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Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome with C3 anomaly(AHUS5)

MedGen UID:
442875
Concept ID:
C2752037
Finding
Synonyms: AHUS, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 5; Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome 5
 
Gene (location): C3 (19p13.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0013043
OMIM®: 612925

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Genetic Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure caused by platelet thrombi in the microcirculation of the kidney and other organs. The onset of atypical HUS (aHUS) ranges from the neonatal period to adulthood. Genetic aHUS accounts for an estimated 60% of all aHUS. Individuals with genetic aHUS frequently experience relapse even after complete recovery following the presenting episode; 60% of genetic aHUS progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Marina Noris  |  Elena Bresin  |  Caterina Mele, et. al.   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome-5 (AHUS5) is characterized by nonimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal impairment, in the absence of infection with Stx-producing bacteria or streptococci (summary by Noris and Remuzzi, 2009). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of aHUS, see AHUS1 (235400). Reviews Noris and Remuzzi (2009) provided a detailed review of atypical HUS.  http://www.omim.org/entry/612925
From MedlinePlus Genetics
As a result of clot formation in small blood vessels, people with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome experience kidney damage and acute kidney failure that lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in about half of all cases. These life-threatening complications prevent the kidneys from filtering fluids and waste products from the body effectively.

Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome should be distinguished from a more common condition called typical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The two disorders have different causes and different signs and symptoms. Unlike the atypical form, the typical form is caused by infection with certain strains of Escherichia coli bacteria that produce toxic substances called Shiga-like toxins. The typical form is characterized by severe diarrhea and most often affects children younger than 10. The typical form is less likely than the atypical form to involve recurrent attacks of kidney damage that lead to ESRD.

Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome is a disease that primarily affects kidney function. This condition, which can occur at any age, causes abnormal blood clots (thrombi) to form in small blood vessels in the kidneys. These clots can cause serious medical problems if they restrict or block blood flow. Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome is characterized by three major features related to abnormal clotting: hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and kidney failure.

Hemolytic anemia occurs when red blood cells break down (undergo hemolysis) prematurely. In atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, red blood cells can break apart as they squeeze past clots within small blood vessels. Anemia results if these cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them. Anemia can lead to unusually pale skin (pallor), yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice), fatigue, shortness of breath, and a rapid heart rate.

Thrombocytopenia is a reduced level of circulating platelets, which are cells that normally assist with blood clotting. In people with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, fewer platelets are available in the bloodstream because a large number of platelets are used to make abnormal clots. Thrombocytopenia can cause easy bruising and abnormal bleeding.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/atypical-hemolytic-uremic-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Anuria
MedGen UID:
358
Concept ID:
C0003460
Disease or Syndrome
Absence of urine, clinically classified as below 50ml/day.
Hematuria
MedGen UID:
5488
Concept ID:
C0018965
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of blood in the urine. Hematuria may be gross hematuria (visible to the naked eye) or microscopic hematuria (detected by dipstick or microscopic examination of the urine).
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
MedGen UID:
42403
Concept ID:
C0019061
Disease or Syndrome
A thrombotic microangiopathy with presence of non-immune, intravascular hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury. A vicious cycle of complement activation, endothelial cell damage, platelet activation, and thrombosis is the hallmark of the disease.
Proteinuria
MedGen UID:
10976
Concept ID:
C0033687
Finding
Increased levels of protein in the urine.
Stage 5 chronic kidney disease
MedGen UID:
384526
Concept ID:
C2316810
Disease or Syndrome
A degree of kidney failure severe enough to require dialysis or kidney transplantation for survival characterized by a severe reduction in glomerular filtration rate (less than 15 ml/min/1.73 m2) and other manifestations including increased serum creatinine.
Acute kidney injury
MedGen UID:
388570
Concept ID:
C2609414
Injury or Poisoning
Sudden loss of renal function, as manifested by decreased urine production, and a rise in serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen concentration (azotemia).
Hypertensive disorder
MedGen UID:
6969
Concept ID:
C0020538
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of chronic increased pressure in the systemic arterial system.
Anemia
MedGen UID:
1526
Concept ID:
C0002871
Disease or Syndrome
A reduction in erythrocytes volume or hemoglobin concentration.
Thrombocytopenia
MedGen UID:
52737
Concept ID:
C0040034
Disease or Syndrome
A reduction in the number of circulating thrombocytes.
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
MedGen UID:
65120
Concept ID:
C0221021
Disease or Syndrome
Acquired anemia due to destruction of red blood cells by physical trauma such as FIBRIN strands in the blood vessels, artificial heart valve, AORTIC COARCTATION. I can also be associated with hematologic diseases such as DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION; HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; and THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA.
Decreased circulating complement C3 concentration
MedGen UID:
332469
Concept ID:
C1837512
Finding
Concentration of the complement component C3 in the blood circulation below the lower limit of normal.
Increased blood urea nitrogen
MedGen UID:
760252
Concept ID:
C0151539
Finding
An increased amount of nitrogen in the form of urea in the blood.
Elevated circulating creatinine concentration
MedGen UID:
148579
Concept ID:
C0700225
Finding
An increased amount of creatinine in the blood.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Vivarelli M, Emma F
Semin Thromb Hemost 2014 Jun;40(4):472-7. Epub 2014 May 5 doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1375299. PMID: 24799307

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Chabannes M, Rabant M, El Sissy C, Dragon-Durey MA, Vieira Martins P, Meuleman MS, Karras A, Buob D, Bridoux F, Daugas E, Audard V, Caillard S, Olagne J, Kandel C, Ferlicot S, Philipponnet C, Crepin T, Thervet E, Ducloux D, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Chauvet S
Am J Kidney Dis 2023 Sep;82(3):279-289. Epub 2023 Apr 14 doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.12.020. PMID: 37061020
Vivarelli M, Emma F
Semin Thromb Hemost 2014 Jun;40(4):472-7. Epub 2014 May 5 doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1375299. PMID: 24799307
Kavanagh D, Goodship TH
Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2011;2011:15-20. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2011.1.15. PMID: 22160007
Loirat C, Frémeaux-Bacchi V
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2011 Sep 8;6:60. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-6-60. PMID: 21902819Free PMC Article
Noris M, Caprioli J, Bresin E, Mossali C, Pianetti G, Gamba S, Daina E, Fenili C, Castelletti F, Sorosina A, Piras R, Donadelli R, Maranta R, van der Meer I, Conway EM, Zipfel PF, Goodship TH, Remuzzi G
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010 Oct;5(10):1844-59. Epub 2010 Jul 1 doi: 10.2215/CJN.02210310. PMID: 20595690Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Chabannes M, Rabant M, El Sissy C, Dragon-Durey MA, Vieira Martins P, Meuleman MS, Karras A, Buob D, Bridoux F, Daugas E, Audard V, Caillard S, Olagne J, Kandel C, Ferlicot S, Philipponnet C, Crepin T, Thervet E, Ducloux D, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Chauvet S
Am J Kidney Dis 2023 Sep;82(3):279-289. Epub 2023 Apr 14 doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.12.020. PMID: 37061020
Lemaire M, Noone D, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Frémeaux-Bacchi V
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2021 Jun;16(6):942-956. Epub 2021 Feb 3 doi: 10.2215/CJN.11830720. PMID: 33536243Free PMC Article
Turkmen K, Baloglu I, Ozer H
Int Urol Nephrol 2021 Oct;53(10):2067-2080. Epub 2021 Jan 3 doi: 10.1007/s11255-020-02729-y. PMID: 33389509
Kavanagh D, Goodship TH
Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2011;2011:15-20. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2011.1.15. PMID: 22160007
Loirat C, Frémeaux-Bacchi V
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2011 Sep 8;6:60. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-6-60. PMID: 21902819Free PMC Article

Therapy

Besbas N, Gulhan B, Soylemezoglu O, Ozcakar ZB, Korkmaz E, Hayran M, Ozaltin F
BMC Nephrol 2017 Jan 5;18(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s12882-016-0420-6. PMID: 28056875Free PMC Article
Noris M, Galbusera M, Gastoldi S, Macor P, Banterla F, Bresin E, Tripodo C, Bettoni S, Donadelli R, Valoti E, Tedesco F, Amore A, Coppo R, Ruggenenti P, Gotti E, Remuzzi G
Blood 2014 Sep 11;124(11):1715-26. Epub 2014 Jul 18 doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-558296. PMID: 25037630Free PMC Article
Vivarelli M, Emma F
Semin Thromb Hemost 2014 Jun;40(4):472-7. Epub 2014 May 5 doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1375299. PMID: 24799307
Ariceta G, Arrizabalaga B, Aguirre M, Morteruel E, Lopez-Trascasa M
Am J Kidney Dis 2012 May;59(5):707-10. Epub 2011 Dec 23 doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.11.027. PMID: 22196848
Al-Akash SI, Almond PS, Savell VH Jr, Gharaybeh SI, Hogue C
Pediatr Nephrol 2011 Apr;26(4):613-9. Epub 2010 Dec 2 doi: 10.1007/s00467-010-1708-6. PMID: 21125405

Prognosis

Fujisawa M, Kato H, Yoshida Y, Usui T, Takata M, Fujimoto M, Wada H, Uchida Y, Kokame K, Matsumoto M, Fujimura Y, Miyata T, Nangaku M
Clin Exp Nephrol 2018 Oct;22(5):1088-1099. Epub 2018 Mar 6 doi: 10.1007/s10157-018-1549-3. PMID: 29511899Free PMC Article
Besbas N, Gulhan B, Soylemezoglu O, Ozcakar ZB, Korkmaz E, Hayran M, Ozaltin F
BMC Nephrol 2017 Jan 5;18(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s12882-016-0420-6. PMID: 28056875Free PMC Article
Kavanagh D, Goodship TH
Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2011;2011:15-20. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2011.1.15. PMID: 22160007
Loirat C, Frémeaux-Bacchi V
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2011 Sep 8;6:60. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-6-60. PMID: 21902819Free PMC Article
Noris M, Caprioli J, Bresin E, Mossali C, Pianetti G, Gamba S, Daina E, Fenili C, Castelletti F, Sorosina A, Piras R, Donadelli R, Maranta R, van der Meer I, Conway EM, Zipfel PF, Goodship TH, Remuzzi G
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010 Oct;5(10):1844-59. Epub 2010 Jul 1 doi: 10.2215/CJN.02210310. PMID: 20595690Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Laboux T, Maanaoui M, Allain F, Boulanger E, Denys A, Gibier JB, Glowacki F, Grolaux G, Grunenwald A, Howsam M, Lancel S, Lebas C, Lopez B, Roumenina L, Provôt F, Gnemmi V, Frimat M
Kidney Int 2023 Aug;104(2):353-366. Epub 2023 May 9 doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.03.039. PMID: 37164260
Fujisawa M, Kato H, Yoshida Y, Usui T, Takata M, Fujimoto M, Wada H, Uchida Y, Kokame K, Matsumoto M, Fujimura Y, Miyata T, Nangaku M
Clin Exp Nephrol 2018 Oct;22(5):1088-1099. Epub 2018 Mar 6 doi: 10.1007/s10157-018-1549-3. PMID: 29511899Free PMC Article
Bresin E, Rurali E, Caprioli J, Sanchez-Corral P, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Rodriguez de Cordoba S, Pinto S, Goodship TH, Alberti M, Ribes D, Valoti E, Remuzzi G, Noris M; European Working Party on Complement Genetics in Renal Diseases
J Am Soc Nephrol 2013 Feb;24(3):475-86. Epub 2013 Feb 21 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2012090884. PMID: 23431077Free PMC Article
Noris M, Caprioli J, Bresin E, Mossali C, Pianetti G, Gamba S, Daina E, Fenili C, Castelletti F, Sorosina A, Piras R, Donadelli R, Maranta R, van der Meer I, Conway EM, Zipfel PF, Goodship TH, Remuzzi G
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010 Oct;5(10):1844-59. Epub 2010 Jul 1 doi: 10.2215/CJN.02210310. PMID: 20595690Free PMC Article
Pickering MC, Cook HT
Clin Exp Immunol 2008 Feb;151(2):210-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03574.x. PMID: 18190458Free PMC Article

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