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Hereditary spastic paraplegia 6(SPG6)

MedGen UID:
324965
•Concept ID:
C1838192
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Familial spastic paraplegia autosomal dominant 3; Spastic paraplegia 6; SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA 6, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT; SPG6
SNOMED CT: Autosomal dominant familial spastic paraplegia type 3 (732949006); Autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia type 6 (732949006)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
141047
•Concept ID:
C0443147
•
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele.
Autosomal dominant inheritance (Orphanet)
 
Gene (location): NIPA1 (15q11.2)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0010878
OMIM®: 600363
Orphanet: ORPHA100988

Definition

A form of hereditary spastic paraplegia which usually presents in late adolescence or early adulthood as a pure phenotype of lower limb spasticity with hyperreflexia and extensor plantar responses, as well as mild bladder disturbances and pes cavus. Rarely, it can present as a complex phenotype with additional manifestations including epilepsy, variable peripheral neuropathy and/or memory impairment. Caused by mutations in the NIPA1 gene (15q11.2) encoding the magnesium transporter NIPA1. [from SNOMEDCT_US]

Clinical features

From HPO
Urinary incontinence
MedGen UID:
22579
•Concept ID:
C0042024
•
Finding
Loss of the ability to control the urinary bladder leading to involuntary urination.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Urinary urgency
MedGen UID:
39315
•Concept ID:
C0085606
•
Finding
Urge incontinence is the strong, sudden need to urinate.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Urinary bladder sphincter dysfunction
MedGen UID:
334804
•Concept ID:
C1843663
•
Finding
Abnormal function of a sphincter of the urinary bladder.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Pes cavus
MedGen UID:
675590
•Concept ID:
C0728829
•
Congenital Abnormality
An increase in height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot that does not flatten on weight bearing (i.e., a distinctly hollow form of the sole of the foot when it is bearing weight).
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Lower limb muscle weakness
MedGen UID:
324478
•Concept ID:
C1836296
•
Finding
Weakness of the muscles of the legs.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Clonus
MedGen UID:
40341
•Concept ID:
C0009024
•
Sign or Symptom
A series of rhythmic and involuntary muscle contractions (at a frequency of about 5 to 7 Hz) that occur in response to an abruptly applied and sustained stretch.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Babinski sign
MedGen UID:
19708
•Concept ID:
C0034935
•
Finding
Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
•Concept ID:
C0036572
•
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Spastic paraplegia
MedGen UID:
20882
•Concept ID:
C0037772
•
Disease or Syndrome
Spasticity and weakness of the leg and hip muscles.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Tremor
MedGen UID:
21635
•Concept ID:
C0040822
•
Sign or Symptom
An unintentional, oscillating to-and-fro muscle movement about a joint axis.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Hyperreflexia
MedGen UID:
57738
•Concept ID:
C0151889
•
Finding
Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Spastic gait
MedGen UID:
115907
•Concept ID:
C0231687
•
Finding
Spasticity is manifested by increased stretch reflex which is intensified with movement velocity. This results in excessive and inappropriate muscle activation which can contribute to muscle hypertonia. Spastic gait is characterized by manifestations such as muscle hypertonia, stiff knee, and circumduction of the leg.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Lower limb spasticity
MedGen UID:
220865
•Concept ID:
C1271100
•
Finding
Spasticity (velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone and hyperexcitable tendon reflexes) in the muscles of the lower limbs, hips, and pelvis.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Degeneration of the lateral corticospinal tracts
MedGen UID:
375921
•Concept ID:
C1846566
•
Finding
Deterioration of the tissues of the lateral corticospinal tracts.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Impaired vibration sensation in the lower limbs
MedGen UID:
338617
•Concept ID:
C1849134
•
Finding
A decrease in the ability to perceive vibration in the legs.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
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Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVHereditary spastic paraplegia 6
Follow this link to review classifications for Hereditary spastic paraplegia 6 in Orphanet.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Liver X receptor-agonist treatment rescues degeneration in a Drosophila model of hereditary spastic paraplegia.
Byrne DJ, Garcia-Pardo ME, Cole NB, Batnasan B, Heneghan S, Sohail A, Blackstone C, O'Sullivan NC
Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022 Mar 28;10(1):40. doi: 10.1186/s40478-022-01343-6. PMID: 35346366Free PMC Article
Increasing involvement of CAPN1 variants in spastic ataxias and phenotype-genotype correlations.
Méreaux JL, Firanescu C, Coarelli G, Kvarnung M, Rodrigues R, Pegoraro E, Tazir M, Taithe F, Valter R, Huin V, Lidström K, Banneau G, Morais S, Parodi L, Coutelier M, Papin M, Svenningsson P, Azulay JP, Alonso I, Nilsson D, Brice A, Le Guern E, Press R, Vazza G, Loureiro JL, Goizet C, Durr A, Paucar M, Stevanin G
Neurogenetics 2021 Mar;22(1):71-79. Epub 2021 Jan 23 doi: 10.1007/s10048-020-00633-2. PMID: 33486633Free PMC Article
Genotype-phenotype associations in hereditary spastic paraplegia: a systematic review and meta-analysis on 13,570 patients.
Erfanian Omidvar M, Torkamandi S, Rezaei S, Alipoor B, Omrani MD, Darvish H, Ghaedi H
J Neurol 2021 Jun;268(6):2065-2082. Epub 2019 Nov 19 doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09633-1. PMID: 31745725

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

De Novo and Dominantly Inherited SPTAN1 Mutations Cause Spastic Paraplegia and Cerebellar Ataxia.
Van de Vondel L, De Winter J, Beijer D, Coarelli G, Wayand M, Palvadeau R, Pauly MG, Klein K, Rautenberg M, Guillot-Noël L, Deconinck T, Vural A, Ertan S, Dogu O, Uysal H, Brankovic V, Herzog R, Brice A, Durr A, Klebe S, Stock F, Bischoff AT, Rattay TW, Sobrido MJ, De Michele G, De Jonghe P, Klopstock T, Lohmann K, Zanni G, Santorelli FM, Timmerman V, Haack TB, Züchner S; PREPARE Consortium, Schüle R, Stevanin G, Synofzik M, Basak AN, Baets J
Mov Disord 2022 Jun;37(6):1175-1186. Epub 2022 Feb 12 doi: 10.1002/mds.28959. PMID: 35150594Free PMC Article
Genome-wide Analyses Identify KIF5A as a Novel ALS Gene.
Nicolas A, Kenna KP, Renton AE, Ticozzi N, Faghri F, Chia R, Dominov JA, Kenna BJ, Nalls MA, Keagle P, Rivera AM, van Rheenen W, Murphy NA, van Vugt JJFA, Geiger JT, Van der Spek RA, Pliner HA, Shankaracharya, Smith BN, Marangi G, Topp SD, Abramzon Y, Gkazi AS, Eicher JD, Kenna A; ITALSGEN Consortium, Mora G, Calvo A, Mazzini L, Riva N, Mandrioli J, Caponnetto C, Battistini S, Volanti P, La Bella V, Conforti FL, Borghero G, Messina S, Simone IL, Trojsi F, Salvi F, Logullo FO, D'Alfonso S, Corrado L, Capasso M, Ferrucci L; Genomic Translation for ALS Care (GTAC) Consortium, Moreno CAM, Kamalakaran S, Goldstein DB; ALS Sequencing Consortium, Gitler AD, Harris T, Myers RM; NYGC ALS Consortium, Phatnani H, Musunuri RL, Evani US, Abhyankar A, Zody MC; Answer ALS Foundation, Kaye J, Finkbeiner S, Wyman SK, LeNail A, Lima L, Fraenkel E, Svendsen CN, Thompson LM, Van Eyk JE, Berry JD, Miller TM, Kolb SJ, Cudkowicz M, Baxi E; Clinical Research in ALS and Related Disorders for Therapeutic Development (CReATe) Consortium, Benatar M, Taylor JP, Rampersaud E, Wu G, Wuu J; SLAGEN Consortium, Lauria G, Verde F, Fogh I, Tiloca C, Comi GP, Sorarù G, Cereda C; French ALS Consortium, Corcia P, Laaksovirta H, Myllykangas L, Jansson L, Valori M, Ealing J, Hamdalla H, Rollinson S, Pickering-Brown S, Orrell RW, Sidle KC, Malaspina A, Hardy J, Singleton AB, Johnson JO, Arepalli S, Sapp PC, McKenna-Yasek D, Polak M, Asress S, Al-Sarraj S, King A, Troakes C, Vance C, de Belleroche J, Baas F, Ten Asbroek ALMA, Muñoz-Blanco JL, Hernandez DG, Ding J, Gibbs JR, Scholz SW, Floeter MK, Campbell RH, Landi F, Bowser R, Pulst SM, Ravits JM, MacGowan DJL, Kirby J, Pioro EP, Pamphlett R, Broach J, Gerhard G, Dunckley TL, Brady CB, Kowall NW, Troncoso JC, Le Ber I, Mouzat K, Lumbroso S, Heiman-Patterson TD, Kamel F, Van Den Bosch L, Baloh RH, Strom TM, Meitinger T, Shatunov A, Van Eijk KR, de Carvalho M, Kooyman M, Middelkoop B, Moisse M, McLaughlin RL, Van Es MA, Weber M, Boylan KB, Van Blitterswijk M, Rademakers R, Morrison KE, Basak AN, Mora JS, Drory VE, Shaw PJ, Turner MR, Talbot K, Hardiman O, Williams KL, Fifita JA, Nicholson GA, Blair IP, Rouleau GA, Esteban-Pérez J, García-Redondo A, Al-Chalabi A; Project MinE ALS Sequencing Consortium, Rogaeva E, Zinman L, Ostrow LW, Maragakis NJ, Rothstein JD, Simmons Z, Cooper-Knock J, Brice A, Goutman SA, Feldman EL, Gibson SB, Taroni F, Ratti A, Gellera C, Van Damme P, Robberecht W, Fratta P, Sabatelli M, Lunetta C, Ludolph AC, Andersen PM, Weishaupt JH, Camu W, Trojanowski JQ, Van Deerlin VM, Brown RH Jr, van den Berg LH, Veldink JH, Harms MB, Glass JD, Stone DJ, Tienari P, Silani V, Chiò A, Shaw CE, Traynor BJ, Landers JE
Neuron 2018 Mar 21;97(6):1267-1288. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.027. PMID: 29566793Free PMC Article
Hereditary Neuropathies.
Eggermann K, Gess B, Häusler M, Weis J, Hahn A, Kurth I
Dtsch Arztebl Int 2018 Feb 9;115(6):91-97. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0091. PMID: 29478438Free PMC Article
The global epidemiology of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia: a systematic review of prevalence studies.
Ruano L, Melo C, Silva MC, Coutinho P
Neuroepidemiology 2014;42(3):174-83. Epub 2014 Mar 5 doi: 10.1159/000358801. PMID: 24603320
Hereditary spastic paraplegia: clinico-pathologic features and emerging molecular mechanisms.
Fink JK
Acta Neuropathol 2013 Sep;126(3):307-28. Epub 2013 Jul 30 doi: 10.1007/s00401-013-1115-8. PMID: 23897027Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia: An Update.
Meyyazhagan A, Orlacchio A
Int J Mol Sci 2022 Feb 1;23(3) doi: 10.3390/ijms23031697. PMID: 35163618Free PMC Article
Clinical and genetic spectra of 1550 index patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia.
Méreaux JL, Banneau G, Papin M, Coarelli G, Valter R, Raymond L, Kol B, Ariste O, Parodi L, Tissier L, Mairey M, Ait Said S, Gautier C, Guillaud-Bataille M; French SPATAX clinical network, Forlani S, de la Grange P, Brice A, Vazza G, Durr A, Leguern E, Stevanin G
Brain 2022 Apr 29;145(3):1029-1037. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab386. PMID: 34983064
A Diagnostic Approach to Spastic ataxia Syndromes.
Pedroso JL, Vale TC, França Junior MC, Kauffman MA, Teive H, Barsottini OGP, Munhoz RP
Cerebellum 2022 Dec;21(6):1073-1084. Epub 2021 Nov 15 doi: 10.1007/s12311-021-01345-5. PMID: 34782953
Genome-wide Analyses Identify KIF5A as a Novel ALS Gene.
Nicolas A, Kenna KP, Renton AE, Ticozzi N, Faghri F, Chia R, Dominov JA, Kenna BJ, Nalls MA, Keagle P, Rivera AM, van Rheenen W, Murphy NA, van Vugt JJFA, Geiger JT, Van der Spek RA, Pliner HA, Shankaracharya, Smith BN, Marangi G, Topp SD, Abramzon Y, Gkazi AS, Eicher JD, Kenna A; ITALSGEN Consortium, Mora G, Calvo A, Mazzini L, Riva N, Mandrioli J, Caponnetto C, Battistini S, Volanti P, La Bella V, Conforti FL, Borghero G, Messina S, Simone IL, Trojsi F, Salvi F, Logullo FO, D'Alfonso S, Corrado L, Capasso M, Ferrucci L; Genomic Translation for ALS Care (GTAC) Consortium, Moreno CAM, Kamalakaran S, Goldstein DB; ALS Sequencing Consortium, Gitler AD, Harris T, Myers RM; NYGC ALS Consortium, Phatnani H, Musunuri RL, Evani US, Abhyankar A, Zody MC; Answer ALS Foundation, Kaye J, Finkbeiner S, Wyman SK, LeNail A, Lima L, Fraenkel E, Svendsen CN, Thompson LM, Van Eyk JE, Berry JD, Miller TM, Kolb SJ, Cudkowicz M, Baxi E; Clinical Research in ALS and Related Disorders for Therapeutic Development (CReATe) Consortium, Benatar M, Taylor JP, Rampersaud E, Wu G, Wuu J; SLAGEN Consortium, Lauria G, Verde F, Fogh I, Tiloca C, Comi GP, Sorarù G, Cereda C; French ALS Consortium, Corcia P, Laaksovirta H, Myllykangas L, Jansson L, Valori M, Ealing J, Hamdalla H, Rollinson S, Pickering-Brown S, Orrell RW, Sidle KC, Malaspina A, Hardy J, Singleton AB, Johnson JO, Arepalli S, Sapp PC, McKenna-Yasek D, Polak M, Asress S, Al-Sarraj S, King A, Troakes C, Vance C, de Belleroche J, Baas F, Ten Asbroek ALMA, Muñoz-Blanco JL, Hernandez DG, Ding J, Gibbs JR, Scholz SW, Floeter MK, Campbell RH, Landi F, Bowser R, Pulst SM, Ravits JM, MacGowan DJL, Kirby J, Pioro EP, Pamphlett R, Broach J, Gerhard G, Dunckley TL, Brady CB, Kowall NW, Troncoso JC, Le Ber I, Mouzat K, Lumbroso S, Heiman-Patterson TD, Kamel F, Van Den Bosch L, Baloh RH, Strom TM, Meitinger T, Shatunov A, Van Eijk KR, de Carvalho M, Kooyman M, Middelkoop B, Moisse M, McLaughlin RL, Van Es MA, Weber M, Boylan KB, Van Blitterswijk M, Rademakers R, Morrison KE, Basak AN, Mora JS, Drory VE, Shaw PJ, Turner MR, Talbot K, Hardiman O, Williams KL, Fifita JA, Nicholson GA, Blair IP, Rouleau GA, Esteban-Pérez J, García-Redondo A, Al-Chalabi A; Project MinE ALS Sequencing Consortium, Rogaeva E, Zinman L, Ostrow LW, Maragakis NJ, Rothstein JD, Simmons Z, Cooper-Knock J, Brice A, Goutman SA, Feldman EL, Gibson SB, Taroni F, Ratti A, Gellera C, Van Damme P, Robberecht W, Fratta P, Sabatelli M, Lunetta C, Ludolph AC, Andersen PM, Weishaupt JH, Camu W, Trojanowski JQ, Van Deerlin VM, Brown RH Jr, van den Berg LH, Veldink JH, Harms MB, Glass JD, Stone DJ, Tienari P, Silani V, Chiò A, Shaw CE, Traynor BJ, Landers JE
Neuron 2018 Mar 21;97(6):1267-1288. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.027. PMID: 29566793Free PMC Article
The global epidemiology of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia: a systematic review of prevalence studies.
Ruano L, Melo C, Silva MC, Coutinho P
Neuroepidemiology 2014;42(3):174-83. Epub 2014 Mar 5 doi: 10.1159/000358801. PMID: 24603320

Therapy

Gait-Adaptability Training in People With Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
van de Venis L, van de Warrenburg B, Weerdesteyn V, Geurts ACH, Nonnekes J
Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2023 Jan;37(1):27-36. Epub 2023 Jan 25 doi: 10.1177/15459683221147839. PMID: 36695288Free PMC Article
Potential markers for sample size estimations in hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5.
Lin Q, Liu Y, Ye Z, Hu J, Cai W, Weng Q, Chen WJ, Wang N, Cao D, Lin Y, Fu Y
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021 Sep 19;16(1):391. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-02014-w. PMID: 34538260Free PMC Article
AAV-Mediated Gene Therapy for Glycosphingolipid Biosynthesis Deficiencies.
Yang H, Brown RH Jr, Wang D, Strauss KA, Gao G
Trends Mol Med 2021 Jun;27(6):520-523. Epub 2021 Mar 10 doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.02.004. PMID: 33714697Free PMC Article
Botulinum toxin for hereditary spastic paraplegia: effects on motor and non-motor manifestations.
Servelhere KR, Faber I, Martinez A, Nickel R, Moro A, Germiniani FMB, Moscovich M, Blume TR, Munhoz RP, Teive HAG, França MC Jr
Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2018 Mar;76(3):183-188. doi: 10.1590/0004-282x20180013. PMID: 29809239
Hereditary spastic paraplegia with recessive trait caused by mutation in KLC4 gene.
Bayrakli F, Poyrazoglu HG, Yuksel S, Yakicier C, Erguner B, Sagiroglu MS, Yuceturk B, Ozer B, Doganay S, Tanrikulu B, Seker A, Akbulut F, Ozen A, Per H, Kumandas S, Altuner Torun Y, Bayri Y, Sakar M, Dagcinar A, Ziyal I
J Hum Genet 2015 Dec;60(12):763-8. Epub 2015 Oct 1 doi: 10.1038/jhg.2015.109. PMID: 26423925

Prognosis

Hereditary spastic paraplegia in Mali: epidemiological and clinical features.
Diarra S, Coulibaly T, Dembélé K, Ngouth N, Cissé L, Diallo SH, Ouologuem M, Diallo S, Coulibaly O, Bagayoko K, Coulibaly D, Simaga A, Sango HA, Traoré M, Jacobson S, Fischbeck KH, Landouré G, Guinto CO; H3Africa consortium
Acta Neurol Belg 2023 Dec;123(6):2155-2165. Epub 2022 Nov 17 doi: 10.1007/s13760-022-02113-w. PMID: 36396882
Clinical and genetic spectra of 1550 index patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia.
Méreaux JL, Banneau G, Papin M, Coarelli G, Valter R, Raymond L, Kol B, Ariste O, Parodi L, Tissier L, Mairey M, Ait Said S, Gautier C, Guillaud-Bataille M; French SPATAX clinical network, Forlani S, de la Grange P, Brice A, Vazza G, Durr A, Leguern E, Stevanin G
Brain 2022 Apr 29;145(3):1029-1037. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab386. PMID: 34983064
Hereditary spastic paraplegia.
Fink JK
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2006 Jan;6(1):65-76. doi: 10.1007/s11910-996-0011-1. PMID: 16469273
Hereditary spastic paraplegia: mitochondrial metalloproteases of yeast.
Pearce DA
Hum Genet 1999 Jun;104(6):443-8. doi: 10.1007/s004390050985. PMID: 10453730
Choreas, hereditary and other ataxias, tics, myoclonus, and other movement disorders.
Tolosa E, Berciano J
Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg 1993 Jun;6(3):358-68. PMID: 8507906

Clinical prediction guides

Hereditary spastic paraplegia in Mali: epidemiological and clinical features.
Diarra S, Coulibaly T, Dembélé K, Ngouth N, Cissé L, Diallo SH, Ouologuem M, Diallo S, Coulibaly O, Bagayoko K, Coulibaly D, Simaga A, Sango HA, Traoré M, Jacobson S, Fischbeck KH, Landouré G, Guinto CO; H3Africa consortium
Acta Neurol Belg 2023 Dec;123(6):2155-2165. Epub 2022 Nov 17 doi: 10.1007/s13760-022-02113-w. PMID: 36396882
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia: An Update.
Meyyazhagan A, Orlacchio A
Int J Mol Sci 2022 Feb 1;23(3) doi: 10.3390/ijms23031697. PMID: 35163618Free PMC Article
Clinical and genetic spectra of 1550 index patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia.
Méreaux JL, Banneau G, Papin M, Coarelli G, Valter R, Raymond L, Kol B, Ariste O, Parodi L, Tissier L, Mairey M, Ait Said S, Gautier C, Guillaud-Bataille M; French SPATAX clinical network, Forlani S, de la Grange P, Brice A, Vazza G, Durr A, Leguern E, Stevanin G
Brain 2022 Apr 29;145(3):1029-1037. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab386. PMID: 34983064
Botulinum toxin for hereditary spastic paraplegia: effects on motor and non-motor manifestations.
Servelhere KR, Faber I, Martinez A, Nickel R, Moro A, Germiniani FMB, Moscovich M, Blume TR, Munhoz RP, Teive HAG, França MC Jr
Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2018 Mar;76(3):183-188. doi: 10.1590/0004-282x20180013. PMID: 29809239
Hypomorphic mutations in POLR3A are a frequent cause of sporadic and recessive spastic ataxia.
Minnerop M, Kurzwelly D, Wagner H, Soehn AS, Reichbauer J, Tao F, Rattay TW, Peitz M, Rehbach K, Giorgetti A, Pyle A, Thiele H, Altmüller J, Timmann D, Karaca I, Lennarz M, Baets J, Hengel H, Synofzik M, Atasu B, Feely S, Kennerson M, Stendel C, Lindig T, Gonzalez MA, Stirnberg R, Sturm M, Roeske S, Jung J, Bauer P, Lohmann E, Herms S, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Nicholson G, Mahanjah M, Sharkia R, Carloni P, Brüstle O, Klopstock T, Mathews KD, Shy ME, de Jonghe P, Chinnery PF, Horvath R, Kohlhase J, Schmitt I, Wolf M, Greschus S, Amunts K, Maier W, Schöls L, Nürnberg P, Zuchner S, Klockgether T, Ramirez A, Schüle R
Brain 2017 Jun 1;140(6):1561-1578. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx095. PMID: 28459997Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Movement disorders in hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP): a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.
Fereshtehnejad SM, Saleh PA, Oliveira LM, Patel N, Bhowmick S, Saranza G, Kalia LV
Neurol Sci 2023 Mar;44(3):947-959. Epub 2022 Nov 28 doi: 10.1007/s10072-022-06516-8. PMID: 36441344Free PMC Article
Genotype-phenotype associations in hereditary spastic paraplegia: a systematic review and meta-analysis on 13,570 patients.
Erfanian Omidvar M, Torkamandi S, Rezaei S, Alipoor B, Omrani MD, Darvish H, Ghaedi H
J Neurol 2021 Jun;268(6):2065-2082. Epub 2019 Nov 19 doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09633-1. PMID: 31745725
Selective dorsal rhizotomy for spasticity of genetic etiology.
Lohkamp LN, Coulter I, Ibrahim GM
Childs Nerv Syst 2020 Jul;36(7):1357-1365. Epub 2020 Apr 16 doi: 10.1007/s00381-020-04601-x. PMID: 32300873
The global epidemiology of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia: a systematic review of prevalence studies.
Ruano L, Melo C, Silva MC, Coutinho P
Neuroepidemiology 2014;42(3):174-83. Epub 2014 Mar 5 doi: 10.1159/000358801. PMID: 24603320
Autosomal dominant spastic paraplegias: a review of 89 families resulting from a portuguese survey.
Loureiro JL, Brandão E, Ruano L, Brandão AF, Lopes AM, Thieleke-Matos C, Miller-Fleming L, Cruz VT, Barbosa M, Silveira I, Stevanin G, Pinto-Basto J, Sequeiros J, Alonso I, Coutinho P
JAMA Neurol 2013 Apr;70(4):481-7. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.1956. PMID: 23400676

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