U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Phobia

MedGen UID:
83881
•Concept ID:
C0349231
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Synonym: Phobic disorder
SNOMED CT: Phobia (386808001); Phobic disorder (386810004); Abnormal fear (386808001); Phobic anxiety disorder (386810004)
 
HPO: HP:5200232
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0003699

Definition

Extreme, irrational, and persistent fears of certain objects, situations, activities, or persons can impede functioning in day-to-day life. [from HPO]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

The management of fever in children.
Bakalli I, Klironomi D, Kola E, Celaj E
Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2022 Oct;74(5):568-578. Epub 2022 Jul 13 doi: 10.23736/S2724-5276.22.06680-0. PMID: 35822579
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders.
Ströhle A, Gensichen J, Domschke K
Dtsch Arztebl Int 2018 Sep 14;155(37):611-620. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0611. PMID: 30282583Free PMC Article
Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders.
Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, Chokka P, Kjernisted K, Van Ameringen M; Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University, Antony MM, Bouchard S, Brunet A, Flament M, Grigoriadis S, Mendlowitz S, O'Connor K, Rabheru K, Richter PM, Robichaud M, Walker JR
BMC Psychiatry 2014;14 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1. Epub 2014 Jul 2 doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-14-S1-S1. PMID: 25081580Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Virtual Reality Therapy for Social Phobia: A Scoping Review.
Salehi E, Mehrabi M, Fatehi F, Salehi A
Stud Health Technol Inform 2020 Jun 16;270:713-717. doi: 10.3233/SHTI200253. PMID: 32570476
Sleep quality and treatment of social anxiety disorder.
Horenstein A, Morrison AS, Goldin P, Ten Brink M, Gross JJ, Heimberg RG
Anxiety Stress Coping 2019 Jul;32(4):387-398. Epub 2019 May 13 doi: 10.1080/10615806.2019.1617854. PMID: 31082285Free PMC Article
Understanding Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescents and Improving Treatment Outcomes: Applying the Cognitive Model of Clark and Wells (1995).
Leigh E, Clark DM
Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2018 Sep;21(3):388-414. doi: 10.1007/s10567-018-0258-5. PMID: 29654442Free PMC Article
Developmental risk factors in generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.
Newman MG, Shin KE, Zuellig AR
J Affect Disord 2016 Dec;206:94-102. Epub 2016 Jul 5 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.008. PMID: 27466747Free PMC Article
Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). New self-rating scale.
Connor KM, Davidson JR, Churchill LE, Sherwood A, Foa E, Weisler RH
Br J Psychiatry 2000 Apr;176:379-86. doi: 10.1192/bjp.176.4.379. PMID: 10827888

Diagnosis

Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Revisited.
Showraki M, Showraki T, Brown K
Psychiatr Q 2020 Sep;91(3):905-914. doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09747-0. PMID: 32383134
Social Anxiety Disorder.
Leichsenring F, Leweke F
N Engl J Med 2017 Jun 8;376(23):2255-2264. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1614701. PMID: 28591542
Gender differences in social anxiety disorder: A review.
Asher M, Asnaani A, Aderka IM
Clin Psychol Rev 2017 Aug;56:1-12. Epub 2017 May 30 doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.05.004. PMID: 28578248
Social anxiety disorder in DSM-5.
Heimberg RG, Hofmann SG, Liebowitz MR, Schneier FR, Smits JA, Stein MB, Hinton DE, Craske MG
Depress Anxiety 2014 Jun;31(6):472-9. Epub 2014 Jan 2 doi: 10.1002/da.22231. PMID: 24395386
Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety.
Mattick RP, Clarke JC
Behav Res Ther 1998 Apr;36(4):455-70. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6. PMID: 9670605

Therapy

Differential Outcomes of Placebo Treatment Across 9 Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Bschor T, Nagel L, Unger J, Schwarzer G, Baethge C
JAMA Psychiatry 2024 Aug 1;81(8):757-768. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0994. PMID: 38809560Free PMC Article
Use of cannabidiol in anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.
Skelley JW, Deas CM, Curren Z, Ennis J
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020 Jan-Feb;60(1):253-261. Epub 2019 Dec 19 doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.11.008. PMID: 31866386
Long-term Outcomes of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
van Dis EAM, van Veen SC, Hagenaars MA, Batelaan NM, Bockting CLH, van den Heuvel RM, Cuijpers P, Engelhard IM
JAMA Psychiatry 2020 Mar 1;77(3):265-273. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3986. PMID: 31758858Free PMC Article
Stuttering: Clinical and research update.
Perez HR, Stoeckle JH
Can Fam Physician 2016 Jun;62(6):479-84. PMID: 27303004Free PMC Article
Propranolol for the treatment of anxiety disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Steenen SA, van Wijk AJ, van der Heijden GJ, van Westrhenen R, de Lange J, de Jongh A
J Psychopharmacol 2016 Feb;30(2):128-39. Epub 2015 Oct 20 doi: 10.1177/0269881115612236. PMID: 26487439Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Cognitive functional therapy in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain-a randomized controlled trial 3-year follow-up.
Vibe Fersum K, Smith A, Kvåle A, Skouen JS, O'Sullivan P
Eur J Pain 2019 Sep;23(8):1416-1424. Epub 2019 May 14 doi: 10.1002/ejp.1399. PMID: 30974479
The fear of needles: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
McLenon J, Rogers MAM
J Adv Nurs 2019 Jan;75(1):30-42. Epub 2018 Sep 11 doi: 10.1111/jan.13818. PMID: 30109720
Long-term effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with anxiety disorders.
Kodal A, Fjermestad K, Bjelland I, Gjestad R, Öst LG, Bjaastad JF, Haugland BSM, Havik OE, Heiervang E, Wergeland GJ
J Anxiety Disord 2018 Jan;53:58-67. Epub 2017 Nov 26 doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.11.003. PMID: 29195188
Psychological aspects of non-cardiac chest pain.
Serlie AW, Erdman RA, Passchier J, Trijsburg RW, ten Cate FJ
Psychother Psychosom 1995;64(2):62-73. doi: 10.1159/000288993. PMID: 8559955
The behavioral treatment of school phobia.
Hersen M
J Nerv Ment Dis 1971 Aug;153(2):99-107. doi: 10.1097/00005053-197108000-00004. PMID: 4937197

Clinical prediction guides

The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Adolescent's Version in Turkey: Factor Structure, Reliability and Validity.
Cetinoglu E, Aras S
J Autism Dev Disord 2022 Jul;52(7):3260-3270. Epub 2021 Aug 30 doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05257-5. PMID: 34460051
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and its relationship with disgust vulnerability and conscientiousness.
Inchausti F, Delgado AR, Prieto G
Psicothema 2015;27(3):254-60. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2015.7. PMID: 26260933
Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). New self-rating scale.
Connor KM, Davidson JR, Churchill LE, Sherwood A, Foa E, Weisler RH
Br J Psychiatry 2000 Apr;176:379-86. doi: 10.1192/bjp.176.4.379. PMID: 10827888
Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): a replication study.
Birmaher B, Brent DA, Chiappetta L, Bridge J, Monga S, Baugher M
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999 Oct;38(10):1230-6. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199910000-00011. PMID: 10517055
Fat phobia: measuring, understanding, and changing anti-fat attitudes.
Robinson BE, Bacon JG, O'Reilly J
Int J Eat Disord 1993 Dec;14(4):467-80. doi: 10.1002/1098-108x(199312)14:4<467::aid-eat2260140410>3.0.co;2-j. PMID: 8293029

Recent systematic reviews

Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review.
Nawi AM, Ismail R, Ibrahim F, Hassan MR, Manaf MRA, Amit N, Ibrahim N, Shafurdin NS
BMC Public Health 2021 Nov 13;21(1):2088. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11906-2. PMID: 34774013Free PMC Article
Weight bias among health care professionals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lawrence BJ, Kerr D, Pollard CM, Theophilus M, Alexander E, Haywood D, O'Connor M
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021 Nov;29(11):1802-1812. Epub 2021 Sep 6 doi: 10.1002/oby.23266. PMID: 34490738
Association between anxiety and hypertension in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lim LF, Solmi M, Cortese S
Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021 Dec;131:96-119. Epub 2021 Sep 2 doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.031. PMID: 34481847
Mindfulness-based interventions for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Liu X, Yi P, Ma L, Liu W, Deng W, Yang X, Liang M, Luo J, Li N, Li X
Psychiatry Res 2021 Jun;300:113935. Epub 2021 Apr 20 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113935. PMID: 33895444
The fear of needles: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
McLenon J, Rogers MAM
J Adv Nurs 2019 Jan;75(1):30-42. Epub 2018 Sep 11 doi: 10.1111/jan.13818. PMID: 30109720

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Reviews

    Related information

    • MeSH
      Related Medical Subject Headings
    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...