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    DPE2 disproportionating enzyme 2 [ Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) ]

    Gene ID: 818682, updated on 18-Sep-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    DPE2
    Official Full Name
    disproportionating enzyme 2
    Primary source
    TAIR:AT2G40840
    Locus tag
    AT2G40840
    See related
    Araport:AT2G40840
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype: Columbia)
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta; Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae; rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis
    Also known as
    disproportionating enzyme 2; T20B5.4; T20B5_4
    Summary
    Encodes a cytosolic protein with transglucosidase and amylomaltase activity. It is an essential component of the pathway from starch to sucrose and cellular metabolism in leaves at night. The protein binds to heteroglycans and utilizes glucose, mannose and xylose as acceptors. Fucose and galactose can also act as acceptors but less efficiently than the previous three. It was also was also recently reported to act on maltodextrins. On the other hand, arabinose and fructose were not efficiently used. Its role probably includes metabolizing maltose exported from the chloroplast. Studies using maltose extracted from the double mutant be2-1 be3-2 showed that this enzyme is preferentially active of beta-maltose.
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    Genomic context

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    See DPE2 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    chromosome: 2
    Exon count:
    23
    Sequence:
    Chromosome: 2; NC_003071.7 (17044932..17051062)

    Chromosome 2 - NC_003071.7Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene stomatal closure actin-binding-like protein Neighboring gene RING-H2 finger C1A Neighboring gene phosphoinositide 4-kinase gamma 1 Neighboring gene protein kinase family protein / protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) family protein Neighboring gene cytochrome P450, family 98, subfamily A, polypeptide 3 Neighboring gene cystatin A

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Genomic Sequence:
    NC_003071.7

    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. A transglucosidase necessary for starch degradation and maltose metabolism in leaves at night acts on cytosolic heteroglycans (SHG). Fettke J, et al. Plant J, 2006 May. PMID 16640603
    2. Cellular and organ level localization of maltose in maltose-excess Arabidopsis mutants. Lu Y, et al. Planta, 2006 Sep. PMID 16596410
    3. A cytosolic glucosyltransferase is required for conversion of starch to sucrose in Arabidopsis leaves at night. Chia T, et al. Plant J, 2004 Mar. PMID 14996213
    4. The role of amylomaltase in maltose metabolism in the cytosol of photosynthetic cells. Lu Y, et al. Planta, 2004 Jan. PMID 14593480
    5. Double knockout mutants of Arabidopsis grown under normal conditions reveal that the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme participates in transitory starch metabolism. Malinova I, et al. Plant Physiol, 2014 Feb. PMID 24302650, Free PMC Article

    See all (13) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Reduced starch granule number per chloroplast in the DPE2/PHS1 mutant is dependent on initiation of starch degradation via GWD3.
      Title: Reduced starch granule number per chloroplast in the dpe2/phs1 mutant is dependent on initiation of starch degradation.
    2. When grown in a light-dark regime, mesophyll chloroplasts of dpe2-1xphs1a contain a single starch granule but under continuous illumination more granules per chloroplast are formed.
      Title: Double knockout mutants of Arabidopsis grown under normal conditions reveal that the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme participates in transitory starch metabolism.
    3. pgm, sex1, mex1, dpe1 and dpe2 starch metabolism mutants grown in three different photoperiods display root growth patterns of all genotypes characteristic modifications in their diurnal kinetics that were also affected by the photoperiod.
      Title: Mutations in leaf starch metabolism modulate the diurnal root growth profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana.
    4. DPE2 is not associated with the chloroplast in Arabidopsis thaliana.
      Title: Cellular and organ level localization of maltose in maltose-excess Arabidopsis mutants.
    5. A comparison of ATPHS2 and DPE2 from A. thaliana with MalP and MalQ from E. coli is presented.
      Title: The role of cytosolic alpha-glucan phosphorylase in maltose metabolism and the comparison of amylomaltase in Arabidopsis and Escherichia coli.
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    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    NM_129647.4

    Gene Ontology Provided by TAIR

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables 4-alpha-glucanotransferase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables 4-alpha-glucanotransferase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables 4-alpha-glucanotransferase activity IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables heteropolysaccharide binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables starch binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    acts_upstream_of_or_within maltose catabolic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within maltose metabolic process IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within polysaccharide metabolic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within starch catabolic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in chloroplast ISM
    Inferred from Sequence Model
    more info
    		  
    located_in cytosol HDA PubMed 
    located_in cytosol IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    disproportionating enzyme 2
    NP_181616.3
    • disproportionating enzyme 2 (DPE2); FUNCTIONS IN: 4-alpha-glucanotransferase activity, heteroglycan binding; INVOLVED IN: polysaccharide metabolic process, circadian rhythm, maltose catabolic process, maltose metabolic process, starch catabolic process; LOCATED IN: cytosol; EXPRESSED IN: 23 plant structures; EXPRESSED DURING: 13 growth stages; CONTAINS InterPro DOMAIN/s: Immunoglobulin-like fold (InterPro:IPR013783), Carbohydrate-binding-like fold (InterPro:IPR013784), Glycoside hydrolase, family 77 (InterPro:IPR003385), Glycoside hydrolase, catalytic core (InterPro:IPR017853), Glycoside hydrolase, carbohydrate-binding (InterPro:IPR002044), Glycoside hydrolase, subgroup, catalytic core (InterPro:IPR013781); BEST Arabidopsis thaliana protein match is: disproportionating enzyme (TAIR:AT5G64860.1); Has 35333 Blast hits to 34131 proteins in 2444 species: Archae - 798; Bacteria - 22429; Metazoa - 974; Fungi - 991; Plants - 531; Viruses - 0; Other Eukaryotes - 9610 (source: NCBI BLink).

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    Genome Annotation

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_003071.7 Reference assembly

      Range
      17044932..17051062
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_129647.4 → NP_181616.3  disproportionating enzyme 2 [Arabidopsis thaliana]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_181616.3

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      O22198, Q8RXD9
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A178VUH8
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      cd05815
      Location:20 → 120
      CBM20_DPE2_repeat1; Disproportionating enzyme 2 (DPE2), N-terminal CBM20 (carbohydrate-binding module, family 20) domain, repeat 1. DPE2 is a transglucosidase that is essential for the cytosolic metabolism of maltose in plant leaves at night. Maltose is an intermediate on ...
      cd05816
      Location:164 → 261
      CBM20_DPE2_repeat2; Disproportionating enzyme 2 (DPE2), N-terminal CBM20 (carbohydrate-binding module, family 20) domain, repeat 2. DPE2 is a transglucosidase that is essential for the cytosolic metabolism of maltose in plant leaves at night. Maltose is an intermediate on ...
      PLN02950
      Location:17 → 918
      PLN02950; 4-alpha-glucanotransferase
      pfam02446
      Location:276 → 919
      Glyco_hydro_77; 4-alpha-glucanotransferase
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q8RXD9.1

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