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BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 20(BMIQ20)

MedGen UID:
1674972
•Concept ID:
C4759928
•
Finding
Synonyms: BMIQ20; MC4R DEFICIENCY; MELANOCORTIN 4 RECEPTOR DEFICIENCY
 
Gene (location): MC4R (18q21.32)
 
OMIM®: 618406

Definition

Obesity due to mutation in the MC4R gene is the most common cause of monogenic obesity. Patients have early-onset severe obesity and hyperphagia (Farooqi et al., 2003). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Obesity
MedGen UID:
18127
•Concept ID:
C0028754
•
Disease or Syndrome
Accumulation of substantial excess body fat.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Tall stature
MedGen UID:
69137
•Concept ID:
C0241240
•
Finding
A height above that which is expected according to age and gender norms.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Polyphagia
MedGen UID:
9369
•Concept ID:
C0020505
•
Finding
A neurological anomaly with gross overeating associated with an abnormally strong desire or need to eat.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Increased bone mineral density
MedGen UID:
10502
•Concept ID:
C0029464
•
Disease or Syndrome
An abnormal increase of bone mineral density, that is, of the amount of matter per cubic centimeter of bones which is often referred to as osteosclerosis. Osteosclerosis can be detected on radiological examination as an increased whiteness (density) of affected bones.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Hyperinsulinemia
MedGen UID:
43779
•Concept ID:
C0020459
•
Disease or Syndrome
An increased concentration of insulin in the blood.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
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Recent clinical studies

Etiology

VTRNA2-1: Genetic Variation, Heritable Methylation and Disease Association.
Dugué PA, Yu C, McKay T, Wong EM, Joo JE, Tsimiklis H, Hammet F, Mahmoodi M, Theys D, kConFab, Hopper JL, Giles GG, Milne RL, Steen JA, Dowty JG, Nguyen-Dumont T, Southey MC
Int J Mol Sci 2021 Mar 3;22(5) doi: 10.3390/ijms22052535. PMID: 33802562Free PMC Article
Shared Genetic Loci Between Body Mass Index and Major Psychiatric Disorders: A Genome-wide Association Study.
Bahrami S, Steen NE, Shadrin A, O'Connell K, Frei O, Bettella F, Wirgenes KV, Krull F, Fan CC, Dale AM, Smeland OB, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA
JAMA Psychiatry 2020 May 1;77(5):503-512. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4188. PMID: 31913414Free PMC Article
Associations of Mitochondrial and Nuclear Mitochondrial Variants and Genes with Seven Metabolic Traits.
Kraja AT, Liu C, Fetterman JL, Graff M, Have CT, Gu C, Yanek LR, Feitosa MF, Arking DE, Chasman DI, Young K, Ligthart S, Hill WD, Weiss S, Luan J, Giulianini F, Li-Gao R, Hartwig FP, Lin SJ, Wang L, Richardson TG, Yao J, Fernandez EP, Ghanbari M, Wojczynski MK, Lee WJ, Argos M, Armasu SM, Barve RA, Ryan KA, An P, Baranski TJ, Bielinski SJ, Bowden DW, Broeckel U, Christensen K, Chu AY, Corley J, Cox SR, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Cropp CD, Daw EW, van Heemst D, de las Fuentes L, Gao H, Tzoulaki I, Ahluwalia TS, de Mutsert R, Emery LS, Erzurumluoglu AM, Perry JA, Fu M, Forouhi NG, Gu Z, Hai Y, Harris SE, Hemani G, Hunt SC, Irvin MR, Jonsson AE, Justice AE, Kerrison ND, Larson NB, Lin KH, Love-Gregory LD, Mathias RA, Lee JH, Nauck M, Noordam R, Ong KK, Pankow J, Patki A, Pattie A, Petersmann A, Qi Q, Ribel-Madsen R, Rohde R, Sandow K, Schnurr TM, Sofer T, Starr JM, Taylor AM, Teumer A, Timpson NJ, de Haan HG, Wang Y, Weeke PE, Williams C, Wu H, Yang W, Zeng D, Witte DR, Weir BS, Wareham NJ, Vestergaard H, Turner ST, Torp-Pedersen C, Stergiakouli E, Sheu WH, Rosendaal FR, Ikram MA, Franco OH, Ridker PM, Perls TT, Pedersen O, Nohr EA, Newman AB, Linneberg A, Langenberg C, Kilpeläinen TO, Kardia SLR, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Sørensen TIA, Homuth G, Hansen T, Goodarzi MO, Deary IJ, Christensen C, Chen YI, Chakravarti A, Brandslund I, Bonnelykke K, Taylor KD, Wilson JG, Rodriguez S, Davies G, Horta BL, Thyagarajan B, Rao DC, Grarup N, Davila-Roman VG, Hudson G, Guo X, Arnett DK, Hayward C, Vaidya D, Mook-Kanamori DO, Tiwari HK, Levy D, Loos RJF, Dehghan A, Elliott P, Malik AN, Scott RA, Becker DM, de Andrade M, Province MA, Meigs JB, Rotter JI, North KE
Am J Hum Genet 2019 Jan 3;104(1):112-138. Epub 2018 Dec 27 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.12.001. PMID: 30595373Free PMC Article
Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology.
Locke AE, Kahali B, Berndt SI, Justice AE, Pers TH, Day FR, Powell C, Vedantam S, Buchkovich ML, Yang J, Croteau-Chonka DC, Esko T, Fall T, Ferreira T, Gustafsson S, Kutalik Z, Luan J, Mägi R, Randall JC, Winkler TW, Wood AR, Workalemahu T, Faul JD, Smith JA, Zhao JH, Zhao W, Chen J, Fehrmann R, Hedman ÅK, Karjalainen J, Schmidt EM, Absher D, Amin N, Anderson D, Beekman M, Bolton JL, Bragg-Gresham JL, Buyske S, Demirkan A, Deng G, Ehret GB, Feenstra B, Feitosa MF, Fischer K, Goel A, Gong J, Jackson AU, Kanoni S, Kleber ME, Kristiansson K, Lim U, Lotay V, Mangino M, Leach IM, Medina-Gomez C, Medland SE, Nalls MA, Palmer CD, Pasko D, Pechlivanis S, Peters MJ, Prokopenko I, Shungin D, Stančáková A, Strawbridge RJ, Sung YJ, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Trompet S, van der Laan SW, van Setten J, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Wang Z, Yengo L, Zhang W, Isaacs A, Albrecht E, Ärnlöv J, Arscott GM, Attwood AP, Bandinelli S, Barrett A, Bas IN, Bellis C, Bennett AJ, Berne C, Blagieva R, Blüher M, Böhringer S, Bonnycastle LL, Böttcher Y, Boyd HA, Bruinenberg M, Caspersen IH, Chen YI, Clarke R, Daw EW, de Craen AJM, Delgado G, Dimitriou M, Doney ASF, Eklund N, Estrada K, Eury E, Folkersen L, Fraser RM, Garcia ME, Geller F, Giedraitis V, Gigante B, Go AS, Golay A, Goodall AH, Gordon SD, Gorski M, Grabe HJ, Grallert H, Grammer TB, Gräßler J, Grönberg H, Groves CJ, Gusto G, Haessler J, Hall P, Haller T, Hallmans G, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hayward C, Heard-Costa NL, Helmer Q, Hengstenberg C, Holmen O, Hottenga JJ, James AL, Jeff JM, Johansson Å, Jolley J, Juliusdottir T, Kinnunen L, Koenig W, Koskenvuo M, Kratzer W, Laitinen J, Lamina C, Leander K, Lee NR, Lichtner P, Lind L, Lindström J, Lo KS, Lobbens S, Lorbeer R, Lu Y, Mach F, Magnusson PKE, Mahajan A, McArdle WL, McLachlan S, Menni C, Merger S, Mihailov E, Milani L, Moayyeri A, Monda KL, Morken MA, Mulas A, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Musk AW, Nagaraja R, Nöthen MM, Nolte IM, Pilz S, Rayner NW, Renstrom F, Rettig R, Ried JS, Ripke S, Robertson NR, Rose LM, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Scholtens S, Schumacher FR, Scott WR, Seufferlein T, Shi J, Smith AV, Smolonska J, Stanton AV, Steinthorsdottir V, Stirrups K, Stringham HM, Sundström J, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Syvänen AC, Tan ST, Tayo BO, Thorand B, Thorleifsson G, Tyrer JP, Uh HW, Vandenput L, Verhulst FC, Vermeulen SH, Verweij N, Vonk JM, Waite LL, Warren HR, Waterworth D, Weedon MN, Wilkens LR, Willenborg C, Wilsgaard T, Wojczynski MK, Wong A, Wright AF, Zhang Q; LifeLines Cohort Study, Brennan EP, Choi M, Dastani Z, Drong AW, Eriksson P, Franco-Cereceda A, Gådin JR, Gharavi AG, Goddard ME, Handsaker RE, Huang J, Karpe F, Kathiresan S, Keildson S, Kiryluk K, Kubo M, Lee JY, Liang L, Lifton RP, Ma B, McCarroll SA, McKnight AJ, Min JL, Moffatt MF, Montgomery GW, Murabito JM, Nicholson G, Nyholt DR, Okada Y, Perry JRB, Dorajoo R, Reinmaa E, Salem RM, Sandholm N, Scott RA, Stolk L, Takahashi A, Tanaka T, van 't Hooft FM, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Westra HJ, Zheng W, Zondervan KT; ADIPOGen Consortium; AGEN-BMI Working Group; CARDIOGRAMplusC4D Consortium; CKDGen Consortium; GLGC; ICBP; MAGIC Investigators; MuTHER Consortium; MIGen Consortium; PAGE Consortium; ReproGen Consortium; GENIE Consortium; International Endogene Consortium, Heath AC, Arveiler D, Bakker SJL, Beilby J, Bergman RN, Blangero J, Bovet P, Campbell H, Caulfield MJ, Cesana G, Chakravarti A, Chasman DI, Chines PS, Collins FS, Crawford DC, Cupples LA, Cusi D, Danesh J, de Faire U, den Ruijter HM, Dominiczak AF, Erbel R, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Farrall M, Felix SB, Ferrannini E, Ferrières J, Ford I, Forouhi NG, Forrester T, Franco OH, Gansevoort RT, Gejman PV, Gieger C, Gottesman O, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Hall AS, Harris TB, Hattersley AT, Hicks AA, Hindorff LA, Hingorani AD, Hofman A, Homuth G, Hovingh GK, Humphries SE, Hunt SC, Hyppönen E, Illig T, Jacobs KB, Jarvelin MR, Jöckel KH, Johansen B, Jousilahti P, Jukema JW, Jula AM, Kaprio J, Kastelein JJP, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kiemeney LA, Knekt P, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Kovacs P, Kraja AT, Kumari M, Kuusisto J, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Marchand LL, Lehtimäki T, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Marette A, Matise TC, McKenzie CA, McKnight B, Moll FL, Morris AD, Morris AP, Murray JC, Nelis M, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Ong KK, Madden PAF, Pasterkamp G, Peden JF, Peters A, Postma DS, Pramstaller PP, Price JF, Qi L, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rice TK, Ridker PM, Rioux JD, Ritchie MD, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Saramies J, Sarzynski MA, Schunkert H, Schwarz PEH, Sever P, Shuldiner AR, Sinisalo J, Stolk RP, Strauch K, Tönjes A, Trégouët DA, Tremblay A, Tremoli E, Virtamo J, Vohl MC, Völker U, Waeber G, Willemsen G, Witteman JC, Zillikens MC, Adair LS, Amouyel P, Asselbergs FW, Assimes TL, Bochud M, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Bornstein SR, Bottinger EP, Bouchard C, Cauchi S, Chambers JC, Chanock SJ, Cooper RS, de Bakker PIW, Dedoussis G, Ferrucci L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Groop LC, Haiman CA, Hamsten A, Hui J, Hunter DJ, Hveem K, Kaplan RC, Kivimaki M, Kuh D, Laakso M, Liu Y, Martin NG, März W, Melbye M, Metspalu A, Moebus S, Munroe PB, Njølstad I, Oostra BA, Palmer CNA, Pedersen NL, Perola M, Pérusse L, Peters U, Power C, Quertermous T, Rauramaa R, Rivadeneira F, Saaristo TE, Saleheen D, Sattar N, Schadt EE, Schlessinger D, Slagboom PE, Snieder H, Spector TD, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stumvoll M, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Walker M, Wallaschofski H, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Weir DR, Wichmann HE, Wilson JF, Zanen P, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Heid IM, O'Connell JR, Strachan DP, Stefansson K, van Duijn CM, Abecasis GR, Franke L, Frayling TM, McCarthy MI, Visscher PM, Scherag A, Willer CJ, Boehnke M, Mohlke KL, Lindgren CM, Beckmann JS, Barroso I, North KE, Ingelsson E, Hirschhorn JN, Loos RJF, Speliotes EK
Nature 2015 Feb 12;518(7538):197-206. doi: 10.1038/nature14177. PMID: 25673413Free PMC Article
New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.
Shungin D, Winkler TW, Croteau-Chonka DC, Ferreira T, Locke AE, Mägi R, Strawbridge RJ, Pers TH, Fischer K, Justice AE, Workalemahu T, Wu JMW, Buchkovich ML, Heard-Costa NL, Roman TS, Drong AW, Song C, Gustafsson S, Day FR, Esko T, Fall T, Kutalik Z, Luan J, Randall JC, Scherag A, Vedantam S, Wood AR, Chen J, Fehrmann R, Karjalainen J, Kahali B, Liu CT, Schmidt EM, Absher D, Amin N, Anderson D, Beekman M, Bragg-Gresham JL, Buyske S, Demirkan A, Ehret GB, Feitosa MF, Goel A, Jackson AU, Johnson T, Kleber ME, Kristiansson K, Mangino M, Leach IM, Medina-Gomez C, Palmer CD, Pasko D, Pechlivanis S, Peters MJ, Prokopenko I, Stančáková A, Sung YJ, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Yengo L, Zhang W, Albrecht E, Ärnlöv J, Arscott GM, Bandinelli S, Barrett A, Bellis C, Bennett AJ, Berne C, Blüher M, Böhringer S, Bonnet F, Böttcher Y, Bruinenberg M, Carba DB, Caspersen IH, Clarke R, Daw EW, Deelen J, Deelman E, Delgado G, Doney AS, Eklund N, Erdos MR, Estrada K, Eury E, Friedrich N, Garcia ME, Giedraitis V, Gigante B, Go AS, Golay A, Grallert H, Grammer TB, Gräßler J, Grewal J, Groves CJ, Haller T, Hallmans G, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hayward C, Heikkilä K, Herzig KH, Helmer Q, Hillege HL, Holmen O, Hunt SC, Isaacs A, Ittermann T, James AL, Johansson I, Juliusdottir T, Kalafati IP, Kinnunen L, Koenig W, Kooner IK, Kratzer W, Lamina C, Leander K, Lee NR, Lichtner P, Lind L, Lindström J, Lobbens S, Lorentzon M, Mach F, Magnusson PK, Mahajan A, McArdle WL, Menni C, Merger S, Mihailov E, Milani L, Mills R, Moayyeri A, Monda KL, Mooijaart SP, Mühleisen TW, Mulas A, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nagaraja R, Nalls MA, Narisu N, Glorioso N, Nolte IM, Olden M, Rayner NW, Renstrom F, Ried JS, Robertson NR, Rose LM, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Scholtens S, Sennblad B, Seufferlein T, Sitlani CM, Smith AV, Stirrups K, Stringham HM, Sundström J, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Syvänen AC, Tayo BO, Thorand B, Thorleifsson G, Tomaschitz A, Troffa C, van Oort FV, Verweij N, Vonk JM, Waite LL, Wennauer R, Wilsgaard T, Wojczynski MK, Wong A, Zhang Q, Zhao JH, Brennan EP, Choi M, Eriksson P, Folkersen L, Franco-Cereceda A, Gharavi AG, Hedman ÅK, Hivert MF, Huang J, Kanoni S, Karpe F, Keildson S, Kiryluk K, Liang L, Lifton RP, Ma B, McKnight AJ, McPherson R, Metspalu A, Min JL, Moffatt MF, Montgomery GW, Murabito JM, Nicholson G, Nyholt DR, Olsson C, Perry JR, Reinmaa E, Salem RM, Sandholm N, Schadt EE, Scott RA, Stolk L, Vallejo EE, Westra HJ, Zondervan KT; ADIPOGen Consortium; CARDIOGRAMplusC4D Consortium; CKDGen Consortium; GEFOS Consortium; GENIE Consortium; GLGC; ICBP; International Endogene Consortium; LifeLines Cohort Study; MAGIC Investigators; MuTHER Consortium; PAGE Consortium; ReproGen Consortium, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Bakker SJ, Beilby J, Bergman RN, Blangero J, Brown MJ, Burnier M, Campbell H, Chakravarti A, Chines PS, Claudi-Boehm S, Collins FS, Crawford DC, Danesh J, de Faire U, de Geus EJ, Dörr M, Erbel R, Eriksson JG, Farrall M, Ferrannini E, Ferrières J, Forouhi NG, Forrester T, Franco OH, Gansevoort RT, Gieger C, Gudnason V, Haiman CA, Harris TB, Hattersley AT, Heliövaara M, Hicks AA, Hingorani AD, Hoffmann W, Hofman A, Homuth G, Humphries SE, Hyppönen E, Illig T, Jarvelin MR, Johansen B, Jousilahti P, Jula AM, Kaprio J, Kee F, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Kovacs P, Kraja AT, Kumari M, Kuulasmaa K, Kuusisto J, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Le Marchand L, Lehtimäki T, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Marette A, Matise TC, McKenzie CA, McKnight B, Musk AW, Möhlenkamp S, Morris AD, Nelis M, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Ong KK, Palmer LJ, Penninx BW, Peters A, Pramstaller PP, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rice TK, Ridker PM, Ritchie MD, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Saramies J, Sarzynski MA, Schwarz PE, Shuldiner AR, Staessen JA, Steinthorsdottir V, Stolk RP, Strauch K, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tremoli E, Vohl MC, Völker U, Vollenweider P, Wilson JF, Witteman JC, Adair LS, Bochud M, Boehm BO, Bornstein SR, Bouchard C, Cauchi S, Caulfield MJ, Chambers JC, Chasman DI, Cooper RS, Dedoussis G, Ferrucci L, Froguel P, Grabe HJ, Hamsten A, Hui J, Hveem K, Jöckel KH, Kivimaki M, Kuh D, Laakso M, Liu Y, März W, Munroe PB, Njølstad I, Oostra BA, Palmer CN, Pedersen NL, Perola M, Pérusse L, Peters U, Power C, Quertermous T, Rauramaa R, Rivadeneira F, Saaristo TE, Saleheen D, Sinisalo J, Slagboom PE, Snieder H, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Stumvoll M, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Veronesi G, Walker M, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wichmann HE, Abecasis GR, Assimes TL, Berndt SI, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, Franke L, Frayling TM, Groop LC, Hunter DJ, Kaplan RC, O'Connell JR, Qi L, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, Thorsteinsdottir U, van Duijn CM, Willer CJ, Visscher PM, Yang J, Hirschhorn JN, Zillikens MC, McCarthy MI, Speliotes EK, North KE, Fox CS, Barroso I, Franks PW, Ingelsson E, Heid IM, Loos RJ, Cupples LA, Morris AP, Lindgren CM, Mohlke KL
Nature 2015 Feb 12;518(7538):187-196. doi: 10.1038/nature14132. PMID: 25673412Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Novel Risk Loci Identified in a Genome-Wide Association Study of Urolithiasis in a Japanese Population.
Tanikawa C, Kamatani Y, Terao C, Usami M, Takahashi A, Momozawa Y, Suzuki K, Ogishima S, Shimizu A, Satoh M, Matsuo K, Mikami H, Naito M, Wakai K, Yamaji T, Sawada N, Iwasaki M, Tsugane S, Kohri K, Yu ASL, Yasui T, Murakami Y, Kubo M, Matsuda K
J Am Soc Nephrol 2019 May;30(5):855-864. Epub 2019 Apr 11 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2018090942. PMID: 30975718Free PMC Article
Quantitative trait locus on chromosome 20q13 for plasma levels of C-reactive protein in healthy whites: the HERITAGE Family Study.
Lakka TA, Rankinen T, Rice T, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Bouchard C
Physiol Genomics 2006 Oct 11;27(2):103-7. Epub 2006 Jul 5 doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00054.2005. PMID: 16822830
Genome-wide linkage scans for prediabetes phenotypes in response to 20 weeks of endurance exercise training in non-diabetic whites and blacks: the HERITAGE Family Study.
An P, Teran-Garcia M, Rice T, Rankinen T, Weisnagel SJ, Bergman RN, Boston RC, Mandel S, Stefanovski D, Leon AS, Skinner JS, Rao DC, Bouchard C; HERITAGE Family Study
Diabetologia 2005 Jun;48(6):1142-9. Epub 2005 May 3 doi: 10.1007/s00125-005-1769-4. PMID: 15868134
INS VNTR is a QTL for the insulin response to oral glucose in obese children.
Dos Santos C, Fallin D, Le Stunff C, LeFur S, Bougnères P
Physiol Genomics 2004 Feb 13;16(3):309-13. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00024.2003. PMID: 14657411
Genetics of insulin resistance.
Pedersen O
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1999;107(2):113-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1212085. PMID: 10320051

Therapy

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in ∼700000 individuals of European ancestry.
Yengo L, Sidorenko J, Kemper KE, Zheng Z, Wood AR, Weedon MN, Frayling TM, Hirschhorn J, Yang J, Visscher PM; GIANT Consortium
Hum Mol Genet 2018 Oct 15;27(20):3641-3649. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddy271. PMID: 30124842Free PMC Article
Heritability and GWAS Studies for Monocyte-Lymphocyte Ratio.
Lin BD, Willemsen G, Fedko IO, Jansen R, Penninx B, de Geus E, Kluft C, Hottenga J, Boomsma DI
Twin Res Hum Genet 2017 Apr;20(2):97-107. Epub 2017 Feb 14 doi: 10.1017/thg.2017.3. PMID: 28193307
Common variation at PPARGC1A/B and change in body composition and metabolic traits following preventive interventions: the Diabetes Prevention Program.
Franks PW, Christophi CA, Jablonski KA, Billings LK, Delahanty LM, Horton ES, Knowler WC, Florez JC; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
Diabetologia 2014 Mar;57(3):485-90. Epub 2013 Dec 7 doi: 10.1007/s00125-013-3133-4. PMID: 24317794Free PMC Article
INS VNTR is a QTL for the insulin response to oral glucose in obese children.
Dos Santos C, Fallin D, Le Stunff C, LeFur S, Bougnères P
Physiol Genomics 2004 Feb 13;16(3):309-13. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00024.2003. PMID: 14657411
Genetics of insulin resistance.
Pedersen O
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1999;107(2):113-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1212085. PMID: 10320051

Prognosis

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in ∼700000 individuals of European ancestry.
Yengo L, Sidorenko J, Kemper KE, Zheng Z, Wood AR, Weedon MN, Frayling TM, Hirschhorn J, Yang J, Visscher PM; GIANT Consortium
Hum Mol Genet 2018 Oct 15;27(20):3641-3649. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddy271. PMID: 30124842Free PMC Article
New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.
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Nature 2015 Feb 12;518(7538):187-196. doi: 10.1038/nature14132. PMID: 25673412Free PMC Article
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Clinical prediction guides

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Nature 2015 Feb 12;518(7538):187-196. doi: 10.1038/nature14132. PMID: 25673412Free PMC Article
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Bone 2003 Sep;33(3):308-16. doi: 10.1016/s8756-3282(03)00173-x. PMID: 13678771
Genetics of insulin resistance.
Pedersen O
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1999;107(2):113-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1212085. PMID: 10320051

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