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Meier-Gorlin syndrome 2(MGORS2)

MedGen UID:
462447
Concept ID:
C3151097
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: MGORS2
 
Gene (location): ORC4 (2q23.1)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0013428
OMIM®: 613800

Definition

Most people with Meier-Gorlin syndrome have distinctive facial features. In addition to being abnormally small, the ears may be low-set or rotated backward. Additional features can include a small mouth (microstomia), an underdeveloped lower jaw (micrognathia), full lips, and a narrow nose with a high nasal bridge.

Some people with Meier-Gorlin syndrome have other skeletal abnormalities, such as unusually narrow long bones in the arms and legs, a deformity of the knee joint that allows the knee to bend backwards (genu recurvatum), and slowed mineralization of bones (delayed bone age).

Meier-Gorlin syndrome is a condition primarily characterized by short stature. It is considered a form of primordial dwarfism because the growth problems begin before birth (intrauterine growth retardation). After birth, affected individuals continue to grow at a slow rate. Other characteristic features of this condition are underdeveloped or missing kneecaps (patellae), small ears, and, often, an abnormally small head (microcephaly). Despite a small head size, most people with Meier-Gorlin syndrome have normal intellect.

Additional features of Meier-Gorlin syndrome can include difficulty feeding and a lung condition known as pulmonary emphysema or other breathing problems.

Abnormalities in sexual development may also occur in Meier-Gorlin syndrome. In some males with this condition, the testes are small or undescended (cryptorchidism). Affected females may have unusually small external genital folds (hypoplasia of the labia majora) and small breasts. Both males and females with this condition can have sparse or absent underarm (axillary) hair. [from MedlinePlus Genetics]

Clinical features

From HPO
Clitoral hypertrophy
MedGen UID:
57848
Concept ID:
C0156394
Finding
Hypertrophy of the clitoris.
Hypoplastic labia majora
MedGen UID:
107566
Concept ID:
C0566899
Finding
Undergrowth of the outer labia.
Labial hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
342473
Concept ID:
C1850325
Finding
Patellar aplasia
MedGen UID:
401474
Concept ID:
C1868578
Congenital Abnormality
Absence of the patella.
Fetal growth restriction
MedGen UID:
4693
Concept ID:
C0015934
Pathologic Function
An abnormal restriction of fetal growth with fetal weight below the tenth percentile for gestational age.
Short stature
MedGen UID:
87607
Concept ID:
C0349588
Finding
A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).
Birth length less than 3rd percentile
MedGen UID:
340924
Concept ID:
C1855650
Finding
Failure to thrive
MedGen UID:
746019
Concept ID:
C2315100
Disease or Syndrome
Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.
Feeding difficulties
MedGen UID:
65429
Concept ID:
C0232466
Finding
Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.
Gastroesophageal reflux
MedGen UID:
1368658
Concept ID:
C4317146
Finding
A condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter.
Microtia
MedGen UID:
57535
Concept ID:
C0152423
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the external ear.
Abnormal pinna morphology
MedGen UID:
167800
Concept ID:
C0857379
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality of the pinna, which is also referred to as the auricle or external ear.
Abnormally high-pitched voice
MedGen UID:
66836
Concept ID:
C0241703
Finding
A persistent (minutes to hours) abnormal increase in the pitch (frequency) of the voice for the context or social situation or significantly different from baseline of the individual.
Micrognathia
MedGen UID:
44428
Concept ID:
C0025990
Congenital Abnormality
Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.
Dolichocephaly
MedGen UID:
65142
Concept ID:
C0221358
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality of skull shape characterized by a increased anterior-posterior diameter, i.e., an increased antero-posterior dimension of the skull. Cephalic index less than 76%. Alternatively, an apparently increased antero-posterior length of the head compared to width. Often due to premature closure of the sagittal suture.
Delayed skeletal maturation
MedGen UID:
108148
Concept ID:
C0541764
Finding
A decreased rate of skeletal maturation. Delayed skeletal maturation can be diagnosed on the basis of an estimation of the bone age from radiographs of specific bones in the human body.
Camptodactyly
MedGen UID:
195780
Concept ID:
C0685409
Congenital Abnormality
The distal interphalangeal joint and/or the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers or toes cannot be extended to 180 degrees by either active or passive extension.
Slender long bone
MedGen UID:
331446
Concept ID:
C1833144
Finding
Reduced diameter of a long bone.
Joint hypermobility
MedGen UID:
336793
Concept ID:
C1844820
Finding
The capability that a joint (or a group of joints) has to move, passively and/or actively, beyond normal limits along physiological axes.
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Bronchomalacia
MedGen UID:
82679
Concept ID:
C0264353
Disease or Syndrome
Weakness or softness of the cartilage in the walls of the bronchial tubes.
Tracheomalacia
MedGen UID:
215296
Concept ID:
C0948187
Disease or Syndrome
Congenital tracheomalacia is a rare condition where the trachea is soft and flexible causing the tracheal wall to collapse when exhaling, coughing or crying, that usually presents in infancy, and that is characterized by stridor and noisy breathing or upper respiratory infections. Tracheomalacia improves by the age of 18-24 months.
Narrow mouth
MedGen UID:
44435
Concept ID:
C0026034
Congenital Abnormality
Distance between the commissures of the mouth more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased width of the oral aperture (subjective).
Smooth philtrum
MedGen UID:
222980
Concept ID:
C1142533
Finding
Flat skin surface, with no ridge formation in the central region of the upper lip between the nasal base and upper vermilion border.
Underdeveloped nasal alae
MedGen UID:
322332
Concept ID:
C1834055
Congenital Abnormality
Thinned, deficient, or excessively arched ala nasi.
Breast hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
75594
Concept ID:
C0266013
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the breast.

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Jurca AD, Petchesi CD, Jurca S, Severin E, Jurca AA, Jurca CM
Medicina (Kaunas) 2024 Nov 20;60(11) doi: 10.3390/medicina60111906. PMID: 39597091Free PMC Article
Worm C, Schambye MER, Mkrtchyan GV, Veviorskiy A, Shneyderman A, Ozerov IV, Zhavoronkov A, Bakula D, Scheibye-Knudsen M
Aging (Albany NY) 2024 Feb 9;16(3):2026-2046. doi: 10.18632/aging.205537. PMID: 38345566Free PMC Article
Unolt M, Kammoun M, Nowakowska B, Graham GE, Crowley TB, Hestand MS, Demaerel W, Geremek M, Emanuel BS, Zackai EH, Vermeesch JR, McDonald-McGinn D
Genet Med 2020 Feb;22(2):326-335. Epub 2019 Sep 2 doi: 10.1038/s41436-019-0645-4. PMID: 31474763Free PMC Article
Kim YM, Lee YJ, Park JH, Lee HD, Cheon CK, Kim SY, Hwang JY, Jang JH, Yoo HW
Clin Genet 2017 Dec;92(6):594-605. Epub 2017 Aug 30 doi: 10.1111/cge.13038. PMID: 28425089

Diagnosis

Worm C, Schambye MER, Mkrtchyan GV, Veviorskiy A, Shneyderman A, Ozerov IV, Zhavoronkov A, Bakula D, Scheibye-Knudsen M
Aging (Albany NY) 2024 Feb 9;16(3):2026-2046. doi: 10.18632/aging.205537. PMID: 38345566Free PMC Article
Nabais Sá MJ, Miller KA, McQuaid M, Koelling N, Wilkie AOM, Wurtele H, de Brouwer APM, Oliveira J
J Med Genet 2022 Aug;59(8):776-780. Epub 2021 Aug 5 doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107572. PMID: 34353863Free PMC Article
Li X, Zhang LZ, Yu L, Long ZL, Lin AY, Gou CY
BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021 May 17;21(1):381. doi: 10.1186/s12884-021-03868-5. PMID: 34000999Free PMC Article
Ting CY, Bhatia NS, Lim JY, Goh CJ, Vasanwala RF, Ong CC, Seow WT, Yeow VK, Ting TW, Ng IS, Jamuar SS
Eur J Med Genet 2020 Feb;63(2):103652. Epub 2019 Apr 13 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.04.009. PMID: 30986546
Bongers EM, Opitz JM, Fryer A, Sarda P, Hennekam RC, Hall BD, Superneau DW, Harbison M, Poss A, van Bokhoven H, Hamel BC, Knoers NV
Am J Med Genet 2001 Aug 1;102(2):115-24. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1452. PMID: 11477602

Prognosis

Knapp KM, Fellows B, Aggarwal S, Dalal A, Bicknell LS
Eur J Med Genet 2021 Apr;64(4):104182. Epub 2021 Feb 25 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104182. PMID: 33639314

Clinical prediction guides

Knapp KM, Fellows B, Aggarwal S, Dalal A, Bicknell LS
Eur J Med Genet 2021 Apr;64(4):104182. Epub 2021 Feb 25 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104182. PMID: 33639314
Unolt M, Kammoun M, Nowakowska B, Graham GE, Crowley TB, Hestand MS, Demaerel W, Geremek M, Emanuel BS, Zackai EH, Vermeesch JR, McDonald-McGinn D
Genet Med 2020 Feb;22(2):326-335. Epub 2019 Sep 2 doi: 10.1038/s41436-019-0645-4. PMID: 31474763Free PMC Article

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