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    PDYN prodynorphin [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 5173, updated on 4-Jan-2025

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    PDYNprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    prodynorphinprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:8820
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000101327 MIM:131340; AllianceGenome:HGNC:8820
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    ADCA; PENKB; SCA23
    Summary
    The protein encoded by this gene is a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to form the secreted opioid peptides beta-neoendorphin, dynorphin, leu-enkephalin, rimorphin, and leumorphin. These peptides are ligands for the kappa-type of opioid receptor. Dynorphin is involved in modulating responses to several psychoactive substances, including cocaine. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]
    Expression
    Restricted expression toward brain (RPKM 14.6) See more
    Orthologs
    mouse all
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    Genomic context

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    See PDYN in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    20p13
    Exon count:
    9
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 20 NC_000020.11 (1978756..1994285, complement)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 20 NC_060944.1 (2008889..2024418, complement)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 20 NC_000020.10 (1959402..1974931, complement)

    Chromosome 20 - NC_000020.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 17460 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124904857 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:1856587-1857086 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:1859821-1860322 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC102724545 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:1871108-1871632 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12595 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12596 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:1876698-1877213 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:1880839-1881408 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:1882505-1883004 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12597 Neighboring gene signal regulatory protein alpha Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:1917714-1918268 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:1918269-1918821 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:1920335-1920836 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:1920837-1921336 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:1926175-1926721 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 9993 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:1928155-1928702 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 1230 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 17462 Neighboring gene PDYN antisense RNA 1 Neighboring gene NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:1945208-1945758 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:1974244-1975074 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 7514 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:2075323-2075824 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:2075825-2076324 Neighboring gene ribosomal protein L7 pseudogene 2 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12598 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12599 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12600 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr20:2083234-2084202 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124900458 Neighboring gene serine/threonine kinase 35

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

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    • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
    • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
    • BioProject: PRJNA270632
    • Publication: PMID 26076956
    • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. The frequency of spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 in a UK population. Fawcett K, et al. J Neurol, 2013 Mar. PMID 23108490
    2. Association between VNTR polymorphism in promoter region of prodynorphin (PDYN) gene and heroin dependence. Saify K, et al. Psychiatry Res, 2014 Nov 30. PMID 25048760
    3. Polymorphism of Prodynorphin promoter is associated with schizophrenia in Chinese population. Zhang CS, et al. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2004 Aug. PMID 15301734
    4. A genetic polymorphism of the endogenous opioid dynorphin modulates monetary reward anticipation in the corticostriatal loop. Votinov M, et al. PLoS One, 2014. PMID 24587148, Free PMC Article
    5. Mapping of the SCA23 locus involved in autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia to chromosome region 20p13-12.3. Verbeek DS, et al. Brain, 2004 Nov. PMID 15306549

    See all (107) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Effect of PDYN and OPRK1 polymorphisms on the risk of alcohol use disorder and the intensity of depressive symptoms.
      Title: Effect of PDYN and OPRK1 polymorphisms on the risk of alcohol use disorder and the intensity of depressive symptoms.
    2. Prodynorphin (PDYN) gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with methamphetamine use disorder, changes in PDYN serum levels in withdrawal and the relationship between PDYN, temperament and depression.
      Title: Prodynorphin (PDYN) gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with methamphetamine use disorder, changes in PDYN serum levels in withdrawal and the relationship between PDYN, temperament and depression.
    3. Alpha-neoendorphin can reduce UVB-induced skin photoaging by activating cellular autophagy.
      Title: Alpha-neoendorphin can reduce UVB-induced skin photoaging by activating cellular autophagy.
    4. In this meta-analysis, a significant association was found between rs1022563 prodynorphin gene polymorphism and opioid dependence among Asian populations.
      Title: Association between prodynorphin gene polymorphisms and opioid dependence susceptibility: a meta-analysis.
    5. the functional PDYN 68-bp repeat genotype is associated with the age of first use of heroin in Caucasians diagnosed with opioid dependence
      Title: Association of variants of prodynorphin promoter 68-bp repeats in caucasians with opioid dependence diagnosis: Effect on age trajectory of heroin use.
    6. Our findings demonstrate that PDYN expression in neurons of human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is associated with differential methylation of its promoter.
      Title: Neuronal Expression of Opioid Gene is Controlled by Dual Epigenetic and Transcriptional Mechanism in Human Brain.
    7. PDYN and OPRK1 showed transcriptionally coordinated pattern that was significantly different between alcoholics and controls.
      Title: Dynorphin and κ-Opioid Receptor Dysregulation in the Dopaminergic Reward System of Human Alcoholics.
    8. Absolute expression levels of PDYN were lower compared to those of OPRK1, suggesting that PDYN expression is a limiting factor in the DYN/KOR signaling, and that the PDYN downregulation diminishes efficacy of DYN/KOR signaling in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of human alcoholics.
      Title: Downregulation of the neuronal opioid gene expression concomitantly with neuronal decline in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of human alcoholics.
    9. Study investigated transcriptional regulation of Bipolar Disorder (BD) selected target genes by DNA methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with BD type I (BD-I) and type II (BD-II). The analysis of gene expression revealed prodynorphin (PDYN) mRNA levels significantly reduced in subjects with BD-II but not in those with BD-I.
      Title: Regulation of gene transcription in bipolar disorders: Role of DNA methylation in the relationship between prodynorphin and brain derived neurotrophic factor.
    10. Genetic and epigenetic factors within PDYN are related to risk for alcoholism.
      Title: Genetic variation and epigenetic modification of the prodynorphin gene in peripheral blood cells in alcoholism.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (72)

    Phenotypes

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    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Associated conditions

    Description Tests
    Spinocerebellar ataxia type 23
    MedGen: C1853250 OMIM: 610245 GeneReviews: Hereditary Ataxia Overview
    		Compare labs

    EBI GWAS Catalog

    Description
    Genome-wide association study of antibody response to smallpox vaccine.
    EBI GWAS Catalog
    Genome-wide joint SNP and CNV analysis of aortic root diameter in African Americans: the HyperGEN study.
    EBI GWAS Catalog
    Genome-wide SNP associations with rubella-specific cytokine responses in measles-mumps-rubella vaccine recipients.
    EBI GWAS Catalog

    Variation

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    See variants in ClinVar

    See studies and variants in dbVar

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Markers

    Homology

    Clone Names

    • MGC26418

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables opioid peptide activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables opioid receptor binding IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in chemical synaptic transmission IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in sensory perception IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    is_active_in axon terminus IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in dendrite IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in extracellular region TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapse IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    is_active_in neuronal cell body IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in neuronal dense core vesicle IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    is_active_in plasma membrane IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in plasma membrane IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    proenkephalin-B
    Names
    beta-neoendorphin-dynorphin
    leu-enkephalin
    leumorphin
    neoendorphin-dynorphin-enkephalin prepropeptide
    preprodynorphin
    preproenkephalin B
    rimorphin

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_028027.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5188..20487
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics), LRG_667

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001190892.1 → NP_001177821.1  proenkephalin-B preproprotein

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) has an alternate 5' UTR sequence and encodes the same protein, as compared to variant 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AK289618, AL034562, BC026334
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS13023.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01160
      Location:21 → 67
      Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

    2. NM_001190898.3 → NP_001177827.1  proenkephalin-B preproprotein

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) has an alternate splice site in the 5' UTR, which results in three nt less than variant 1. Variants 1-5 encode the same protein.
      Source sequence(s)
      AL034562, BC026334, DA297229
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS13023.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01160
      Location:21 → 67
      Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

    3. NM_001190899.2 → NP_001177828.1  proenkephalin-B preproprotein

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (4) lacks an exon in the 5' UTR and encodes the same protein, as compared to variant 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AL034562, BC026334, DA157767, DA178888, DA302375
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS13023.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0
      Related
      ENSP00000440185.1, ENST00000539905.5
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01160
      Location:21 → 67
      Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

    4. NM_001190900.1 → NP_001177829.1  proenkephalin-B preproprotein

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (5) has an alternate 5' UTR exon, as compared to variant 1. Variants 1-5 encode the same protein.
      Source sequence(s)
      AL034562, BC026334, DA305883
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS13023.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0
      Related
      ENSP00000442259.1, ENST00000540134.5
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01160
      Location:21 → 67
      Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

    5. NM_024411.5 → NP_077722.1  proenkephalin-B preproprotein

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) and variants 2-5 encode the same protein.
      Source sequence(s)
      AL034562, BC026334, DA178888
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS13023.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0
      Related
      ENSP00000217305.2, ENST00000217305.3
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01160
      Location:21 → 67
      Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000020.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      1978756..1994285 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_011529249.3 → XP_011527551.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01160
      Location:21 → 67
      Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

    2. XM_011529247.1 → XP_011527549.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01160
      Location:21 → 67
      Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

    3. XM_017027878.1 → XP_016883367.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01160
      Location:21 → 67
      Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

    4. XM_011529248.2 → XP_011527550.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01160
      Location:21 → 67
      Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

    5. XM_011529246.3 → XP_011527548.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01160
      Location:21 → 67
      Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

    6. XM_011529244.2 → XP_011527546.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01160
      Location:21 → 67
      Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

    7. XM_011529245.1 → XP_011527547.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01160
      Location:21 → 67
      Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

    8. XM_011529250.3 → XP_011527552.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01160
      Location:21 → 67
      Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060944.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      2008889..2024418 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_054323505.1 → XP_054179480.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0

    2. XM_054323503.1 → XP_054179478.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0

    3. XM_054323504.1 → XP_054179479.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0

    4. XM_054323501.1 → XP_054179476.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0

    5. XM_054323500.1 → XP_054179475.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0

    6. XM_054323499.1 → XP_054179474.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0

    7. XM_054323502.1 → XP_054179477.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0

    8. XM_054323506.1 → XP_054179481.1  proenkephalin-B isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K0Q3, P01213
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q2YEL0
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    P01213.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P01213

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