ss spineless [Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: ssprovided by FlyBase
Official Full Name: spinelessprovided by FlyBase
Primary source: FLYBASE:FBgn0003513
Locus tag: Dmel_CG6993
See related: AllianceGenome:FB:FBgn0003513
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Drosophila melanogaster
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora
Also known as: AhR; AHR; CG6993; dAHR; Dmel\CG6993; Ss; SS; ssa
Summary: Enables protein heterodimerization activity. Contributes to DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific. Involved in several processes, including R7 cell differentiation; imaginal disc-derived appendage morphogenesis; and regulation of dendrite morphogenesis. Located in nucleus. Is expressed in several structures, including epithelial furrow; eye photoreceptor cell; imaginal disc; organism subdivision; and sense organ. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in retinitis pigmentosa 85. Orthologous to several human genes including AHR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Dec 2024]
Orthologs: all
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Genomic context

Location:: 89B14-89B15; 3-58 cM

Exon count:: 9

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
Release 6.54	current	Release 6 plus ISO1 MT (GCF_000001215.4)	3R	NT_033777.3 (16374434..16403690, complement)
Release 5.57	previous assembly	Release 5 (GCF_000001215.2)	3R	NT_033777.2 (12200156..12229412, complement)

Chromosome 3R - NT_033777.3 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

although individual ss alleles make independent stochastic choices, interchromosomal communication coordinates expression state between alleles, ensuring that they are both expressed in the same random subset of R7 photoreceptors.
Title: Interchromosomal communication coordinates intrinsically stochastic expression between alleles.
Studies suggest there are two apparently different functions of Ahr, dioxin-mediated and dioxin-independent, are in fact two different levels (hyperactivated and basal, respectively) of a single function.
Title: Dioxin toxicity in vivo results from an increase in the dioxin-independent transcriptional activity of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
Interaction of the ss and CG5017 genes in the regulation of morphogensis of limbs in Drosophila melanogaster
Title: [Interaction of the ss and CG5017 genes in the regulation of morphogensis of limbs in Drosophila melanogaster].
The function of Antennapedia in the leg is not to repress homothorax, as has been suggested, but to directly repress spineless and other antennal genes that would otherwise be activated within this ring.
Title: Control of the spineless antennal enhancer: direct repression of antennal target genes by Antennapedia.
Six chimeric proteins clarified that amino acids 291-350 of the ligand-binding domain, i.e. the middle region, were required to keep the protein in the active form in the absence of ligand binding.
Title: Characterization of the region of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor required for ligand dependency of transactivation using chimeric receptor between Drosophila and Mus musculus.
Spineless is necessary for the diversification of dendrite morphology of Drosophila dendritic arborization neurons
Title: The bHLH-PAS protein Spineless is necessary for the diversification of dendrite morphology of Drosophila dendritic arborization neurons.
Data suggest that Bar expression may be temporally regulated through transient inhibition of premature activation of the basal enhancer via specific binding of the Spineless/Tango heterodimer to the negative regulatory motif.
Title: Temporal regulation of late expression of Bar homeobox genes during Drosophila leg development by Spineless, a homolog of the mammalian dioxin receptor.
this study suggests that the entire retinal mosaic required for colour vision is defined by the stochastic expression of a single transcription factor, Spineless
Title: Stochastic spineless expression creates the retinal mosaic for colour vision.
ss+ is not a purely passive target of its regulators: ss+ partially represses hth in the third antennal segment and lies upstream of Dll in the development of the maxillary palp primordia
Title: Regulation of the Drosophila distal antennal determinant spineless.
Fish-lips (Fili) protein regulates the autonomous and nonautonomous apoptosis caused by spineless during wing-to-leg homeosis.
Title: Wing-to-Leg homeosis by spineless causes apoptosis regulated by Fish-lips, a novel leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein.

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Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Homology

NCBI Orthologs

Orthologs from OrthoDB

Gene Ontology Provided by FlyBase

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
contributes_to DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables nuclear receptor activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables protein dimerization activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables protein heterodimerization activity	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables transcription cis-regulatory region binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in R7 cell differentiation	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in antennal development	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in antennal morphogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in imaginal disc-derived leg segmentation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in male courtship behavior	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in memory	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of DNA-templated transcription	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in regulation of R7 cell differentiation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of dendrite morphogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in response to xenobiotic stimulus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in specification of animal organ identity	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in xenobiotic metabolic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
part_of aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in cytosol	HDA more info	PubMed
is_active_in nucleus	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: spineless

Names: CG6993-PA; CG6993-PC; CG6993-PD; aristapedia; spineless-aristapedia; ss-PA; ss-PC; ss-PD

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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Genome Annotation

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference assembly

Genomic

NT_033777.3 Reference assembly

Range

16374434..16403690 complement

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GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_057400.4 → NP_476748.1 spineless, isoform A [Drosophila melanogaster]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_476748.1

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

O61543, Q9VEV9

Related

FBpp0082768

Conserved Domains (4) summary

smart00353
Location:35 → 76

HLH; helix loop helix domain

smart00091
Location:123 → 178

PAS; PAS domain

cd00130
Location:291 → 369

PAS; PAS domain; PAS motifs appear in archaea, eubacteria and eukarya. Probably the most surprising identification of a PAS domain was that in EAG-like K+-channels. PAS domains have been found to bind ligands, and to act as sensors for light and oxygen in ...

pfam08447
Location:282 → 366

PAS_3; PAS fold
NM_001170158.3 → NP_001163629.2 spineless, isoform D [Drosophila melanogaster]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001163629.2

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

E1JIM6, O61543

Conserved Domains (4) summary

smart00353
Location:35 → 76

HLH; helix loop helix domain

smart00091
Location:123 → 178

PAS; PAS domain

cd00130
Location:291 → 369

PAS; PAS domain; PAS motifs appear in archaea, eubacteria and eukarya. Probably the most surprising identification of a PAS domain was that in EAG-like K+-channels. PAS domains have been found to bind ligands, and to act as sensors for light and oxygen in ...

pfam08447
Location:282 → 366

PAS_3; PAS fold
NM_001260211.2 → NP_001247140.1 spineless, isoform C [Drosophila melanogaster]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001247140.1

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

E1JIM6, O61543

Conserved Domains (4) summary

smart00353
Location:35 → 76

HLH; helix loop helix domain

smart00091
Location:123 → 178

PAS; PAS domain

cd00130
Location:291 → 369

PAS; PAS domain; PAS motifs appear in archaea, eubacteria and eukarya. Probably the most surprising identification of a PAS domain was that in EAG-like K+-channels. PAS domains have been found to bind ligands, and to act as sensors for light and oxygen in ...

pfam08447
Location:282 → 366

PAS_3; PAS fold