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    PPO2 Prophenoloxidase 2 [ Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) ]

    Gene ID: 35910, updated on 9-Dec-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    PPO2provided by FlyBase
    Official Full Name
    Prophenoloxidase 2provided by FlyBase
    Primary source
    FLYBASE:FBgn0033367
    Locus tag
    Dmel_CG8193
    See related
    AllianceGenome:FB:FBgn0033367
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Drosophila melanogaster
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora
    Also known as
    CG8193; Dmel\CG8193; DmePPO2; PO45; PPO; ppo2; Ppo2; proPo-A3; proPO45; ProPO45; proPOA(3)
    Summary
    Enables catechol oxidase activity and tyrosinase activity. Involved in defense response to other organism. Located in cytosol and extracellular space. Is expressed in several structures, including adult head; adult heart; embryonic/larval crystal cell; embryonic/larval hemolymph; and procrystal cell. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Dec 2024]
    Orthologs
    all
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    Genomic context

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    See PPO2 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    45A1-45A1; 2-60 cM
    Exon count:
    4
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    Release 6.54 current Release 6 plus ISO1 MT (GCF_000001215.4) 2R NT_033778.4 (9042261..9044709, complement)
    Release 5.57 previous assembly Release 5 (GCF_000001215.2) 2R NT_033778.3 (4929766..4932214, complement)

    Chromosome 2R - NT_033778.4Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized protein Neighboring gene uncharacterized protein Neighboring gene Ance-4 Neighboring gene uncharacterized protein Neighboring gene uncharacterized protein Neighboring gene anachronism Neighboring gene antisense RNA:CR45924

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Molecular modeling and phenoloxidase inhibitory activity of arbutin and arbutin undecylenic acid ester. Masyita A, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2021 Apr 2. PMID 33610043
    2. The Black cells phenotype is caused by a point mutation in the Drosophila pro-phenoloxidase 1 gene that triggers melanization and hematopoietic defects. Neyen C, et al. Dev Comp Immunol, 2015 Jun. PMID 25543001
    3. Specific amino acids affecting Drosophila melanogaster prophenoloxidase activity in vitro. Chen Y, et al. Dev Comp Immunol, 2012 Sep. PMID 22579944
    4. Regulation and function of the melanization reaction in Drosophila. Tang H. Fly (Austin), 2009 Jan-Mar. PMID 19164947
    5. Drosophila melanogaster has the enzymatic machinery to make the melanic component of neuromelanin. Barek H, et al. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 2018 Nov. PMID 29741814

    See all (136) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. PPO1 and PPO2 contribute to the bulk of melanization in the hemolymph, upon septic or clean injury. In contrast, PPO3, is expressed in lamellocytes and contributes to melanization during the encapsulation process.
      Title: Drosophila innate immunity: regional and functional specialization of prophenoloxidases.
    2. An important role for PPO1 and PPO2 in the survival to infection with Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, underlining the importance of melanization in insect host defense.
      Title: Prophenoloxidase activation is required for survival to microbial infections in Drosophila.
    3. rPPO1 and rPPO2 were expressed as apo-rPPO and became holo-PPO upon Cu(2+) binding; rPPO3 was holo-PPO immediately after expression.
      Title: Drosophila melanogaster prophenoloxidases respond inconsistently to Cu2+ and have different activity in vitro.
    4. biochemical properties, activation mode and in vivo role of Pro-PO3 (PPO3) are likely distinct from those of the other two Pro-PO enzymes involved in Drosophila physiology.
      Title: Involvement of pro-phenoloxidase 3 in lamellocyte-mediated spontaneous melanization in Drosophila.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction

    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Homology

    Gene Ontology Provided by FlyBase

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables catechol oxidase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables oxidoreductase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables tyrosinase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in defense response to fungus IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in defense response to fungus IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in dopamine metabolic process IC
    Inferred by Curator
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in hemolymph coagulation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in melanization defense response IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in melanization defense response IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in melanization defense response IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in melanotic encapsulation of foreign target IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in cytosol IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in extracellular region HDA PubMed 
    located_in extracellular region IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in extracellular space IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    prophenoloxidase 2
    Names
    CG8193-PA
    PPO2-PA
    phenoloxidase A3
    phenoloxidase subunit A3
    prophenoloxidase 45
    NP_610443.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    Genome Annotation

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference assembly

    Genomic

    1. NT_033778.4 Reference assembly

      Range
      9042261..9044709 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_136599.4 → NP_610443.1  prophenoloxidase 2 [Drosophila melanogaster]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_610443.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q9V521
      Related
      FBpp0087744
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      pfam00372
      Location:150 → 412
      Hemocyanin_M; Hemocyanin, copper containing domain
      pfam03722
      Location:19 → 140
      Hemocyanin_N; Hemocyanin, all-alpha domain
      pfam03723
      Location:421 → 675
      Hemocyanin_C; Hemocyanin, ig-like domain
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q9V521.1 Q9V521

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

    Other Literature Sources
    Chemical Information
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