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    VAR2 FtsH extracellular protease family [ Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) ]

    Gene ID: 817646, updated on 18-Sep-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    VAR2
    Official Full Name
    FtsH extracellular protease family
    Primary source
    TAIR:AT2G30950
    Locus tag
    AT2G30950
    See related
    Araport:AT2G30950
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype: Columbia)
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta; Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae; rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis
    Also known as
    F7F1.16; F7F1_16; FTSH2; VARIEGATED 2
    Summary
    Metalloprotease that functions in thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Involved in the repair of PSII following damaged incurred during photoinhibition. Forms a complex with VAR1. Mutants show a variegated phenotype, which decreases during development. Transcript and protein levels increase with light intensity. In plsp1-1 mutant plastids, the nonmature form of the protein localizes in the membrane.
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    Genomic context

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    See VAR2 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    chromosome: 2
    Exon count:
    5
    Sequence:
    Chromosome: 2; NC_003071.7 (13174279..13177223)

    Chromosome 2 - NC_003071.7Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene transmembrane protein, putative (DUF3317) Neighboring gene ncRNA Neighboring gene ncRNA Neighboring gene myosin-M heavy chain-like protein Neighboring gene ncRNA Neighboring gene aspartate aminotransferase 1 Neighboring gene SHAGGY-related protein kinase dZeta

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Genomic Sequence:
    NC_003071.7

    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Identification, characterization, and molecular cloning of a homologue of the bacterial FtsH protease in chloroplasts of higher plants. Lindahl M, et al. J Biol Chem, 1996 Nov 15. PMID 8910594
    2. [ATP-dependent FtsH and Lon chloroplast proteases]. Baranek M, et al. Postepy Biochem, 2011. PMID 21735825
    3. The FtsHi Enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana: Pseudo-Proteases with an Important Function. Mishra LS, et al. Int J Mol Sci, 2021 May 31. PMID 34072887, Free PMC Article
    4. White leaf sectors in yellow variegated2 are formed by viable cells with undifferentiated plastids. Kato Y, et al. Plant Physiol, 2007 Jun. PMID 17449646, Free PMC Article
    5. Allelic characterization of the leaf-variegated mutation var2 identifies the conserved amino acid residues of FtsH that are important for ATP hydrolysis and proteolysis. Sakamoto W, et al. Plant Mol Biol, 2004 Nov. PMID 15803409

    See all (44) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. The FtsHi Enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana: Pseudo-Proteases with an Important Function.
      Title: The FtsHi Enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana: Pseudo-Proteases with an Important Function.
    2. The chloroplast metalloproteases VAR2 and EGY1 act synergistically to regulate chloroplast development in Arabidopsis.
      Title: The chloroplast metalloproteases VAR2 and EGY1 act synergistically to regulate chloroplast development in Arabidopsis.
    3. the thylakoid membrane-bound FtsH5 and FtsH2 have dual functions in the maintenance of photosynthetic complexes.
      Title: Thylakoid-Bound FtsH Proteins Facilitate Proper Biosynthesis of Photosystem I.
    4. The initiation of (1)O2 signaling in grana margins depends on EX1 and the ATP-dependent zinc metalloprotease FtsH. As FtsH cleaves also the D1 protein during the disassembly of damaged PSII, EX1- and (1)O2-mediated signaling seems to be not only spatially but also functionally associated with the repair of PSII
      Title: Singlet oxygen- and EXECUTER1-mediated signaling is initiated in grana margins and depends on the protease FtsH2.
    5. SVR10 and BPG2 are functionally related with VAR2, likely through their potential roles in regulating chloroplast protein homeostasis.
      Title: Mutations in circularly permuted GTPase family genes AtNOA1/RIF1/SVR10 and BPG2 suppress var2-mediated leaf variegation in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    6. The virescent clpR4-3 mutation suppresses leaf variegation of thf1 and var2.
      Title: Proteomic evidence for genetic epistasis: ClpR4 mutations switch leaf variegation to virescence in Arabidopsis.
    7. A brief update of im and var2 and the functions of PTOX and AtFtsH2, is provided.
      Title: Understanding chloroplast biogenesis using second-site suppressors of immutans and var2.
    8. The disruption of specific aspects of chloroplast translation, rather than a general impairment in chloroplast translation, suppress var2 variegation and the existence of complex genetic interactions in chloroplast development.
      Title: Genetic interactions reveal that specific defects of chloroplast translation are associated with the suppression of var2-mediated leaf variegation.
    9. These data demonstrate in vivo cooperative degradation of D1, in which Deg cleavage assists FtsH processive degradation under photoinhibitory conditions.
      Title: Cooperative D1 degradation in the photosystem II repair mediated by chloroplastic proteases in Arabidopsis.
    10. To gain structural information of the possible complexes, the Arabidopsis FtsH2 (type B) and FtsH5 (type A) were modeled.
      Title: The hetero-hexameric nature of a chloroplast AAA+ FtsH protease contributes to its thermodynamic stability.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (21)

    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Homology

    NM_001336312.1
    NM_179825.3

    Gene Ontology Provided by TAIR

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables ATP hydrolysis activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables ATP-dependent peptidase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables ATP-dependent peptidase activity ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables metalloendopeptidase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables metallopeptidase activity ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables zinc ion binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    acts_upstream_of_or_within PSII associated light-harvesting complex II catabolic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within chloroplast organization IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within photoinhibition IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within photosystem I assembly IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within photosystem II repair IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within protein catabolic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within reactive oxygen species metabolic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within thylakoid membrane organization IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in chloroplast HDA PubMed 
    located_in chloroplast IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in chloroplast ISM
    Inferred from Sequence Model
    more info
    		  
    located_in chloroplast envelope HDA PubMed 
    located_in chloroplast thylakoid HDA PubMed 
    located_in chloroplast thylakoid membrane HDA PubMed 
    located_in chloroplast thylakoid membrane IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in peroxisome HDA PubMed 
    located_in thylakoid HDA PubMed 
    located_in thylakoid lumen HDA PubMed 

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    FtsH extracellular protease family
    NP_850156.1
    • VARIEGATED 2 (VAR2); FUNCTIONS IN: metallopeptidase activity, ATP-dependent peptidase activity, ATPase activity, zinc ion binding; INVOLVED IN: photoinhibition, oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolic process, thylakoid membrane organization, PSII associated light-harvesting complex II catabolic process, protein catabolic process; LOCATED IN: in 6 components; EXPRESSED IN: 26 plant structures; EXPRESSED DURING: 15 growth stages; CONTAINS InterPro DOMAIN/s: Peptidase M41, FtsH (InterPro:IPR005936), ATPase, AAA+ type, core (InterPro:IPR003593), ATPase, AAA-type, core (InterPro:IPR003959), ATPase, AAA-type, conserved site (InterPro:IPR003960), Peptidase M41 (InterPro:IPR000642), Peptidase M41, FtsH extracellular (InterPro:IPR011546); BEST Arabidopsis thaliana protein match is: FTSH protease 8 (TAIR:AT1G06430.1); Has 42824 Blast hits to 40381 proteins in 3333 species: Archae - 1597; Bacteria - 18199; Metazoa - 4991; Fungi - 3835; Plants - 3350; Viruses - 34; Other Eukaryotes - 10818 (source: NCBI BLink).

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    Genome Annotation

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_003071.7 Reference assembly

      Range
      13174279..13177223
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001336310.1 → NP_001323510.1  FtsH extracellular protease family [Arabidopsis thaliana]

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      O80860, Q56Z14, Q94AZ0
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A178W2Q8, A0A5S9X2W5, A0A654EYT4
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      CHL00176
      Location:85 → 676
      ftsH; cell division protein; Validated

    2. NM_001336311.1 → NP_001323511.1  FtsH extracellular protease family [Arabidopsis thaliana]

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      O80860, Q56Z14, Q94AZ0
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A178W2Q8, A0A5S9X2W5, A0A654EYT4
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      CHL00176
      Location:85 → 676
      ftsH; cell division protein; Validated

    3. NM_179825.3 → NP_850156.1  FtsH extracellular protease family [Arabidopsis thaliana]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_850156.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      O80860, Q56Z14, Q94AZ0
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A178W2Q8, A0A5S9X2W5, A0A654EYT4
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      CHL00176
      Location:85 → 676
      ftsH; cell division protein; Validated

    4. NM_001336312.1 → NP_001323509.1  FtsH extracellular protease family [Arabidopsis thaliana]

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A1P8AXC1, A0A654EYT4
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    O80860.1

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