grh grainy head [Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: grhprovided by FlyBase
Official Full Name: grainy headprovided by FlyBase
Primary source: FLYBASE:FBgn0259211
Locus tag: Dmel_CG42311
See related: AllianceGenome:FB:FBgn0259211
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Drosophila melanogaster
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora
Also known as: BcDNA:LD38807; CG30111; CG42311; CG5058; Dmel\CG42311; DREB; EG:191D12.1; Elf-1; Elf-1/NTF-1; elf1; Elf1; ELF1; elf1(CAG)[[7]]; Gh; Grh; GRH; hsk; l(2)06850; l(2)IM45; l(2)s2140; Ntf; NTF; ntf-1; NTF-1; NTF-1/Elf-1; Ntf1; NTF1; SN2-1
Old locus tag: Dmel_CG30111; Dmel_CG5058
Summary: Enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific; protein homodimerization activity; and sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Involved in several processes, including chitin-based embryonic cuticle biosynthetic process; compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation; and open tracheal system development. Located in nucleus. Is expressed in several structures, including anlage in statu nascendi; anterior-posterior subdivision of organism; epithelium; ganglia; and neuroblasts. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in autosomal dominant nonsyndromic deafness 28 and posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 4. Orthologous to human GRHL1 (grainyhead like transcription factor 1); GRHL2 (grainyhead like transcription factor 2); and GRHL3 (grainyhead like transcription factor 3). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Dec 2024]
Orthologs: all
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Genomic context

Location:: 54E10-54F1; 2-84 cM

Exon count:: 19

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
Release 6.54	current	Release 6 plus ISO1 MT (GCF_000001215.4)	2R	NT_033778.4 (17801132..17842820)
Release 5.57	previous assembly	Release 5 (GCF_000001215.2)	2R	NT_033778.3 (13688637..13730325)

Chromosome 2R - NT_033778.4 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Establishment of chromatin accessibility by the conserved transcription factor Grainy head is developmentally regulated.
Title: Establishment of chromatin accessibility by the conserved transcription factor Grainy head is developmentally regulated.
Grh knockdown disrupts actomyosin dynamics upon injury of the Drosophila pupa epithelial tissue.
Title: Novel role for Grainy head in the regulation of cytoskeletal and junctional dynamics during epithelial repair.
Using ATAC-seq across a panel of Drosophila inbred strains, we found that SNPs affecting binding sites of the TF Grainy head (Grh) causally determine the accessibility of epithelial enhancers. Authors show that deletion and ectopic expression of Grh cause loss and gain of DNA accessibility, respectively.
Title: The transcription factor Grainy head primes epithelial enhancers for spatiotemporal activation by displacing nucleosomes.
Grh, AbdA, and Exd function together at multiple motifs on the apoptotic enhancer. Exd-Grh-Notch work with different Hox genes through region specific enhancers to pattern respective segments of larval central nervous system.
Title: Combinatorial action of Grainyhead, Extradenticle and Notch in regulating Hox mediated apoptosis in Drosophila larval CNS.
Grh and Vvl participate in a regulatory network controlling epithelial maturation.
Title: Genome-wide identification of Grainy head targets in Drosophila reveals regulatory interactions with the POU domain transcription factor Vvl.
Grh remains bound to at least 1146 genomic loci over days of development. Grh binds to target genes well before the Grh-dependent transcriptional program commences.
Title: Stable Binding of the Conserved Transcription Factor Grainy Head to its Target Genes Throughout Drosophila melanogaster Development.
The transcription factor Grainy head and the steroid hormone ecdysone drive the production of two partially overlapping sets of cuticle factors.
Title: The transcription factor Grainy head and the steroid hormone ecdysone cooperate during differentiation of the skin of Drosophila melanogaster.
results suggest that Grh acts as an activator to support expression of ind, which was surprising as we identified this factor using an element that mediates dorsally-localized repression
Title: Lateral gene expression in Drosophila early embryos is supported by Grainyhead-mediated activation and tiers of dorsally-localized repression.
Phosphorylation of Grainy head by ERK is essential for wound-dependent regeneration but not for development of an epidermal barrier
Title: Phosphorylation of Grainy head by ERK is essential for wound-dependent regeneration but not for development of an epidermal barrier.
Grainyhead and Zelda compete for binding to the promoters of the earliest-expressed Drosophila genes
Title: Grainyhead and Zelda compete for binding to the promoters of the earliest-expressed Drosophila genes.

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Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

Dm0068 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:78794

Homology

NCBI Orthologs

Orthologs from OrthoDB

Gene Ontology Provided by FlyBase

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables DNA binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables protein homodimerization activity	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables sequence-specific DNA binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in R3/R4 cell fate commitment	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in chitin-based cuticle development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in chitin-based embryonic cuticle biosynthetic process	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in epithelial cell morphogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in ganglion mother cell fate determination	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in membrane organization	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in nervous system development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in open tracheal system development	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of cell population proliferation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of neurogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in regulation of tube length, open tracheal system	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of wound healing	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in rhabdomere development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in tracheal outgrowth, open tracheal system	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in ventral cord development	HMP more info	PubMed
involved_in ventral cord development	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
is_active_in nucleus	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: grainy head

Names: CG42311-PH; CG42311-PI; CG42311-PJ; CG42311-PK; CG42311-PL; CG42311-PN; CG42311-PO; CG42311-PP; decapentaplegic repression element binding protein; element I binding activity; grainyhead; grh-PH; grh-PI; grh-PJ; grh-PK; grh-PL; grh-PN; grh-PO; grh-PP; head skeleton; neurogenic element binding transcription factor; neuronal transcription factor 1; suppressor of NA9 2-1