Data Tables

National Research Council (US) Committee on National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

National Research Council (US) Committee on National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel. Meeting the Nation's Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1994.

Meeting the Nation's Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists.

Show details

< Prev Next >

Appendix FData Tables

APPENDIX TABLE F-1National Support for Health R&D, by Performer and Source of Funds, 1980-92

	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991 (est.)	1992 (est.)
	Millions of current dollars
Total	7,967	8,739	9,595	10,778	12,159	13,565	14,899	16,940	19,011	20,977	23,076	25,561	28,125
Source of Funds
Government	5,203	5,413	5,612	6,117	6,887	7,675	7,929	9,037	9,725	10,634	11,422	12,413	13,424
Federal	4,723	4,848	4,970	5,399	6,087	6,791	6,895	7,847	8,425	9,163	9,791	10,711	11,596
NIH	3,182	3,333	3,433	3,789	4,257	4,828	5,005	5,852	6,292	6,778	7,136	7,711	8,423
State and Local	480	564	642	718	800	884	1,034	1,191	1,300	1,471	1,632	1,702	1,823
Industry	2,459	2,998	3,593	4,205	4,765	5,352	6,188	7,103	8,432	9,404	10,634	12,020	13,505
Private nonprofit	305	328	390	456	507	538	782	800	854	939	1,020	1,128	1,196
Howard Hughes^{^a}	18	20	25	54	79	51	247	183	179	197	215	250	281
Performer
Government	1,487	1,575	1,669	1,813	1,997	2,140	2,155	2,389	2,590	2,578	2,861	3,300	3,568
Federal	1,284	1,364	1,448	1,577	1,741	1,869	1,848	2,042	2,213	2,161	2,403	2,816	3,049
State and Local	203	211	221	236	256	271	307	347	377	417	458	484	520
Industry^{^b}	2,249	2,659	3,161	3,668	4,216	4,660	5,293	6,002	6,927	7,901	8,817	9,578	11,006
Higher education^{^b}	3,005	3,211	3,388	3,779	4,274	4,745	5,320	5,056	6,593	7,238	7,744	8,467	9,173
Private nonprofit^{^b}	726	751	485	887	976	1,115	1,157	1,352	1,455	1,798	1,886	1,931	2,087
Foreign	499	543	593	631	697	805	975	1,140	1,446	1,462	1,769	2,078	2,291
	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991 (est.)	1992 (est.)
Biomedical R&D price index^{^c}	0.649	0.713	0.774	0.819	0.867	0.911	0.949	1	1.05	1.106	1.166	1.224	1.284
	Millions of 1987 dollars
Total	12,276	12,257	12,397	13,160	14,024	14,890	15,700	16,940	18,106	18,967	19,791	20,883	21,904
Source of Funds
Government	8,017	7,592	7,251	7,469	7,943	8,425	8,355	9,037	9,262	9,615	9,796	10,141	10,455
Federal	7,277	6,799	6,421	6,592	7,021	7,454	7,266	7,847	8,024	8,285	8,397	8,751	9,031
NIH	4,903	4,675	4,435	4,626	4,910	5,300	5,274	5,852	5,992	6,128	6,120	6,300	6,560
State and Local	740	791	829	877	923	970	1,090	1,191	1,238	1,330	1,400	1,391	1,420
Industry	3,789	4,205	4,642	5,134	5,496	5,875	6,521	7,103	8,030	8,503	9,120	9,820	10,518
Private nonprofit	470	460	504	557	585	591	824	800	813	849	875	922	931
Howard Hughes^{^a}	28	28	32	66	91	56	260	183	170	178	184	204	219
Performer
Government	2,291	2,209	2,156	2,214	2,303	2,349	2,271	2,389	2,467	2,331	2,454	2,696	2,779
Federal	1,978	1,913	1,871	1,926	2,008	2,052	1,947	2,042	2,108	1,954	2,061	2,301	2,375
State and Local	313	296	286	288	295	297	323	347	359	377	393	395	405
Industry^{^b}	3,465	3,729	4,084	4,479	4,863	5,115	5,577	6,002	6,597	7,144	7,562	7,825	8,572
Higher education^{^b}	4,630	4,504	4,377	4,614	4,930	5,209	5,606	5,056	6,279	6,544	6,642	6,917	7,144
Private nonprofit^{^b}	1,119	1,053	627	1,083	1,126	1,224	1,219	1,352	1,386	1,626	1,617	1,578	1,625
Foreign	769	762	766	770	804	884	1,027	1,140	1,377	1,322	1,517	1,698	1,784

: ^a For Howard Hughes Medical Institute, figures are for the direct conduct of biomedical research, and exclude support for scientific career development. Figures for 1985 include only 8 months of operations because of change in fiscal year.
: ^b Includes expenditures for federally funded research and development centers administered by organizations in the respective sectors.
: ^c The NIH Biomedical Research and Development Price Index differs from the implicit price deflator for the Gross National Product.
Source: National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators 1993. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 1994.

APPENDIX TABLE F-2R&D in the National Institutes of Health: Congressional Action on R&D in the FY 1994 Budget (budget authority in millions of dollars)^{^a}

			Action by Congress
	FY 1993	FY 1994	FY 1994	Change from Request		Change from FY 1993
	Est.	Requested	Approved	Amount	Percent	Amount	Percent
Cancer	1,978.3	2,142.1	2,082.3	-59.8	-2.8	104.0	5.3
Heart, Lung and Blood	1,214.7	1,198.4	1,277.9	79.5	6.6	63.2	5.2
Dental Research	161.1	163.0	169.5	6.5	4.0	8.4	5.2
Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases	680.7	677.1	716.5	39.4	5.8	35.8	5.3
Neurological Disorders and Stroke	599.5	590.1	630.7	40.6	6.9	31.2	5.2
Allergy and Infectious Diseases	988.4	1,065.6	1,065.6	0.0	0.0	77.2	7.8
General Medical Sciences	832.2	833.1	875.5	42.4	5.1	43.3	5.2
Child Health & Human Development	527.8	542.4	555.2	12.8	2.4	27.4	5.2
Eye	275.9	272.2	290.3	18.1	6.6	14.4	5.2
Environment Health Sciences	251.2	261.3	264.2	2.9	1.1	13.0	5.2
Aging	399.5	394.2	420.3	26.1	6.6	20.8	5.2
Arthritis & Musculoskeletal & Skin Diseases	212.2	210.4	223.3	12.9	6.1	11.1	5.2
Deafness & Communication Disorder	154.8	153.1	162.8	9.7	6.3	8.0	5.2
Research Resources	312.7	327.9	331.9	4.0	1.2	19.2	6.1
Nursing Research	48.5	49.0	51.0	2.0	4.1	2.5	5.2
Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse	176.4	173.6	185.6	12.0	6.9	9.2	5.2
Drug Abuse	404.2	407.1	425.2	18.1	4.4	21.0	5.2
Mental Health	583.1	576.0	613.4	37.4	6.5	30.3	5.2
Human Genome	106.1	134.5	128.7	-5.8	-4.3	22.6	21.3
Fogarty International Center	19.7	20.0	21.7	1.7	8.5	2.0	10.2
National Library of Medicine	103.6	133.3	120.0	-13.3	-10.0	16.4	15.8
Office of Director	190.3	234.9	233.6	-1.3	-0.6	43.3	22.8
Buildings and Facilities	108.7	108.7	111.0	2.3	2.1	2.3	2.1
TOTAL, NIH Budget	10,329.6	10,668.0	10,956.2	288.2	2.7	626.6	6.1
Estimated Research Training	-349.0	-355.0	-373.4	-18.4	5.2	-24.4	7.0
Other Non-R&D	-90.6	-105.1	-107.6	-2.5	2.4	-17.0	18.8
TOTAL, NIH R&D	9,890.0	10,207.9	10,475.2	267.3	2.6	585.2	5.9

: ^a Author's estimates. Includes conduct of R&D and R&D facilities.
Source: American Association for the Advancement of Science, Congressional Action on Research and Development in the FY 1994 Budget. Washington, D.C.: AAAS, 1993.

APPENDIX TABLE F-3Age Profile of the U.S. Biomedical Science Work Force by Gender: 1981-1991 (in percent)

Age	1981	1983	1985	1987	1989	1991
Total Biomedical	64,538	66,363	75,755	81,058	88,647	91,959
Under 30	5.35	4.75	3.43	2.36	2.72	2.44
30-34	20.20	18.40	17.96	17.29	15.54	13.06
35-39	24.37	23.36	22.66	20.91	20.20	22.17
40-44	16.51	19.48	21.18	21.94	20.20	19.89
45-49	10.34	11.27	12.80	14.54	17.27	18.40
50-54	9.90	9.02	8.38	8.89	9.56	11.59
55-59	7.05	7.55	7.08	7.06	6.74	6.47
60-64	4.28	4.17	4.29	4.89	5.37	4.01
65-69	1.70	1.61	1.81	1.73	1.91	1.76
70+	0.31	0.39	0.41	0.40	0.50	0.21
Median Age (years)	39.04	39.90	40.42	41.16	41.87	42.11
Total Men	53,868	54,219	60,800	64,317	69,083	70,309
Under 30	4.59	4.24	2.73	1.91	2.31	1.99
30-34	19.01	16.88	16.44	15.33	13.92	11.34
35-39	24.37	22.98	22.03	20.20	19.01	20.74
40-44	16.85	19.95	21.75	22.20	20.06	19.44
45-49	10.83	11.85	13.54	15.45	18.39	19.41
50-54	10.39	9.60	9.00	9.73	10.24	12.87
55-59	7.31	7.89	7.42	7.47	7.37	7.45
60-64	4.58	4.51	4.67	5.33	6.03	4.54
65-69	1.78	1.72	1.97	1.97	2.16	2.01
70+	0.28	0.37	0.47	0.42	0.51	0.22
Median Age (years)	40.10	40.98	41.03	42.33	43.18	43.60
Total Women	10,670	12,144	14,955	16,741	19,564	21,650
Under 30	9.17	7.02	6.27	4.09	4.14	3.91
30-34	26.21	25.20	24.16	24.81	21.26	18.65
35-39	24.35	25.07	25.20	23.64	24.40	26.82
40-44	14.80	17.42	18.88	20.92	20.68	21.37
45-49	7.84	8.66	9.80	11.05	13.33	15.13
50-54	7.41	6.42	5.88	5.67	7.17	7.40
55-59	5.73	6.00	5.71	5.47	4.52	3.32
60-64	2.75	2.65	2.75	3.18	3.02	2.29
65-69	1.33	1.09	1.18	0.84	1.01	0.92
70+	0.42	0.47	0.15	0.33	0.47	0.20
Median Age (years)	37.50	38.05	38.38	38.96	39.55	39.65

: NOTE: ''Biomedical science work force'' consists of those working in a biomedical science field, including postdoctoral appointees, regardless of Ph.D. field. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology.
Source: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3.

APPENDIX TABLE F-4Citizenship Status of Employed Biomedical Science Ph.D.s: 1981-1991 (in percent)

Citizenship Status	1981	1983	1985	1987	1989	1991
Total N	58,446	63,037	70,077	75,192	81,086	85,596
U.S. Citizen	95.0	95.8	95.7	95.5	95.3	94.0
U.S. Native born	87.5	87.3	87.1	86.8	86.3	85.4
Non-U. S. citizen	5.0	4.2	4.3	4.5	4.7	6.0
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

: NOTE: "Employed Biomedical Science Ph.D.s" are those with Ph.D.s in biomedical science fields, regardless of field of employment. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology. Prior to 1991, the SDR collected data by mail methods only. In 1991, the survey had both a mail component and a telephone follow-up component. In this table, 1991 estimates are based on "mail-only" data to maintain greater comparability with earlier years.
Source: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figure 3-4.

APPENDIX TABLE F-5Total Employment by Sector of the U.S. Biomedical Science Work Force: 1981-1991

	Total	Academic	Industry	Government	Hospitals/Clinics	Other
Total Biomedical
1981	63,942	40,855	11,323	6,084	2,983	2,697
1983	65,823	40,616	12,992	6,432	3,054	2,729
1985	74,217	45,142	13,263	6,835	3,636	3,341
1987	80,636	47,657	18,112	7,629	3,738	3,500
1989	88,344	51,134	21,658	8,257	3,674	3,621
1991	91,240	49,032	25,647	8,386	4,261	3,914
Men
1981	53,354	33,447	10,277	5,062	2,542	2,026
1983	53,688	32,134	11,619	5,383	2,447	2,105
1985	59,469	35,247	13,366	5,472	2,877	2,507
1987	63,921	37,003	15,579	5,961	2,910	2,468
1989	68,820	38,878	18,180	6,461	2,795	2,506
1991	69,753	36,164	21,175	6,378	3,107	2,929
Women
1981	10,588	7,408	1,046	1,022	441	671
1983	12,135	8,482	1,373	1,373	607	624
1985	14,748	9,895	1,897	1,363	759	834
1987	16,715	10,654	2,533	1,668	828	1,032
1989	19,524	12,256	3,478	1,796	879	1,115
1991	21,487	12,868	4,472	2,008	1,154	985

: NOTE: "Biomedical science work force" consists of those working in a biomedical science field, including postdoctoral appointees, regardless of Ph.D. field. Cases with missing sector or work activity are excluded. See Appendix F-3. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology.
Source: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figure 3-5.

APPENDIX TABLE F-6Doctorate Recipients in the Biomedical Sciences by Gender: 1981-1992

		Gender (percent)
Year	Total	Male	Female
1981	3,444	70.5	29.5
1982	3,463	69.0	31.0
1983	3,317	65.1	34.9
1984	3,386	65.6	34.4
1985	3,197	64.0	36.0
1986	3,222	62.7	37.3
1987	3,200	61.8	38.2
1988	3,467	60.2	39.8
1989	3,490	59.2	40.8
1990	3,542	59.3	40.7
1991	3,745	58.6	41.4
1992	3,787	57.3	42.7

: NOTE: Data limited to U.S. citizens and permanent residents. Cases with missing gender data are excluded. The Survey of Earned Doctorates is sponsored by five Federal Agencies: National Science Foundation (NSF); National Institutes of Health (NIH); U.S. Department of Education (USED); National Endowment for the Humanities (NIH); and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA); and conducted by the National Research Council (NRC).
Source: NRC, Survey of Earned Doctorates. (Annual)
See Figures 3-6 and 3-7.

APPENDIX TABLE F-7Doctorate Recipients in the Biomedical Sciences by Citizenship: 1981-1992

		Citizenship (percent)
Year	Total	U.S.	Non-U.S.
1981	3,745	87.7	12.3
1982	3,823	86.8	13.2
1983	3,679	86.3	13.7
1984	3,761	86.1	13.9
1985	3,637	83.9	16.1
1986	3,655	84.2	15.8
1987	3,737	80.8	19.2
1988	4,085	79.7	20.3
1989	4,174	78.7	21.3
1990	4,496	74.0	26.0
1991	4,881	71.3	28.7
1992	5,073	69.1	30.9

: NOTE: Cases with missing data are excluded. The Survey of Earned Doctorates is sponsored by five Federal Agencies: National Science Foundation (NSF); National Institutes of Health (NIH); U.S. Department of Education (USED); National Endowment for the Humanities (NIH); and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA); and conducted by the National Research Council (NRC).
Source: NRC, Survey of Earned Doctorates. (Annual)
See Figure 3-8.

APPENDIX TABLE F-8Unemployment Rates for Biomedical and Physical Science Ph.D.s and the U.S. Labor Force: 1973-1991

	1973	1975	1977	1979	1981	1983	1985	1987	1989	1991
Biomedical Sciences	1.1	1.2	1.6	1.2	1.2	1.4	1.1	1.1	0.9	1.5
Physical Sciences	1.6	1.2	1.1	1.0	0.6	1.0	0.6	1.1	0.6	1.4
U.S. Labor Force	4.9	8.5	7.1	5.8	7.6	9.6	7.2	6.2	5.3	6.7

: NOTE: The unemployment rate is defined as the percent of the field-specific labor force who are not employed and are seeking work. The field-specific labor forces include individuals who have Ph.D.s in these fields and who are either employed or unemployed. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology. Prior to 1991, the SDR collected data by mail methods only. In 1991, the survey had both a mail component and a telephone follow-up component. In this table, 1991 estimates are based on "mail-only" data to maintain greater comparability with earlier years.
SOURCES: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, (Biennial); Office of the President of the United States, Economic Report of the President , Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993.
See Figure 3-9.

APPENDIX TABLE F-9Underemployment Rates for Employed Biomedical and Physical Science Ph.D.s: 1973-1991

	1973	1975	1977	1979	1981	1983	1985	1987	1989	1991
Biomedical Sciences	1.0	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.1	0.8	1.2
Physical Sciences	1.5	1.2	1.0	0.8	0.6	0.9	0.5	0.7	0.8	1.1

: NOTE: The underemployment rate is defined as the percent of the field-specific employed doctorates who are working part-time but seeking full-time jobs, or are working in a non-S&E job when an S&E job would be preferred. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology. Prior to 1991, the SDR collected data by mail methods only. In 1991, the survey had both a mail component and a telephone follow-up component. In this table, 1991 estimates are based on "mail-only" data to maintain greater comparability with earlier years.
Source: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figure 3-10.

APPENDIX TABLE F-10Percentage of Biomedical Work Force at Career Age 4-5 who are in Postdoctoral Appointments: 1973-1991

Year	Percent
1973	6.6
1975	11.4
1977	13.5
1979	16.0
1981	20.7
1983	19.2
1985	20.9
1987	18.4
1989	21.4
1991	16.8

: NOTE: "Biomedical work force" consists of those working in a biomedical science field, including postdoctoral appointees, regardless of Ph.D. field. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology.
Source: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figure 3-11.

APPENDIX TABLE F-11Percentage of New Ph.D.s in the Biomedical and Physical Sciences Who Are U.S. Citizens or Permanent Residents with Definite Commitments: 1975-1992 [Index 1989=100]

Year	Biomedical Sciences	Physical Sciences
1975	96.6	95.2
1976	97.3	93.3
1977	95.2	94.2
1978	96.6	97.5
1979	99.9	100.4
1980	100	104.1
1981	100.2	105.2
1982	98.5	102.9
1983	98.8	99.6
1984	98.7	99.7
1985	98.9	100
1986	97.8	98.4
1987	97.3	98.7
1988	97.4	98.9
1989	100	100
1990	96.7	96.2
1991	95.6	92.1
1992	96.1	91.5

: NOTE: See Appendix Table F-7. The raw percentages for 1989 are: 81.5 for the biomedical sciences and 78.9 for the physical sciences.
Source: NRC, Survey of Earned Doctorates. (Annual)
See Figure 3-12.

APPENDIX TABLE F-12Median Salaries of Employed Biomedical Science Ph.D.s Age 30-34 as a Percentage of Comparable Salaries for All Employed Ph.D. Scientists and Engineers Age 30-34:1973-1991

Year	Percent
1973	94.2
1975	94.7
1977	95.6
1979	96.1
1981	93.1
1983	94.6
1985	90.5
1987	87.1
1989	88.3
1991	87.9

: NOTE: Postdoctoral appointees are excluded from these calculations. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology.
Source: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figure 3-13.

APPENDIX TABLE F-13Age Profile of the U.S. Behavioral Science Work Force by Gender: 1981-1991 (in percent)

Age	1981	1983	1985	1987	1989	1991
Total Behavioral	49,058	52,643	59,898	62,507	66,939	66,628
Under 30	5.21	3.74	2.51	1.58	1.46	1.49
30-34	19.86	18.36	16.81	13.33	10.44	9.28
35-39	23.40	23.46	21.98	22.93	21.73	18.32
40-44	14.32	16.56	20.15	21.26	21.61	24.10
45-49	10.72	11.44	11.77	13.99	16.77	19.33
50-54	10.93	9.50	9.73	9.50	9.98	10.99
55-59	8.58	9.09	8.75	8.68	7.98	7.45
60-64	4.48	5.33	5.57	5.52	6.50	5.73
65-69	1.88	1.89	2.04	2.55	2.55	2.54
70+	0.63	0.63	0.70	0.65	0.98	0.76
Median Age (years)	39.54	40.35	41.17	41.87	42.80	43.35
Total Men	35,722	37,223	40,968	41,523	43,175	40,430
Under 30	4.10	2.46	1.79	0.94	0.95	1.17
30-34	17.99	17.35	14.64	10.91	7.73	7.52
35-39	23.97	22.82	20.93	21.28	20.28	16.42
40-44	14.44	16.47	21.07	22.28	21.39	23.37
45-49	10.88	11.94	12.29	14.64	18.53	21.03
50-54	11.98	10.24	10.19	9.91	10.59	11.80
55-59	9.48	10.17	9.97	9.93	8.61	7.69
60-64	4.69	6.13	6.31	6.53	7.88	6.85
65-69	1.86	1.88	2.29	2.94	2.94	3.11
70+	0.61	0.55	0.53	0.63	1.10	1.05
Median Age (years)	40.86	41.74	42.50	43.28	44.42	44.86
Total Women	13,336	15,420	18,930	20,984	23,764	26,198
Under 30	8.19	6.84	4.07	2.85	2.39	2.00
30-34	24.87	20.78	21.48	18.13	15.36	12.00
35-39	21.88	25.02	24.26	26.18	24.36	21.25
40-44	14.01	16.76	18.15	19.23	22.01	25.24
45-49	10.28	10.23	10.66	12.71	13.59	16.72
50-54	8.11	7.72	8.75	8.68	8.87	9.75
55-59	6.15	6.50	6.10	6.22	6.82	7.07
60-64	3.91	3.40	3.96	3.53	4.00	4.02
65-69	1.92	1.93	1.49	1.78	1.85	1.65
70+	0.69	0.82	1.08	0.69	0.75	0.31
Median Age (years)	38.37	38.97	39.55	40.24	41.29	42.42

: NOTES: "Behavioral science work force" consists of those working in a behavioral science field, including postdoctoral appointees, regardless of Ph.D. field. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology.
Source: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figures 4-1, 4-2, and 4-3.

APPENDIX TABLE F-14Citizenship Status of Employed Behavioral Science Ph.D.s: 1981-1991 (in percent)

Citizenship Status	1981	1983	1985	1987	1989	1991
Total N	56,043	64,203	71,864	77,435	83,935	88,569
U.S. Citizen	98.0	97.9	98.0	98.1	98.0	97.5
U.S. Native born	93.6	93.1	93.5	93.9	94.1	93.3
Non-U.S. citizen	2.0	2.1	2.0	1.9	2.0	2.5
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

: NOTES: ''Employed Behavioral Science Ph.D.s'' are defined as those working in a behavioral science field, regardless of employment field. 'Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology. Prior to 1991, the SDR collected data by mail methods only. In 1991, the survey had both a mail component and a telephone follow-up component. In this table, 1991 estimates are based on "mail-only" data to maintain greater comparability with earlier years.
Source: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figure 4-4.

APPENDIX TABLE F-15Employment of the Behavioral Science Work Force by Sector: 1981-1991

	Total	Academic	Industry	Government	Hospitals/Clinics	Other
Total Behavioral
1981	48,402	26,909	9,065	3,158	5,929	3,341
1983	52,282	27,859	11,941	3,108	6,021	3,353
1985	58,956	30,811	14,428	2,905	6,623	4,189
1987	62,288	30,914	15,904	3,717	7,343	4,410
1989	66,719	31,830	18,352	3,626	7,763	5,148
1991	65,949	27,936	20,764	3,884	8,529	4,836
Men
1981	35,213	19,910	6,380	2,380	4,426	2,117
1983	37,031	20,189	8,100	2,348	4,437	1,957
1985	40,380	21,778	9,698	2,231	4,326	2,347
1987	41,401	21,425	9,959	2,611	4,845	2,561
1989	42,967	21,440	11,074	2,623	4,821	3,009
1991	40,025	17,641	11,937	2,677	5,238	2,532
Women
1981	13,189	6,999	2,685	778	1,503	1,224
1983	15,251	7,670	3,841	760	1,584	1,396
1985	18,576	9,033	4,730	674	2,297	1,842
1987	20,887	9,489	5,945	1,106	2,498	1,849
1989	23,752	10,390	7,278	1,003	2,942	2,139
1991	25,924	10,295	8,827	1,207	3,291	2,304

: NOTES: "Behavioral science work force" consists of those working in a behavioral science field, including postdoctoral appointees, regardless of Ph.D. field. Cases with missing sector or work activity are excluded. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology.
Source: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figure 4-5.

APPENDIX TABLE F-16Doctorate Recipients in the Behavioral Sciences by Gender: 1981-1992

		Gender (percent)
Year	Total	Male	Female
1981	4,149	55.8	44.2
1982	3,836	54.6	45.4
1983	3,989	51.8	48.2
1984	3,807	49.1	50.9
1985	3,656	48.8	51.2
1986	3,631	47.9	52.1
1987	3,540	46.0	54.0
1988	3,434	44.5	55.5
1989	3,399	43.1	56.9
1990	3,668	41.1	58.9
1991	3,741	38.0	62.0
1992	3,647	41.3	58.7

: NOTE: Data limited to U.S. citizens and permanent residents. Cases with missing gender data are excluded. The Survey of Earned Doctorates is sponsored by five Federal Agencies: National Science Foundation (NSF); National Institutes of Health (NIH); U.S. Department of Education (USED); National Endowment for the Humanities (NIH); and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA); and conducted by the National Research Council (NRC).
Source: NRC, Survey of Earned Doctorates. (Annual)
See Figures 4-6 and 4-7.

APPENDIX TABLE F-17Doctorate Recipients in the Behavioral Sciences by Citizenship: 1981-1992

		Citizenship (percent)
Year	Total	U.S.	Non-U.S.
1981	4,323	94.0	6.0
1982	3,988	94.1	5.9
1983	4,159	93.7	6.3
1984	3,989	93.6	6.4
1985	3,823	93.2	6.8
1986	3,812	92.4	7.6
1987	3,708	92.5	7.5
1988	3,620	92.0	8.0
1989	3,638	90.8	9.2
1990	3,923	90.7	9.3
1991	4,026	89.9	10.1
1992	3,966	88.7	11.3

: NOTE: Cases with missing data are excluded. The Survey of Famed Doctorates is sponsored by five Federal Agencies: National Science Foundation (NSF); National Institutes of Health H); U.S. Department of Education (USED); National Endowment for the Humanities (NIH); and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA); and conducted by the National Research Council (NRC).
Source: NRC, Survey of Earned Doctorates. (Annual).
See Figure 4-8.

APPENDIX TABLE F-18Unemployment Rates for Behavioral and Physical Science Ph.D.s and the U.S. Labor Force: 1973-1991

	1973	1975	1977	1979	1981	1983	1985	1987	1989	1991
Behavioral Sciences	1.2	1.0	1.6	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.4
Physical Sciences	1.6	1.2	1.1	1.0	0.6	1.0	0.6	1.1	0.6	1.4
U.S. Labor Force	4.9	8.5	7.1	5.8	7.6	9.6	7.2	6.2	5.3	6.7

: NOTE: See Appendix Table F-8. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology. Prior to 1991, the SDR collected data by mail methods only. In 1991, the survey had both a mail component and a telephone follow-up component. In this table, 1991 estimates are based on "mail-only" data to maintain greater comparability with earlier years.
SOURCES: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, (Biennial); Office of the President of the United States (1993), Economic Report of the President, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
See Figure 4-9 .

APPENDIX TABLE F-19Underemployment Rates for Employed Behavioral and Physical Science Ph.D.s: 1973-1991

	1973	1975	1977	1979	1981	1983	1985	1987	1989	1991
Behavioral	1.1	1.1	2.1	2.1	2.0	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.6
Physical Sciences	1.5	1.2	1.0	0.8	0.6	0.9	0.5	0.7	0.8	1.1

: NOTE: See Appendix Table F-9. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology. Prior to 1991, the $DR collected data by mail methods only. In 1991, the survey had both a mail component and a telephone follow-up component. In this table, 1991 estimates are based on "mail-only" data to maintain greater comparability with earlier years.
Source: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figure 4-10.

APPENDIX TABLE F-20Percentage of New Ph.D.s Who Are U.S. Citizens or Permanent Residents with Definite Commitments in the Behavioral and Physical Sciences: 1975-1992. [Index 1989=100]

Year	Behavioral Sciences	Physical Sciences
1975	102.5	95.2
1976	99.2	93.3
1977	97	94.2
1978	94.5	97.5
1979	96.7	100.4
1980	99.7	104.1
1981	100.1	105.2
1982	95.6	102.9
1983	94.2	99.6
1984	94.2	99.7
1985	96.6	100
1986	98.8	98.4
1987	95	98.7
1988	98.8	98.9
1989	100	100
1990	97.4	96.2
1991	97.7	92.1
1992	96.1	91.5

: NOTE: See Appendix Table F-7. The raw percentages for 1989 are: 69.8 for the behavioral sciences and for the 78.9 physical sciences.
Source: NRC, Survey of Earned Doctorates. (Annual)
See Figure 4-11.

APPENDIX TABLE F-21Median Salaries of Employed Behavioral Science Ph.D.s Age 30-34 as a Percentage of Comparable Salaries for All Employed Scientists and Engineers Age 30-34: 1973-1991

Year	Percent
1973	95.9
1975	95.2
1977	92.6
1979	92.1
1981	88.4
1983	87.3
1985	85.2
1987	85.6
1989	86.2
1991	86.0

: NOTE: See Appendix Table F-12. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology.
Source: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figure 4-12.

APPENDIX TABLE F-22Trends in the Supply of and Demand for Clinical Scientists

			Fiscal Year
			1981	1982	1983^{^a}	1984	1985
SUPPLY INDICATORS (New Entrants):
	Professional doctorates participating in NIH training grants and fellowships^{^b}		2,172	2,153	2,290	2,367	2,385
	M.D. degrees awarded		15,673	15,985	15,801	16,369	16,321
DEMAND INDICATORS:
	Expenditures for clinical R & D in medical schools (1987 $, rail.)		$783	$773	$811	$856	$961
	Professional service income in medical schools (1987 $, mil.)		$1,301	$1,510	$1,829	$1,979	$2,340
	Total revenue (all source), (1987 $, mil.)		8,143	8,611	9,380	9,901	10,676
	Budgeted vacancies in medical schools:
		Clinical departments	2,231	2,264	2,270	2,402	2,572
		Basic science departments	656	668	671	705	801
	Clinical faculty/student ratio^{^c}		0.331	0.341	0.346	0.349	0.354
LABOR FORCE
	M.D.s primarily engaged in research^{^d}		17,901	16,743	18,535	22,945	23,268
	Full-time faculty in clinical departments		37,716	40,148	41,938	43,443	45,007
	NIH research grants awarded to M.D.s:^{^e}
		Number of competing grants	1,868	1,791	1,962	2,151	2,229
		% of total competing grants	34 %	32 %	32 %	34 %	31%
	M.D. applicants for NIH research grants:
		Number of competing applicants	4,525	4,716	4,658	4,844	5,264
		% of total competing applicants	31%	30%	30%	30%	30%
	M.D. success rate:
		M.D. awards/M.D. applicants	41%	38%	42 %	44 %	42 %
		M.D. awardees/all awardees	34%	32%	32%	33%	31%
ENROLLMENTS:
		Medical students	65,412	66,484	66,886	67,437	67,086
		Residents and clinical fellows^f	52,871	57,504	59,138	60,442	63,507
		Total	118,283	123,988	126,024	127,879	130,593

: ^a Financial data from the University of Washington and Mayo Medical School were included for the first time in 1983.
: ^b Includes Fogarty International Center programs.
: ^c Ratio of full-time clinical faculty to a 4-year weighted average of total enrollments of medical students, residents and clinical fellows(WS) ,where (WS)t = 1/6(St + 2S(t-1) + 2S(t-2) + S(t-3)).


1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	Annual Growth Rate	Latest Annual Change	Average Annual Change
2,599	2,619	2,631	2,593	2,437	2,232	3.2%	-1.4%	69
15,979	15,719	15,932	15,617	15,338	15,435	0.2%	-1.8%	34
$1,061	$1,118	$1,204	$1,338	$1,516	n/a	6.8%	11.1%	$65
$2,422	$2,745	$3,038	$4,333	$4,958	$5,634	14.5%	14.4%	$349
11,451	12,589	13,577	15,792	16,626	n/a	7.7%	16.3%	$830
2,345	2,510	2,564	2,856	3,136	3,601	3. 7%	9.8%	94
757	785	718	720	667	643	-0.7%	-7.4%	-5
0.368	0.377	0.408	0.432	0.442	0.452	2.9 %	2.2%	0.011
17,847	n/a	16,586	16,941	16,930	n/a	1.7 %	2.1%	270
47,193	48,834	52,260	55,468	57,202	59,189	4.87%	3.1%	2,104
2,075	2,394	2,143	1,907	1,860	2,141	-1.3%	-11.0%	-26
30%	32%	30%	31%	32%	31%	-0.7%	3.0%	-0.23%
5,359	5,262	5,290	5,311	5,422	5,486	1.9%	0.4%	90
29%	29%	28%	28%	28%	29%	-1.4%	-1.5%	-0.41%
39%	45%	41%	36%	34%	39%	-3.1%	-11.4%	-1.32%
30%	32%	30%	31%	32%	31%	-0.6%	-0.9%	-0.209'06
6,607	65,918	65,711	65,150	65,081	64,996	0.4%	-0.1%	2276
0,875	61,539	62,880	64,867	67,110	68,329	2.7%	3.5%	1,538
127,482	127,457	128,591	130,017	132,191	133,325	1.4%	1.3%	1,766

: ^d There is some question about the interpretation of these data since they include many trainee graduate medical programs. 1984 data are previously unpublished; AMA reports them to be to "within 100 persons" 1987 data remain unpublished.
: ^e Data for M.D.s do NOT exclude those who may also have a Ph.D. degree. As a result, the percent M.D. awardees and percent Ph.D. awardees, can be greater than 100 %.
: ^f The residents and clinical fellows reported here include only those in accredited programs af with medical schools.
Source: National Institutes of Health, special tabulations, 1992.

TABLE F-23R&D Expenditures in U.S. Medical Schools, by Type of Institutional Control, 1964-91, ($ thousands)

	Total R&D Expenditures
	Current Dollars^{^a}			1987 Dollars
Fiscal Year	Total	Public	Private	Total	Public	Private
1964	310,412	128,710	181,702	1,120,621	464,657	655,964
1965	344,787	143,627	201,160	1,214,039	505,729	708,310
1966	377,028	155,960	221,068	1,327,563	549,155	778,408
1967	422,467	178,881	243,586	1,436,963	608,439	828,524
1968	470,958	202,440	268,518	1,554,317	668,119	886,198
1969	489,300	196,800	292,500	1,469,369	590,991	878,378
1970	498,066	205,962	292,104	1,418,991	586,786	832,205
1971	499,841	207,346	292,495	1,424,048	590,729	833,319
1972	558,120	227,638	330,482	1,508,432	615,238	893,195
1973	606,921	264,808	342,113	1,564,229	682,495	881,735
1974	657,287	300,479	356,808	1,463,891	669,218	794,673
1975	784,537	363,893	420,644	1,594,587	739,620	854,967
1976	839,170	385,857	453,313	1,705,630	784,262	921,368
1977	973,827	449,709	524,118	1,862,002	859,864	1,002,138
1978	1,046,121	490,029	556,092	1,871,415	876,617	994,798
1979	1,190,689	585,488	605,201	1,817,846	893,875	923,971
1980	1,352,409	677,085	675,324	1,886,205	944,331	941,874
1981	1,477,919	766,565	711,354	2,061,254	1,069,128	992,126
1982	1,605,585	828,954	776,631	2,034,962	1,050,639	984,323
983e	1,787,532	937,510	850,022	2,133,093	1,118,747	1,014,346
1984	1,997,317	1,065,607	931,710	2,194,854	1,170,997	1,023,857
1985	2,301,421	1,229,256	1,072,165	2,437,946	1,302,178	1,135,768
1986	2,554,561	1,400,225	1,154,336	2,706,103	1,483,289	1,222,814
1987	2,800,837	1,500,175	1,300,662	2,890,441	1,548,168	1,342,272
1988	3,043,336	1,592,243	1,451,093	3,043,336	1,592,243	1,451,093
1989	3,633,314	1,992,784	1,640,529	3,351,765	1,838,362	1,513,403
1990	4,264,303	2,133,545	2,130,757	3,777,061	1,889,765	1,887,296
1991	4,640,646	2,304,664	2,335,982	4,110,404	2,041,332	2,069,072

		Estimated Clinical R & Dd
		1987 Dollars
Implicit GNP Price Deflator^{^b} (1987 = 100)	NIH Clinical Research as a % of Total NIH Research Obligationc	Total	Public	Private
27.7	15.0	168,093	69,699	98,395
28.4	16.5	200,316	83,445	116,871
29.4	18.0	238,961	98,848	140,114
30.3	20.0	287,393	121,688	165,705
31.7	22.5	349,721	150,327	199,395
33.3	25.0	367,342	147,748	219,595
35.1	28.0	397,318	164,300	233,017
37	30.0	427,215	177,219	249,996
38.8	32.0	482,698	196,876	285,822
41.3	34.0	531,838	232,048	299,790
44.9	34.0	497,723	227,534	270,189
49.2	39.0	621,889	288,452	333,437
52.3	37.0	631,083	290,177	340,906
55.9	39.0	726,181	335,347	390,834
60.3	41.0	767,280	359,413	407,867
65.5	38.0	690,781	339,672	351,109
71.7	39.0	735,620	368,289	367,331
78.9	38.0	783,276	406,269	377,008
83.8	38.0	773,286	399,243	374,043
87.2	38.0	810,575	425,124	385,452
91	39.0	855,993	456,689	399,304
94.4	39.4	961,200	513,405	447,795
96.9	39.2	1,061,358	581,759	479,598
100.0	38.7	1,117,620	598,616	519,004
103.9	39.6	1,203,873	629,855	574,019
108.4	39.9	1,337,651	733,669	603,982
112.9	40.1	1,515,779	758,385	757,394
117.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a

: ^a Figures were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges (1972-92a, annual tabulations). Because AAMC data were incomplete, figures for 1963 and 1969 were obtained from the American Medical Association (1960-90). Items may not sum to totals due to rounding.
: ^b From the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1992).
: ^c Estimates for 1964-1975 were derived from data supplied by John James, NIH Division of Research Grants; 1976-1984 data were estimated by the NRC Committee on National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel; 1985-1990 were derived from the NSF Survey of Federal Support to Universities.
: ^d Financial data from the University of Washington and Mayo Medical School were included for the first time in 1983
Source: National Institutes of Health, special tabulations, 1992.

APPENDIX TABLE F-24Average Clinical R and D Expenditures and Professional Service Income per U.S. Medical School, by Type of Institutional Control, 1966-90 (1987 $ thousands)

	Clinical R and Expenditures
	Average per School			Number of Schools Reporting^{^a}
Fiscal Year	Total	Public	Private	Total	Public	Private
1966	2,685	2,103	3,336	89	47	42
1967	2,994	2,296	3,854	96	53	43
1968	3,605	2,733	4,747	97	55	42
1969	4,037	2, 841	5,631	91	52	39
1970	3,973	2, 833	5,548	100	58	42
1971	4,188	2,954	5,952	102	60	42
1972	4,686	3,337	6,496	103	59	44
1973	5,163	3,867	6,972	103	60	43
1974	4,484	3,447	6,004	111	66	45
1975	5,603	4,305	7,578	111	67	44
1976	5,635	4,331	7,576	112	67	45
1977	6,260	4,791	8,496	116	70	46
1978	6,394	4,992	8,497	120	72	48
1979	5,709	4,653	7,315	121	73	48
1980	6,080	4,977	7,816	121	74	47
1981	6,527	5,565	8,021	120	73	47
1982	6,287	5,395	7,634	123	74	49
1983b	6,590	5,745	7,866	123	74	49
1984	6,903	6,171	7,986	124	74	50
1985	7,569	6,845	8,611	127	75	52
1986	8,357	7,757	9,223	127	75	52
1987	8,800	8,089	9,793	127	74	53
1988	9,479	8,512	11,039	127	74	52
1989	10,616	9,914	11,615	126	74	52
1990	12,030	10,248	14,565	126	74	52

Professional Service Income
Average per School			Number of Schools Reporting^{^a}			Sum of Average Clinical R&D plus Professional Service Income per School
Total	Public	Private	Total	Public	Private	Total	Public	Private
2,521	2,451	2,604	33	18	15	5,206	4,554	5,940
2,322	2,256	2,405	43	24	19	5,316	4,552	6,258
2,670	2,686	2,648	56	33	23	6,276	5,419	7,396
3,440	3,422	3,466	57	33	24	7,477	6,263	9,097
3,614	3,543	3,716	71	42	29	7,587	6,376	9,264
4,474	4,298	4,755	70	43	27	8,663	7,252	10,707
5,017	4,744	5,389	71	41	30	9,703	8,081	11,885
5,499	5,449	5,563	70	39	31	10,663	9,316	12,535
6,152	5,899	6,583	73	46	27	10,636	9,347	12,587
7,956	7,148	9,250	78	48	30	13,559	11,453	16,828
9,330	8,371	10,740	84	50	34	14,964	12,702	18,315
11,129	8,745	14,807	89	54	35	17,389	13,535	23,303
11,002	8,772	14,376	93	56	37	17,396	13,764	22,874
11,975	9,672	15,621	93	57	36	17,684	14,325	22,935
12,790	10,148	17,192	96	60	36	18,869	15,125	25,008
13,008	10,229	17,540	100	62	38	19,535	15,795	25,562
14,801	11,500	19,918	102	62	40	21,088	16,895	27,552
17,096	13,402	23,043	107	66	41	23,686	19,147	30,909
18,496	14,465	24,985	107	66	41	25,399	20,637	32,971
21,269	15,649	29,700	110	66	44	28,838	22,494	38,311
21,820	17,580	28,525	111	68	43	30,177	25,337	37,748
24,289	18,732	32,687	113	68	45	33,089	26,821	42,479
26,886	21,490	35,039	113	68	45	36,365	30,002	46,078
39,038	30,768	52,115	111	68	43	49,654	40,683	63,730
43,877	35,611	56,839	113	69	44	55,907	45,859	71,404

: ^a From the Association of American Medical Colleges (1972-92, special tabulations generated annually from 1982-92).
: ^b Financial data from the University of Washington and Mayo Medical School were included for the first time in 1983.
Source: National Institutes of Health, special tabulations, 1992.

APPENDIX TABLE F-25First Time R01 Applicants by Degree and Prior Research Training Experience

	Total Applicants
FY of First Application	M.D.s	Ph.D.s	M.D.-Ph.D.s	Others
1964	1,087	1,453	103	442
1965	1,035	1,686	107	204
1966	1,081	1,613	81	244
1967	987	1,530	113	216
1968	826	1,582	96	198
1969	691	1,595	120	158
1970	600	1,766	83	145
1971	569	1,707	98	154
1972	654	1,820	111	139
1973	675	1,897	148	146
1974	697	2,005	123	137
1975	634	1,908	138	136
1976	845	2,288	167	168
1977	896	2,509	142	200
1978	907	2,403	146	168
1979	855	2,556	133	168
1980	906	2,501	133	194
1981	796	2,245	127	312
1982	682	2,168	64	177
1983	699	1,999	64	228
1984	700	2,070	114	158
1985	727	2,123	144	120
1986	669	2,175	157	131
1987	620	1,532	108	115
1988	696	1,913	f39	105
1989	711	2,019	184	87

M.D.s	Ph.D.s	M.D.-Ph.D.s	Others	M.D.s	Ph.D.s	M.D.-Ph.D.s	Others
386	458	35	103	35.51	31.52	33.98	23.30
409	600	54	36	39.52	35.59	50.47	17.65
498	640	45	38	46.07	39.68	55.56	15.57
446	651	54	28	45.19	42.55	47.79	12.96
412	733	48	25	49.88	46.33	50.00	12.63
373	738	67	20	53.98	46.27	55.83	12.66
351	928	47	23	58.50	52.55	56.63	15.86
356	893	64	23	62.57	52.31	65.31	14.94
398	945	66	17	60.86	51.92	59.46	12.23
399	1,031	91	24	59.11	54.35	61.49	16.44
421	1,127	69	10	60.40	56.21	56.10	7.30
386	1,078	91	18	60.88	56.50	65.94	13.24
488	1,288	104	23	57.75	56.29	62.28	13.69
556	1,449	82	19	62.05	57.75	57.75	9.50
536	1,395	95	36	59.10	58.05	65.07	21.43
509	1,402	89	42	59.53	54.85	66.92	25.00
550	1,391	93	31	60.71	55.62	69.92	15.98
431	1,288	77	107	54.15	57.37	60.63	34.29
418	1,270	43	48	61.29	58.58	67.19	27.12
394	1,152	40	74	56.37	57.63	62.50	32.46
396	1,196	76	36	56.57	57.78	66.67	22.78
385	1,226	94	21	52.96	57.75	65.28	17.50
335	1,205	93	22	50.07	55.40	59.24	16.79
308	800	72	21	49.68	52.22	66.67	18.26
311	930	79	19	44.68	48.61	56.83	18.10
298	954	107	16	41.91	47.25	58.15	18.39

: Source: National Institutes of Health, special tabulations, 1991.

APPENDIX TABLE F-26First Time Grant^* Recipients Degree and Prior Research Training Experience

	Total Recipients
FY of First Application	M.D.s	Ph.D.s	M.D.-Ph.D.s	Others
1963	100	100	10	1,500
1964	652	867	75	137
1965	582	688	74	85
1966	616	660	58	82
1967	542	728	61	74
1968	363	527	59	40
1969	376	625	70	32
1970	266	483	46	22
1971	310	581	64	12
1972	432	803	85	23
1973	314	601	63	19
1974	460	1,087	97	17
1975	444	1,181	121	28
1976	406	917	93	27
1977	419	918	80	24
1978	481	1,247	109	23
1979	556	1,516	97	40
1980	469	1,169	82	34
1981	464	1,121	95	77
1982	409	1,109	53	53
1983	494	1,283	48	86
1984	546	1,264	90	94
1985	592	1,385	122	140
1986	521	1,467	131	109
1987	577	1,388	110	79
1988	561	1,453	128	88
1989	512	1,251	146	94

M.D.s	Ph.D.s	M.D.-Ph.D.s	Others	M.D.s	Ph.D.s	M.D.-Ph.D.s	Others
35	38	3	586	35.00	38.00	30.00	39.07
265	345	31	37	40.64	39.79	41.33	27.01
279	321	33	21	47.94	46.66	44.59	24.71
328	328	29	18	53.25	49.70	50.00	21.95
296	379	40	17	54.61	52.06	65.57	22.97
224	321	32	9	61.71	60.91	54.24	22.50
258	394	40	10	68.62	63.04	57.14	31.25
188	337	30	6	70.68	69.77	65.22	27.27
215	406	47	4	69.35	69.88	73.44	33.33
303	552	55	5	70.14	68.74	64.71	21.74
186	406	45	2	59.24	67.55	71.43	10.53
294	725	62	2	63.91	66.70	63.92	11.76
294	835	82	4	66.22	70.70	67.77	14.29
251	629	60	3	61.82	68.59	64.52	11.11
279	647	50	2	66.59	70.48	62.50	8.33
332	852	63	4	69.02	68.32	57.80	17.39
401	1,037	72	12	72.12	68.40	74.23	30.00
336	801	64	9	71.64	68.52	78.05	26.47
317	765	65	48	68.32	68.24	68.42	62.34
287	804	36	21	70.17	72.50	67.92	39.62
303	891	31	27	61.34	69.45	64.58	31.40
343	854	67	22	62.82	67.56	74.44	23.40
363	922	83	47	61.32	66.57	68.03	33.57
289	892	82	27	55.47	60.80	62.60	24.77
317	842	79	11	54.94	60.66	71.82	13.92
322	862	82	10	57.40	59.33	64.06	11.36
269	689	99	13	52.54	55.08	67.81	13.83

*: K,R,U,M,P Awards
Source: National Institutes of Health, special tabulations, 1991.

Footnotes

: 1. The results of that request were not available at the time of committee discussion.

Bookshelf ID: NBK236722

Contents