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    GLK2 GOLDEN2-like 2 [ Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) ]

    Gene ID: 834442, updated on 18-Sep-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    GLK2
    Official Full Name
    GOLDEN2-like 2
    Primary source
    TAIR:AT5G44190
    Locus tag
    AT5G44190
    See related
    Araport:AT5G44190
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype: Columbia)
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta; Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae; rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis
    Also known as
    ATGLK2; GBF'S PRO-RICH REGION-INTERACTING FACTOR 2; GOLDEN2-like 2; GPRI2; MLN1.11; MLN1_11
    Summary
    Encodes GLK2, Golden2-like 2, one of a pair of partially redundant nuclear transcription factors that regulate chloroplast development in a cell-autonomous manner. GLK1, Golden2-like 1, is encoded by At2g20570. GLK1 and GLK2 regulate the expression of the photosynthetic apparatus.
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    Genomic context

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    See GLK2 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    chromosome: 5
    Exon count:
    4
    Sequence:
    Chromosome: 5; NC_003076.8 (17798262..17800926)

    Chromosome 5 - NC_003076.8Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases superfamily protein Neighboring gene Homeodomain-like transcriptional regulator Neighboring gene CAP-binding protein 20 Neighboring gene erf domain protein 9

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Genomic Sequence:
    NC_003076.8

    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors coordinate the tolerance to Cucumber mosaic virus in Arabidopsis. Han XY, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2016 Sep 2. PMID 27346129
    2. Coordination of Chloroplast Development through the Action of the GNC and GLK Transcription Factor Families. Zubo YO, et al. Plant Physiol, 2018 Sep. PMID 30002259, Free PMC Article
    3. Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus P69 Interacts with and Suppresses GLK Transcription Factors to Cause Pale-Green Symptoms in Arabidopsis. Ni F, et al. Mol Plant, 2017 May 1. PMID 27964999
    4. GOLDEN 2-LIKE transcription factors for chloroplast development affect ozone tolerance through the regulation of stomatal movement. Nagatoshi Y, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2016 Apr 12. PMID 27035938, Free PMC Article
    5. Definition of a core module for the nuclear retrograde response to altered organellar gene expression identifies GLK overexpressors as gun mutants. Leister D, et al. Physiol Plant, 2016 Jul. PMID 26876646

    See all (14) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Antagonistic modules regulate photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes via GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors.
      Title: Antagonistic modules regulate photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes via GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors.
    2. Results indicate key regulatory features of the GATA NITRATE-INDUCIBLE CARBON-METABOLISM-INVOLVED (GNC) and GOLDEN TWO-LIKE (GLK2) transcription factor families that contribute to the control of chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthetic activity.
      Title: Coordination of Chloroplast Development through the Action of the GNC and GLK Transcription Factor Families.
    3. P69 binding to GLK proteins may interfere with the interaction between GLK proteins and upstream transcription factors, causing defective binding of GLK proteins to their targets.
      Title: Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus P69 Interacts with and Suppresses GLK Transcription Factors to Cause Pale-Green Symptoms in Arabidopsis.
    4. results indicated that GLKs played a positively role in virus resistance in Arabidopsis
      Title: GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors coordinate the tolerance to Cucumber mosaic virus in Arabidopsis.
    5. Overexpressors of the Golden2-like transcription factors GLK1 and GLK2 were identified as genomes uncoupled mutants.
      Title: Definition of a core module for the nuclear retrograde response to altered organellar gene expression identifies GLK overexpressors as gun mutants.
    6. plants that overexpress GLK1/2 exhibited an open-stomata phenotype and higher sensitivity to ozone
      Title: GOLDEN 2-LIKE transcription factors for chloroplast development affect ozone tolerance through the regulation of stomatal movement.
    7. Overexpression of GLKs caused up-regulation of not only their direct targets but also non-target nuclear and plastid genes, leading to global induction of chloroplast biogenesis in the root.
      Title: Photosynthesis of root chloroplasts developed in Arabidopsis lines overexpressing GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors.
    8. ORE1 interacts with the G2-like transcription factors GLK1 and GLK2, which are important for chloroplast development and maintenance.
      Title: ORE1 balances leaf senescence against maintenance by antagonizing G2-like-mediated transcription.
    9. GLK1 and GLK2 stimulate expression of chlorophyll biosynthesis and light-harvesting genes.
      Title: GLK transcription factors coordinate expression of the photosynthetic apparatus in Arabidopsis.
    10. GLK1 and GLK2 are functionally equivalent. They act in a cell-autonomous manner to regulate chloroplast development. When mis-expressed in the phloem, GLKs can be unloaded into adjoining photosynthetic tissue.
      Title: GLK transcription factors regulate chloroplast development in a cell-autonomous manner.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction

    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Homology

    NM_123786.4

    Gene Ontology Provided by TAIR

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables DNA binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    acts_upstream_of_or_within chloroplast organization IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of flower development IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of leaf senescence IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of chlorophyll biosynthetic process IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in nucleus IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    GOLDEN2-like 2
    NP_199232.1
    • GOLDEN2-like 2 (GLK2); CONTAINS InterPro DOMAIN/s: Homeodomain-like (InterPro:IPR009057), Myb, DNA-binding (InterPro:IPR014778), Myb-like DNA-binding domain, SHAQKYF class (InterPro:IPR006447), HTH transcriptional regulator, Myb-type, DNA-binding (InterPro:IPR017930), Homeodomain-related (InterPro:IPR012287); BEST Arabidopsis thaliana protein match is: GBF's pro-rich region-interacting factor 1 (TAIR:AT2G20570.1); Has 1672 Blast hits to 1670 proteins in 70 species: Archae - 0; Bacteria - 6; Metazoa - 7; Fungi - 2; Plants - 1623; Viruses - 0; Other Eukaryotes - 34 (source: NCBI BLink).

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    Genome Annotation

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_003076.8 Reference assembly

      Range
      17798262..17800926
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001344537.1 → NP_001331906.1  GOLDEN2-like 2 [Arabidopsis thaliana]

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A178UP21, A0A1P8BF90

    2. NM_123786.4 → NP_199232.1  GOLDEN2-like 2 [Arabidopsis thaliana]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_199232.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q94A45, Q9FFH0
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A178UP21, A0A5S9YAV4, A0A654G8C9
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      PLN03162
      Location:145 → 384
      PLN03162; golden-2 like transcription factor; Provisional
      COG2931
      Location:9 → 84
      COG2931; Ca2+-binding protein, RTX toxin-related [Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism]
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q9FFH0.1

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