Table 1Inclusion and exclusion criteria

PICOTSInclusion CriteriaExclusion Criteria
Population
  • EMS workforce including 911 telecommunicators exposed to or at risk of exposure to an occupationally acquired infectious disease as contact exposure, respiratory exposure, or blood-borne exposure*
  • Firefighters and police personnel in roles not primarily related to medical care
Intervention
  • One or more of the following types of interventions:
    • Training or education
    • PPE protocols
    • Personnel policies
    • Budget allocations
    • Vaccines
    • Equipment
  • NA
Comparison
  • Any comparison group (for studies that evaluate the effectiveness of an EMS and 911 workforce practice)
  • Studies without a comparison group (for studies that evaluate the effectiveness of an EMS and 911 workforce practice)
Outcomes
  • Incidence
  • Prevalence
  • Duration
  • Severity
  • Missed work
  • Healthcare utilization
  • Separation from the workforce
  • Disability
  • Death from infections
  • NA
Timing
  • Published after 2006 and includes data after 2006
  • Does not include data after 2006
Setting
  • Conducted in the United States
  • Military exercises and drills
  • Live evacuations from another country
Study design
  • Experimental and non-experimental studies with comparison groups, including pre-post studies
  • Relevant systematic reviews
  • No original data (narrative reviews, commentaries, simulation studies)

EMS = emergency medical services; NA = not applicable; PICOTS=Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time, Setting; PPE = personal protective equipment

*

Organisms of interest included but are not limited to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, influenza, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis B and C.

From: Methods

Cover of Infection Prevention and Control for the Emergency Medical Services and 911 Workforce
Infection Prevention and Control for the Emergency Medical Services and 911 Workforce [Internet].
Technical Brief, No. 42.
Jenkins JL, Hsu EB, Russell A, et al.
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