U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

GLS glutaminase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 2744, updated on 27-Nov-2024

Summary

Go to the top of the page Help
Official Symbol
GLSprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
glutaminaseprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:4331
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000115419 MIM:138280; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4331
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
GAC; GAM; KGA; GLS1; AAD20; DEE71; GDPAG; CASGID; EIEE71
Summary
This gene encodes the K-type mitochondrial glutaminase. The encoded protein is an phosphate-activated amidohydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate and ammonia. This protein is primarily expressed in the brain and kidney plays an essential role in generating energy for metabolism, synthesizing the brain neurotransmitter glutamate and maintaining acid-base balance in the kidney. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]
Expression
Broad expression in kidney (RPKM 48.0), small intestine (RPKM 21.8) and 22 other tissues See more
Orthologs
mouse all
NEW
Try the new Gene table
Try the new Transcript table

Genomic context

Go to the top of the page Help
See GLS in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
2q32.2
Exon count:
22
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 2 NC_000002.12 (190880821..190965552)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 2 NC_060926.1 (191369931..191454659)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 2 NC_000002.11 (191745547..191830278)

Chromosome 2 - NC_000002.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12183 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12184 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16863 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16864 Neighboring gene NGFI-A binding protein 1 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16865 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16866 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124907946 Neighboring gene BRD4-independent group 4 enhancer GRCh37_chr2:191624535-191625734 Neighboring gene CRISPRi-validated cis-regulatory element chr2.5899 Neighboring gene P300/CBP strongly-dependent group 1 enhancer GRCh37_chr2:191655893-191657092 Neighboring gene P300/CBP strongly-dependent group 1 enhancer GRCh37_chr2:191708051-191709250 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12185 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:191734008-191734548 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:191734549-191735087 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124906110 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16867 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12186 Neighboring gene P300/CBP strongly-dependent group 1 enhancer GRCh37_chr2:191746471-191747670 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12189 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12188 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12187 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12190 Neighboring gene signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16869 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16870 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16871 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16872 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16873 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12191 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16874 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 12192 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16875 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16876 Neighboring gene RAB1A pseudogene 1 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16877 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124900514 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:191885525-191886142 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC107985785 Neighboring gene STAT4 antisense RNA 1

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

Go to the top of the page Help

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

Go to the top of the page Help
  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

Go to the top of the pageHelp

Related articles in PubMed

  1. Characterization of the interactions of potent allosteric inhibitors with glutaminase C, a key enzyme in cancer cell glutamine metabolism. Huang Q, et al. J Biol Chem, 2018 Mar 9. PMID 29317493, Free PMC Article
  2. Structural basis for the allosteric inhibitory mechanism of human kidney-type glutaminase (KGA) and its regulation by Raf-Mek-Erk signaling in cancer cell metabolism. Thangavelu K, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2012 May 15. PMID 22538822, Free PMC Article
  3. Analysis of glutamine dependency in non-small cell lung cancer: GLS1 splice variant GAC is essential for cancer cell growth. van den Heuvel AP, et al. Cancer Biol Ther, 2012 Oct. PMID 22892846, Free PMC Article
  4. Active glutaminase C self-assembles into a supratetrameric oligomer that can be disrupted by an allosteric inhibitor. Ferreira AP, et al. J Biol Chem, 2013 Sep 27. PMID 23935106, Free PMC Article
  5. Glutaminase catalyzes reaction of glutamate to GABA. Nanga RP, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2014 Jun 13. PMID 24755074, Free PMC Article

See all (197) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Pyruvate metabolism dictates fibroblast sensitivity to GLS1 inhibition during fibrogenesis.
    Title: Pyruvate metabolism dictates fibroblast sensitivity to GLS1 inhibition during fibrogenesis.
  2. CircCOL1A1 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and glutamine metabolism through GLS1 up-regulation by sponging miR-214-3p.
    Title: CircCOL1A1 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and glutamine metabolism through GLS1 up-regulation by sponging miR-214-3p.
  3. Glutaminase potentiates the glycolysis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by interacting with PDK1.
    Title: Glutaminase potentiates the glycolysis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by interacting with PDK1.
  4. Glutaminase (GLS1) gene expression in primary breast cancer.
    Title: Glutaminase (GLS1) gene expression in primary breast cancer.
  5. SIRT4 protects against intestinal fibrosis by facilitating GLS1 degradation.
    Title: SIRT4 protects against intestinal fibrosis by facilitating GLS1 degradation.
  6. LncRNA PVT1 Confers Cisplatin Resistance of Esophageal Cancer Cells through Modulating the miR-181a-5p-Glutaminase (GLS) Axis.
    Title: LncRNA PVT1 Confers Cisplatin Resistance of Esophageal Cancer Cells through Modulating the miR-181a-5p-Glutaminase (GLS) Axis.
  7. Association between GLS Gene Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility to Lung Cancer in the Chinese Han Population.
    Title: Association between GLS Gene Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility to Lung Cancer in the Chinese Han Population.
  8. Combined thioredoxin reductase and glutaminase inhibition exerts synergistic anti-tumor activity in MYC-high high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
    Title: Combined thioredoxin reductase and glutaminase inhibition exerts synergistic anti-tumor activity in MYC-high high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
  9. Regulation of Cardiac Fibroblast GLS1 Expression by Scleraxis.
    Title: Regulation of Cardiac Fibroblast GLS1 Expression by Scleraxis.
  10. Increased C reactive protein, cardiac troponin I and GLS are associated with myocardial inflammation in patients with non-ischemic heart failure.
    Title: Increased C reactive protein, cardiac troponin I and GLS are associated with myocardial inflammation in patients with non-ischemic heart failure.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (105)

Phenotypes

Go to the top of the page Help

Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

Go to the top of the page Help

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Pathways from PubChem

Go to the top of the page

Interactions

Go to the top of the page Help
Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

Go to the top of the page Help

Markers

Homology

Clone Names

  • FLJ10358, FLJ41499, KIAA0838, DKFZp686D14231, DKFZp686O15119

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables glutaminase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables glutaminase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables glutaminase activity NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in chemical synaptic transmission IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in glutamate biosynthetic process IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in glutamate biosynthetic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in glutamate biosynthetic process TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in glutamine catabolic process IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in glutamine catabolic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in glutamine catabolic process NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in intracellular glutamate homeostasis IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in protein homotetramerization IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in suckling behavior IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in cytosol IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in mitochondrial matrix TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in mitochondrion HTP PubMed 
located_in mitochondrion IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in mitochondrion NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
located_in synapse IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  

General protein information

Go to the top of the page Help
Preferred Names
glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial
Names
K-glutaminase
L-glutamine amidohydrolase
glutaminase C
glutaminase, phosphate-activated
NP_001243239.1
NP_055720.3
XP_005246524.1
XP_006712498.1
XP_047299913.1
XP_047299914.1
XP_047299916.1
XP_054197382.1
XP_054197383.1
XP_054197384.1
XP_054197385.1
XP_054197386.1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

Go to the top of the page Help

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001256310.2 → NP_001243239.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform 2

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001243239.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks several exons and includes an alternate 3' terminal exon, compared to variant 1. It encodes isoform 2 which is shorter and has a distinct C-terminus, compared to isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC005540, AC067945, AF158555, AF223943
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS58744.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A8K132
    Related
    ENSP00000340689.4, ENST00000338435.9
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    pfam04960
    Location:244 → 528
    Glutaminase
    pfam17959
    Location:139 → 222
    EF-hand_14; EF-hand domain

  2. NM_014905.5 → NP_055720.3  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_055720.3

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1).
    Source sequence(s)
    AC005540, AC067945, AF223943, BC038507
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS2308.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    O94925, Q9UL05, Q9UL06, Q9UL07, Q9UN40
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A8K132
    Related
    ENSP00000317379.3, ENST00000320717.8
    Conserved Domains (4) summary
    sd00045
    Location:557 → 583
    ANK; ANK repeat [structural motif]
    pfam04960
    Location:244 → 528
    Glutaminase
    pfam12796
    Location:557 → 649
    Ank_2; Ankyrin repeats (3 copies)
    pfam17959
    Location:139 → 222
    EF-hand_14; EF-hand domain

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000002.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    190880821..190965552
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_006712435.1 → XP_006712498.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X1

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A8K132, H7C201
    Related
    ENSP00000403329.2, ENST00000412247.2
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    pfam04960
    Location:244 → 530
    Glutaminase; Glutaminase
    pfam12796
    Location:557 → 597
    Ank_2; Ankyrin repeats (3 copies)

  2. XM_005246467.3 → XP_005246524.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X2

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A8K132
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    pfam04960
    Location:244 → 528
    Glutaminase
    pfam17959
    Location:139 → 222
    EF-hand_14; EF-hand domain

  3. XM_047443957.1 → XP_047299913.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X3

  4. XM_047443958.1 → XP_047299914.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X4

  5. XM_047443960.1 → XP_047299916.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X4

RNA

  1. XR_007072653.1 RNA Sequence

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060926.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    191369931..191454659
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_054341407.1 → XP_054197382.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X1

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    H7C201

  2. XM_054341408.1 → XP_054197383.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X2

  3. XM_054341409.1 → XP_054197384.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X3

  4. XM_054341410.1 → XP_054197385.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X4

  5. XM_054341411.1 → XP_054197386.1  glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X4

RNA

  1. XR_008486324.1 RNA Sequence

Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
O94925.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:O94925

Gene LinkOut

The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

Chemical Information
Molecular Biology Databases
Research Materials
Tools
Miscellaneous