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    DDIT3 DNA damage inducible transcript 3 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 1649, updated on 10-Dec-2024

    Summary

    Official Symbol
    DDIT3provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    DNA damage inducible transcript 3provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:2726
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000175197 MIM:126337; AllianceGenome:HGNC:2726
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    CHOP; CEBPZ; CHOP10; CHOP-10; GADD153; AltDDIT3; C/EBPzeta
    Summary
    This gene encodes a member of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcription factors. The protein functions as a dominant-negative inhibitor by forming heterodimers with other C/EBP members, such as C/EBP and LAP (liver activator protein), and preventing their DNA binding activity. The protein is implicated in adipogenesis and erythropoiesis, is activated by endoplasmic reticulum stress, and promotes apoptosis. Fusion of this gene and FUS on chromosome 16 or EWSR1 on chromosome 22 induced by translocation generates chimeric proteins in myxoid liposarcomas or Ewing sarcoma. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding two isoforms with different length have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]
    Annotation information
    Note: CEBPZ (Gene ID: 10153) and DDIT3 (Gene ID: 1649) share the CEBPZ symbol/alias. CEBPZ is a widely used alternative name for DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3), which can be confused with the official symbol for CEBPZ (CCAAT enhancer binding protein zeta, GeneID: 10153). [12 Nov 2020]
    Expression
    Broad expression in thyroid (RPKM 74.2), bone marrow (RPKM 47.3) and 24 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    NEW
    Try the new Gene table
    Try the new Transcript table

    Genomic context

    See DDIT3 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    12q13.3
    Exon count:
    4
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 12 NC_000012.12 (57516588..57520517, complement)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 12 NC_060936.1 (57484816..57488745, complement)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 12 NC_000012.11 (57910371..57914300, complement)

    Chromosome 12 - NC_000012.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene methionyl-tRNA synthetase 1 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124903093 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC128125814 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:57913133-57914094 Neighboring gene microRNA 6758 Neighboring gene BRD4-independent group 4 enhancer GRCh37_chr12:57914069-57915268 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:57916016-57916975 Neighboring gene microRNA 616 Neighboring gene methyl-CpG binding domain protein 6 Neighboring gene dynactin subunit 2 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 6548 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 4584 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:57944162-57944754 Neighboring gene kinesin family member 5A Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr12:57955995-57956161 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr12:57956855-57957072

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Expression

    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?

    HIV-1 interactions

    Protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env HIV-1 Env gp120 upregulates DDIT3 (CHOP) in SVGA cells and human fetal astrocytes via IRE1a, JNK, and AP-1 PubMed
    Tat tat HIV-1 Tat induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response proteins CASP12 (Caspase 12), DDIT3 (CHOP), ROS1, ERN-1 (p-IRE1), EIF2AK3 (p-PERK), and ATF6 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat is dependent on DDIT3 (CHOP) to induce apoptosis in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HBMECs) as shown through DDIT3 siRNA knockdown PubMed
    tat Expression of Rad51 enhances basal- and HIV-1 Tat-induced transcription of the HIV-1 LTR promoter; this event requires cooperativity from the C/EBP family of transcription factors including C/EBPbeta and C/EBPbeta homologous protein (CHOP) PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

    Pathways from PubChem

    Interactions

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Markers

    Clone Names

    • MGC4154

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables DNA binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific ISA
    Inferred from Sequence Alignment
    more info
     
    enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables cAMP response element binding protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables cAMP response element binding protein binding ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    enables identical protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables leucine zipper domain binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables protein heterodimerization activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    enables protein heterodimerization activity IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables protein homodimerization activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables transcription cis-regulatory region binding IC
    Inferred by Curator
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables transcription cis-regulatory region binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables transcription cis-regulatory region binding ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    enables transcription corepressor activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables transcription corepressor activity IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables transcription regulator activator activity ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    enables transcription regulator inhibitor activity ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in DNA damage response TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in ER overload response IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in HRI-mediated signaling IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in PERK-mediated unfolded protein response TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in Wnt signaling pathway IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in anterior/posterior axis specification ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in artery development IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in blood vessel maturation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    acts_upstream_of_or_within cell redox homeostasis IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in gene expression IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in integrated stress response signaling IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in integrated stress response signaling NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to nitrosative stress IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of determination of dorsal identity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of fat cell differentiation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    acts_upstream_of negative regulation of interleukin-17 production IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of negative regulation of interleukin-4 production IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of myoblast differentiation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    acts_upstream_of negative regulation of type II interferon production IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of interleukin-8 production IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of DNA-templated transcription IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of autophagy ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in regulation of cell cycle IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in response to platelet-derived growth factor IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to starvation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to unfolded protein IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in response to wounding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in sensory perception of sound IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    part_of CHOP-ATF3 complex IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    part_of CHOP-ATF3 complex IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    part_of CHOP-ATF4 complex IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    part_of CHOP-ATF4 complex IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    part_of CHOP-ATF4 complex IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    part_of CHOP-C/EBP complex IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    part_of CHOP-C/EBP complex IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    part_of CHOP-C/EBP complex ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    part_of CHOP-C/EBP complex TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    part_of RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in chromatin ISA
    Inferred from Sequence Alignment
    more info
     
    is_active_in cytoplasm IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    located_in cytoplasm IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in cytosol TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in late endosome IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    located_in nucleus IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in nucleus NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    part_of protein-DNA complex IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    part_of transcription regulator complex NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 

    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein
    Names
    C/EBP zeta
    CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein
    alternative DDIT3 protein
    c/EBP-homologous protein 10
    growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD153

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_027674.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5004..8925
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001195053.1NP_001181982.1  DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001181982.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longer isoform (1).
      Source sequence(s)
      AY461580, BM464290
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS55838.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P35638
      Related
      ENSP00000448665.1, ENST00000551116.5
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart00338
      Location:119182
      BRLZ; basic region leucin zipper
      cd14686
      Location:122176
      bZIP; coiled coil [structural motif]
    2. NM_001195054.1NP_001181983.1  DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001181983.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an internal segment in the 5' UTR, as compared to variant 1. Variants 1-4 encode the same isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AY461580, BM464290, BU664077
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS55838.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P35638
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart00338
      Location:119182
      BRLZ; basic region leucin zipper
      cd14686
      Location:122176
      bZIP; coiled coil [structural motif]
    3. NM_001195055.1NP_001181984.1  DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001181984.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks an internal segment in the 5' UTR, as compared to variant 1. Variants 1-4 encode the same isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AA054097, AY461580, BM464290
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS55838.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P35638
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart00338
      Location:119182
      BRLZ; basic region leucin zipper
      cd14686
      Location:122176
      bZIP; coiled coil [structural motif]
    4. NM_001195056.1NP_001181985.1  DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001181985.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (4) has an additional segment in the 5' UTR, as compared to variant 1. Variants 1-4 encode the same isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AK316581, AY461580, BM464290
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS55838.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q53YD1
      Related
      ENSP00000447803.1, ENST00000552740.5
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart00338
      Location:119182
      BRLZ; basic region leucin zipper
      cd14686
      Location:122176
      bZIP; coiled coil [structural motif]
    5. NM_001195057.1NP_001181986.1  DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform 2

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001181986.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (6) lacks an internal segment in the 5' region, resulting in a downstream AUG start codon, as compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) is shorter at the N-terminus, as compared to isoform 1. Variants 5-8 all encode the same isoform (2).
      Source sequence(s)
      AY461580, BM464290, CN482428
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS8943.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      F8VS99, P35638
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q53YD1
      Related
      ENSP00000447188.1, ENST00000547303.5
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      smart00338
      Location:96159
      BRLZ; basic region leucin zipper
      cd14686
      Location:102153
      bZIP; coiled coil [structural motif]
      pfam02724
      Location:17125
      CDC45; CDC45-like protein
    6. NM_001413641.1NP_001400570.1  DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform 2

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC022506
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      F8VS99, P35638
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q53YD1
    7. NM_001413642.1NP_001400571.1  DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform 2

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC022506
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      F8VS99, P35638
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q53YD1
    8. NM_004083.6NP_004074.2  DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform 2

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_004074.2

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (5) lacks an internal segment in the 5' region, resulting in a downstream AUG start codon, as compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) is shorter at the N-terminus, as compared to isoform 1. Variants 5-8 all encode the same isoform (2).
      Source sequence(s)
      AC022506
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS8943.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      F8VS99, P35638
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q53YD1
      Related
      ENSP00000340671.3, ENST00000346473.8
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      smart00338
      Location:96159
      BRLZ; basic region leucin zipper
      cd14686
      Location:102153
      bZIP; coiled coil [structural motif]
      pfam02724
      Location:17125
      CDC45; CDC45-like protein

    RNA

    1. NR_182182.1 RNA Sequence

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC022506

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000012.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      57516588..57520517 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060936.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      57484816..57488745 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)