A form of inflammation of the kidney affecting the interstitium of the kidneys surrounding the tubules.

Hypoplasia of the kidney.

A reduction in the level of performance of the kidneys in areas of function comprising the concentration of urine, removal of wastes, the maintenance of electrolyte balance, homeostasis of blood pressure, and calcium metabolism.

A type of chronic kidney disease with moderately reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2).

An increase in amplitude of waves returned in ultrasonography of the kidney, which is generally displayed as increased brightness of the signal.

The presence of chronic increased pressure in the systemic arterial system.

An abnormal restriction of fetal growth with fetal weight below the tenth percentile for gestational age.

A deficiency or slowing down of growth pre- and postnatally.

Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.

A progressive form of sensorineural hearing impairment.

A movement disorder which consists of effects including diminished voluntary movements and the presence of involuntary movements.

An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk.

An extra-parenchymal and intra-arachnoidal collection of fluid with a composition similar to that of cerebrospinal fluid.

Involuntary movements characterized by both athetosis (inability to sustain muscles in a fixed position) and chorea (widespread jerky arrhythmic movements).

The corpus callosum is the largest fiber tract in the central nervous system and the major interhemispheric fiber bundle in the brain. Formation of the corpus callosum begins as early as 6 weeks' gestation, with the first fibers crossing the midline at 11 to 12 weeks' gestation, and completion of the basic shape by age 18 to 20 weeks (Schell-Apacik et al., 2008). Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is one of the most frequent malformations in brain with a reported incidence ranging between 0.5 and 70 in 10,000 births. ACC is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition, which can be observed either as an isolated condition or as a manifestation in the context of a congenital syndrome (see MOLECULAR GENETICS and Dobyns, 1996). Also see mirror movements-1 and/or agenesis of the corpus callosum (MRMV1; 157600). Schell-Apacik et al. (2008) noted that there is confusion in the literature regarding radiologic terminology concerning partial absence of the corpus callosum, where various designations have been used, including hypogenesis, hypoplasia, partial agenesis, or dysgenesis.

Pachygyria is a malformation of cortical development with abnormally wide gyri with sulci 1,5-3 cm apart and abnormally thick cortex measuring more than 5 mm (radiological definition). See also neuropathological definitions for 2-, 3-, and 4-layered lissencephaly.

A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.

A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.

The term gait disturbance can refer to any disruption of the ability to walk.

A kind of ataxia that affects movements of the extremities.

Loss of developmental skills, as manifested by loss of developmental milestones.

A severe delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child.

Ocular motor apraxia is a deficiency in voluntary, horizontal, lateral, fast eye movements (saccades) with retention of slow pursuit movements. The inability to follow objects visually is often compensated by head movements. There may be decreased smooth pursuit, and cancelation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex.

An abnormal forward-flexed posture e.g. forward flexion of the spine, which is noticeable when standing or walking but disappears when lying down. It is becoming an increasingly recognized feature of Parkinson's disease and dystonic disorders.

Reduced muscle tone of a muscle that is innervated by the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve).

Muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone) affecting the musculature of the trunk.

Muscular hypotonia of one or more limbs.

Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.

Respiratory difficulty as newborn.

An abnormally increased potassium concentration in the blood.

An increased concentration of the MB isoform of creatine kinase in the blood circulation.

The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations above the mean for age (objective); or, the inclination of the palpebral fissure is greater than typical for age.

Mid upper eyelash length >10 mm or increased length of the eyelashes (subjective).

Single umbilical artery (SUA) is the absence of one of the two umbilical arteries surrounding the fetal bladder and in the fetal umbilical cord.

The upper eyelid margin is positioned 3 mm or more lower than usual and covers the superior portion of the iris (objective); or, the upper lid margin obscures at least part of the pupil (subjective).

Atrophy of the optic nerve. Optic atrophy results from the death of the retinal ganglion cell axons that comprise the optic nerve and manifesting as a pale optic nerve on fundoscopy.

A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error.