskup S, Vigeland MD, Hjorthaug HS, Sejersted Y, Tallaksen C, Selmer KK, Kamm C
Eur J Neurol 2018 Jul;25(7):943-e71. Epub 2018 Apr 15 doi: 10.1111/ene.13625. PMID: 29528531

Recent systematic reviews

Du J
J Clin Neurosci 2021 Mar;85:67-71. Epub 2021 Jan 15 doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.11.036. PMID: 33581793
Ruano L, Melo C, Silva MC, Coutinho P
Neuroepidemiology 2014;42(3):174-83. Epub 2014 Mar 5 doi: 10.1159/000358801. PMID: 24603320

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