MedGen

Butterfly-shaped pigmentary macular dystrophy is an autosomal dominant eye disease characterized by bilateral accumulation of pigment in the macular area that resembles the wings of a butterfly (summary by van Lith-Verhoeven et al., 2003). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of patterned macular dystrophy, see 169150. [from OMIM]

Foveal hypoplasia is defined as the lack of foveal depression with continuity of all neurosensory retinal layers in the presumed foveal area. Foveal hypoplasia as an isolated entity is a rare phenomenon; it is usually described in association with other ocular disorders, such as aniridia (106210), microphthalmia (see 251600), albinism (see 203100), or achromatopsia (see 216900). All reported cases of foveal hypoplasia have been accompanied by decreased visual acuity and nystagmus (summary by Perez et al., 2014). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of foveal hypoplasia, see FVH1 (136520). [from OMIM]

Cone-rod dystrophy is a group of related eye disorders that causes vision loss, which becomes more severe over time. These disorders affect the retina, which is the layer of light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. In people with cone-rod dystrophy, vision loss occurs as the light-sensing cells of the retina gradually deteriorate.

The first signs and symptoms of cone-rod dystrophy, which often occur in childhood, are usually decreased sharpness of vision (visual acuity) and increased sensitivity to light (photophobia). These features are typically followed by impaired color vision (dyschromatopsia), blind spots (scotomas) in the center of the visual field, and partial side (peripheral) vision loss. Over time, affected individuals develop night blindness and a worsening of their peripheral vision, which can limit independent mobility. Decreasing visual acuity makes reading increasingly difficult and most affected individuals are legally blind by mid-adulthood. As the condition progresses, individuals may develop involuntary eye movements (nystagmus).

There are more than 30 types of cone-rod dystrophy, which are distinguished by their genetic cause and their pattern of inheritance: autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and X-linked. Additionally, cone-rod dystrophy can occur alone without any other signs and symptoms or it can occur as part of a syndrome that affects multiple parts of the body. [from MedlinePlus Genetics]

Retinitis pigmentosa-91 (R91) is characterized by night blindness and constriction of visual fields, with bone-spicule pigmentation, attenuation of retinal vessels, and optic disc pallor on funduscopy. Patients may also experience early macular involvement, with photophobia and reduced visual acuity, and some show a bull's eye pattern of macular atrophy (Olivier et al., 2021). [from OMIM]

Increased amount of pigmentation in the fovea centralis. [from HPO]