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    B2M beta-2-microglobulin [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 567, updated on 3-Dec-2024

    Summary

    Official Symbol
    B2Mprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    beta-2-microglobulinprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:914
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000166710 MIM:109700; AllianceGenome:HGNC:914
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    IMD43; AMYLD6; MHC1D4
    Summary
    This gene encodes a serum protein found in association with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chain on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells. The protein has a predominantly beta-pleated sheet structure that can form amyloid fibrils in some pathological conditions. The encoded antimicrobial protein displays antibacterial activity in amniotic fluid. A mutation in this gene has been shown to result in hypercatabolic hypoproteinemia.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2014]
    Expression
    Ubiquitous expression in spleen (RPKM 1527.0), lymph node (RPKM 1335.3) and 24 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    NEW
    Try the new Gene table
    Try the new Transcript table

    Genomic context

    See B2M in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    15q21.1
    Exon count:
    4
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 15 NC_000015.10 (44711517..44718145)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 15 NC_060939.1 (42519493..42526121)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 15 NC_000015.9 (45003715..45010343)

    Chromosome 15 - NC_000015.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit J Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr15:44874604-44874775 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 6398 Neighboring gene SPG11 vesicle trafficking associated, spatacsin Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr15:44879793-44880004 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9340 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9341 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr15:44936676-44936780 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9342 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr15:44955204-44956160 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9344 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9345 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9346 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9347 Neighboring gene PAT1 homolog 2 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr15:45003536-45004198 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 1044 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr15:45020107-45021094 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr15:45021095-45022080 Neighboring gene microRNA 10393 Neighboring gene ring finger protein 4B, pseudogene Neighboring gene tripartite motif containing 69

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Expression

    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?

    HIV-1 interactions

    Protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Nef nef Both HIV-1 Nef and Vpu downregulate the cell surface expression of beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) PubMed
    Tat tat HIV-1 Tat represses transcription of the beta 2-microglobulin (B2M) promoter, thereby downregulating B2M expression, suggesting a mechanism by which HIV-1 could prevent cell surface expression of the MHC class I complex and avoid immune detection PubMed
    Vpu vpu Both HIV-1 Nef and Vpu downregulate the cell surface expression of beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

    Pathways from PubChem

    Interactions

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Markers

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables MHC class II protein complex binding IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    enables identical protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables peptide antigen binding IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables protein homodimerization activity IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables structural molecule activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in T cell differentiation in thymus IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in T cell mediated cytotoxicity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in amyloid fibril formation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in antibacterial humoral response IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in cellular response to iron ion IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in cellular response to iron(III) ion IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in cellular response to lipopolysaccharide IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in cellular response to nicotine IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in innate immune response IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in intracellular iron ion homeostasis IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in iron ion transport IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in learning or memory IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in learning or memory ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in multicellular organismal-level iron ion homeostasis IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of neurogenesis IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of neuron projection development IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of receptor binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in peptide antigen assembly with MHC class I protein complex IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in peptide antigen assembly with MHC class II protein complex IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of T cell activation IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of T cell cytokine production IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of cellular senescence IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of ferrous iron binding IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of immune response IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of protein binding IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of receptor binding IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of transferrin receptor binding IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in protein homotetramerization IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in protein refolding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in regulation of erythrocyte differentiation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in regulation of iron ion transport IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of membrane depolarization IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in response to molecule of bacterial origin IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in sensory perception of smell IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    located_in Golgi apparatus IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
     
    located_in Golgi membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    part_of HFE-transferrin receptor complex IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    part_of MHC class I peptide loading complex IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    part_of MHC class I protein complex NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    part_of MHC class I protein complex TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    part_of MHC class II protein complex IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    located_in cytosol IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
     
    located_in early endosome lumen TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    located_in early endosome membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    is_active_in endoplasmic reticulum IC
    Inferred by Curator
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in endoplasmic reticulum lumen TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    located_in external side of plasma membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    located_in extracellular exosome HDA PubMed 
    located_in extracellular region TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    located_in extracellular space HDA PubMed 
    located_in focal adhesion HDA PubMed 
    is_active_in late endosome membrane IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    is_active_in lysosomal membrane IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    located_in membrane HDA PubMed 
    located_in phagocytic vesicle membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    located_in plasma membrane IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
     
    located_in plasma membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    located_in recycling endosome membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    located_in specific granule lumen TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    located_in tertiary granule lumen TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     

    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    beta-2-microglobulin
    Names
    beta chain of MHC class I molecules
    beta-2-microglobin

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_012920.2 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5041..12401
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics), LRG_1215

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_004048.4NP_004039.1  beta-2-microglobulin precursor

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_004039.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC025270, AC122108
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS10113.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P01884, P61769, Q540F8, Q6IAT8, Q9UCK0, Q9UD48, Q9UDF4
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A6XMH4
      Related
      ENSP00000497910.1, ENST00000648006.3
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd05770
      Location:23116
      IgC1_beta2m; Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) beta-2-microglobulin; member of the C1-set of Ig superfamily (IgSF) domains

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000015.10 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      44711517..44718145
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_005254549.4XP_005254606.1  beta-2-microglobulin isoform X1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_005254606.1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B4E0X1
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd05770
      Location:24115
      IgC_beta2m; Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) beta2-microglobulin

    Reference GRCh38.p14 ALT_REF_LOCI_1

    Genomic

    1. NT_187605.1 Reference GRCh38.p14 ALT_REF_LOCI_1

      Range
      34866..41493
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_054329040.1XP_054185015.1  beta-2-microglobulin isoform X1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B4E0X1

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060939.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      42519493..42526121
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_054378457.1XP_054234432.1  beta-2-microglobulin isoform X1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B4E0X1