Chapter 20Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

Box 1Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them

• Keep hyphens in surnames

  • Estelle Palmer-Canton   becomes   Palmer-Canton E
  • Ahmed El-Assmy   becomes   El-Assmy A
• Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'

  • Alan D. O'Brien   becomes   O'Brien AD
  • James O. L'Esperance   becomes   L'Esperance JO
  • U. S'adeh   becomes   S'adeh U
• Omit all other punctuation in surnames

  • Charles A. St. James   becomes   St James CA

Box 2Other surname rules

• Keep prefixes in surnames

  • Lama Al Bassit   becomes   Al Bassit L
  • Jiddeke M. van de Kamp   becomes   van de Kamp JM
  • Gerard de Pouvourville   becomes   de Pouvourville G
• Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears

  • Sergio Lopez Moreno   becomes   Lopez Moreno S
  • Jaime Mier y Teran   becomes   Mier y Teran J
  • Virginie Halley des Fontaines   becomes   Halley des Fontaines V
  • [If you cannot determine from the opening screens whether a surname is compound or a combination of a middle name and a surname, look elsewhere in the text or in any accompanying material for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe

Box 3Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle

• Disregard hyphens joining given (first or middle) names

  • Jean-Louis Lagrot   becomes   Lagrot JL
• Use only the first letter of given names and middle names if they contain a prefix, a preposition, or another particle

  • D'Arcy Hart   becomes   Hart D
  • W. St. John Patterson   becomes   Patterson WS
  • De la Broquerie Fortier   becomes   Fortier D
  • Craig McC. Brooks   becomes   Brooks CM
• Disregard traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publications use abbreviations of conventional given names rather than single initials, such as St. for Stefan. Use only the first letter of the abbreviation.

  • Ch. Wunderly   becomes   Wunderly C
  • C. Fr. Erdman   becomes   Erdman CF
• For non-English names that are romanized (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the first letter if the original initial is represented by more than one letter

  • Iu. A. Iakontov   becomes   Iakontov IuA
  • G. Th. Tsakalos   becomes   Tsakalos GTh

Box 4Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name

• Omit degrees, titles, and honors such as M.D. following a personal name

  • James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S.   becomes   Reed JA
  • Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D.   becomes   Schmidt K
  • Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army   becomes   Lang RV
• Omit rank and honors such as Colonel or Sir that precede a name

  • Sir Frances Hildebrand   becomes   Hildebrand F
  • Dr. Jane Eberhard   becomes   Eberhard J
  • Captain R.C. Williams   becomes   Williams RC

Box 5Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III

• Place family designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation
• Convert roman numerals to arabic ordinals
  Examples:

  • Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.   becomes   DeVita VT Jr
  • James G. Jones II   becomes   Jones JG 2nd
  • John A. Adams III   becomes   Adams JA 3rd
  • Henry B. Cooper IV   becomes   Cooper HB 4th

Box 6Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)

Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman (Latin) alphabet to represent the letters or characters of another alphabet. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

• Romanize names in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese
• Capitalize only the first letter of romanized names if the original initial is represented by more than one letter

  • Iu. A. Iakontov   becomes   Iakontov IuA
  • G. Th. Tsakalos   becomes   Tsakalos GTh
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe

Box 7Non-English words for editor

• Translate the word found for editor into English. However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
• To assist in identifying editors, below is a brief list of non-English words for editor:

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Editor
  French	redacteur
  	editeur
  German	redakteur
  	herausgeber
  Italian	redattore
  	curatore
  	editore
  Russian	redaktor
  	izdatel
  Spanish	redactor
  	editor

Box 8Organizations as author

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental body may be an author.

• Omit "The" preceding an organizational name

  • The American Cancer Society   becomes   American Cancer Society
• If a division or another part of an organization is included in the publication, give the parts of the name in descending hierarchical order, separated by commas

  • American Medical Association, Committee on Ethics.
  • International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division.
  • American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma, Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Outcomes, Working Group.
• When citing organizations that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)

  • National Academy of Sciences (US).
  • Royal Marsden Hospital Bone-Marrow Transplantation Team (GB).
• Separate two or more different organizations by a semicolon

  • Canadian Association of Orthodontists; Canadian Dental Association.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine; American College of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee.
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the opening screens of a database as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the organization at the end of the reference as a note, if desired.

  • Bowers L, Klesius SE. Physical activity for all! Adapted physical education for students with disabilities grades K-12 [DVD]. Cicero (NY): Program Development Associates; 2001. 1 DVD: color, 4 3/4 in. Prepared under the auspices of the University of South Florida School of Physical Education.
• For names of organizations in languages other than English:

  • Give names in languages using the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR.
    • Universitatsmedizin Berlin.
    • Nordisk Anaestesiologisk Forening [Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiologists].
  • Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of organizations in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • Rossiiskoe Respiratornoe Obshchestvo [Russian Respiratory Society].
    • or
    • [Russian Respiratory Society].
  • Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese and Japanese. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • [Chinese Medical Society].
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

      • Å   treated as   A
      • Ø   treated as   O
      • Ç   treated as   C
      • Ł   treated as   L
      • à   treated as   a
      • ĝ   treated as   g
      • ñ   treated as   n
      • ü   treated as   u
    • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

      • æ   treated as   ae
      • œ   treated as   oe

Box 9No author can be found

• If no person or organization can be found as the author but editors or translators are present, begin the reference with the names of the editors or translators. Follow the same rules as used for author names, but end the list of names with a comma and the specific role, that is, editor(s) or translator(s).

  • Jorgensen LA, Jorgensen SE, Nielsen SN, editors. ECOTOX: ecological modelling and ecotoxicology [CD-ROM]. New York: Elsevier Science; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
• If no person or organization can be identified as the author and no editors or translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the database. Do not use anonymous.

  • Properties of organic solvents [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.

Box 10Options for author names

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing authors, but are acceptable options:

• Full first names of authors may be given. Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a comma; follow initials with a period; separate successive names by a semicolon and a space.

  • Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun; Chiarugi, Alberto M.; Moskowitz, Michael A.
  • Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T.
• If space is a consideration, the number of authors may be limited to a specific number, such as the first three authors. Follow the last named author by a comma and "et al." or "and others."

  • Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al.
  • Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, and others.

Box 11Abbreviations in affiliations

• Abbreviate commonly used words in affiliations, if desired. Follow all abbreviated words with a period.

  • Examples:

    • Acad. for Academy
    • Assoc. for Association
    • Co. for Company
    • Coll. for College
    • Corp. for Corporation
    • Dept. for Department
    • Div. for Division
    • Inst. for Institute or Institution
    • Soc. for Society
    • Univ. for University
  • See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Abbreviate names of US states and Canadian provinces using their official two-letter abbreviations. See Appendix E for a list of these.
• Abbreviate names of countries outside of the US and Canada using the two-letter ISO country code, if desired. See Appendix D for codes of selected countries.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references.

Box 12E-mail address included

• Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the author with a period and a space
• Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the publication
• Do not end an e-mail address with a period
• Place the e-mail address within the closing parenthesis for the author affiliation
  Example:

  • Patrias K (Reference Section, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD. [email protected]), de la Cruz FF (Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD. [email protected]).

Box 13Organizational names for affiliations not in English

• Give the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
• Begin with the department and name of the organization, followed by the city, the two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E), and the country name or ISO country code (see Appendix D) if non-US. Place the affiliation in parentheses.
• Provide the name in the original language for non-English organization names found in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Carpentier AF (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France), Moreno Perez D (Unidad de Infectologia e Inmunodeficiencias, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Materno-Infantil Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain).
  • Marubini E (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy), Rebora P, Reina G.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organizational names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Barbulescu M (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest, Romania), Burcos T, Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I.
  • Grudinina NA (Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, Tikhomirova OS, Brezhneva TV, Hanson KP, Vasilyev VB, Mandelshtam MY.
• Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)

  • Susaki K (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, Kanaji N, Ishii T, Kubo A, Ishida T.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Use the English form of names for cities and countries whenever possible. For example, Vienna for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the publication may always be used.

Box 14Names for cities and countries not in English

• Use the English form for names of cities and countries whenever possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.

  • Moskva   becomes   Moscow
  • Wien   becomes   Vienna
  • Italia   becomes   Italy
  • Espana   becomes   Spain

Box 15Titles not in English

• Provide the title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Zeitschriftendatenbank [CD-ROM + disk]. Berlin: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz. 1994 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disk: 3 1/2 in. German.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Slovenska bibliografija [CD-ROM]. Ljubljana (Slovenia): Narodna in Univerzitetna Knjiznica. 1989 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Slovenian.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place translated titles in square brackets.

  • Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.
  • or
  • [Database on Chinese medicine for drug addiction] [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms unless the conventions of a particular language require other capitalization
• Provide an English translation after the original language title whenever possible; place translations in square brackets

  • Zeitschriftendatenbank [Journals databank] [CD-ROM + disk]. Berlin: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz. 1994 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. German.

Box 16Titles in more than one language

• If a database title is written in several languages:

  • Give the title in the first language found on the opening screens
  • List all languages of publication after the extent (pagination) and any physical description
  • Separate the languages by commas
  • End the list of languages with a period
    Example:

    • Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.
• If a database title is found in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:

  • Give all titles in the order in which they are found on the opening screens
  • Place an equals sign with a space on either side between each title
  • List the particular languages, separated by commas, after the extent (pagination) and any physical description
  • End the list of languages with a period
    Example:

    • Demirjian A, Cheng R, Tanguay R. Electronic encyclopedia on maxillo-facial, dental & skeletal development = Encyclopedie electronique du developpement maxillo-faciale, dentaire et sqelettique [CD-ROM + disk]. [Montreal]: Demirjian; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. English, French.

Box 17Titles ending in punctuation other than a period

• Most titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the type of medium.

  • Physical education index [CD-ROM]. Cape Girardeau (MO): Softworks USA. 1990 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place the type of medium in square brackets after the title and end title information with a period.

  • Genusys: database of herbal remedies, aromatherapy, essential oils, vitamins, amino acids, and more! [CD-ROM]. Version 1.4. Solebury (PA): Genusys Laboratories; 1996. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.

Box 18Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character

• Capitalize the first word of a database title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized

  • 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
  • 12-Lead ECG interpretation
  • von Willebrand disease database
• Retain special characters in titles when possible

  • Pharm-line®
• If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol. For example, Ω becomes omega.

  • Database of β-amino acids
  • may become
  • Database of beta-amino acids
• If a title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses

  • TiO₂ nanoparticles
  • may become
  • TiO(2) nanoparticles

Box 19No title can be found

Under rare circumstances a database does not appear to have any title; the database simply begins with the records in it. In this circumstance:

• Construct a title based on the content of the records
• Place the constructed title in square brackets

Box 20Titles ending in punctuation other than a period

• Most titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the content type and type of medium.

  • Physical education index [database on CD-ROM]. Cape Girardeau (MO): Softworks USA. 1990 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place the content type and type of medium in square brackets after the title and end title information with a period.

  • Bowers L, Klesius SE. Physical activity for all! [database on DVD]. Cicero (NY): Program Development Associates; 2001. 1 DVD: color, 4 3/4 in.

Box 21Titles not in English

• If a translation of a title is provided, place it in square brackets following the original language title
• Put the content type and type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) in square brackets following the translation
• End title information with a period
  Example:

  • Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [Database on Chinese medicine for drug addiction] [database on CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.

Box 22Both a content type and a type of medium

• Place the content type (database) and the word "on" before the type of medium within one set of square brackets

  • The Cochrane library [database on CD-ROM]. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..1996 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.

Box 23Database in more than one type of medium

• If a database is presented in more than one type of medium, give both
• Separate the two types by a plus sign surrounded by a space
• Place both in square brackets
  Examples:

  • VETCD [CD-ROM + disk]. [Wallingford (UK)]: CAB International. 1990 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
  • Zeitschriftendatenbank [Journals databank] [CD-ROM + disk]. Berlin: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz. 1994 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. German.

Box 24Titles ending in punctuation other than a period

• Most titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the type of medium.

  • Physical education index [CD-ROM]. Cape Girardeau (MO): Softworks USA. 1990 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place the type of medium in square brackets after the title and end title information with a period.

  • Bowers L, Klesius SE. Physical activity for all! [DVD]. Cicero (NY): Program Development Associates; 2001. 1 DVD: color, 4 3/4 in.

Box 25Titles not in English

• If a translation of a title is provided, give the translation after the original title and place it in square brackets
• Place the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) in square brackets following the translation
• End with a period
  Example:

  • Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [Database on Chinese medicine for drug addiction] [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.

Box 26Abbreviation rules for editions

• Abbreviate common words found in edition statements, if desired:

  View in own window

  Word	Abbreviation
  edition	ed.
  abbreviated	abbr.
  abridged	abr.
  American	Am.
  augmented	augm.
  authorized	authoriz.
  English	Engl.
  enlarged	enl.
  expanded	expand.
  illustrated	ill.
  modified	mod.
  original	orig.
  reprint(ed)	repr.
  revised	rev.
  special	spec.
  translation	transl.
  translated

  For additional abbreviations, see ISO 832:1994 - Rules for the abbreviation of bibliographic terms.
• Follow abbreviated words with a period and end all edition information with a period

  • 3rd rev. ed.
  • 1st Engl. ed.

Box 27Non-English words for editions

• For non-English edition statements written in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.):

  • Provide the name in the original language
  • Abbreviate common words used in edition statements if the language is a familiar one
  • Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns unless the particular language requires capitalization of other words
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked

      • Å   treated as   A
      • Ø   treated as   O
      • Ç   treated as   C
      • Ł   treated as   L
      • à   treated as   a
      • ĝ   treated as   g
      • ñ   treated as   n
      • ü   treated as   u
    • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

      • æ   treated as   ae
      • œ   treated as   oe
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title proper by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
  • Follow abbreviated words by a period and end edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Ed. 1a.
    • 5. ed. interamente riv. e aggiornata.
    • 2. ed. veneta.
    • Nuova ed.
    • Seconda ed.
    • 4a ed. rev. e ampliada.
    • 2° ed. ampliada y actualizada.
• For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean:

  • Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the words for edition. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
  • Abbreviate common words used in edition statements if the language is a familiar one
  • Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns unless the particular language requires capitalization of other words
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Examples: ĉ or ç   becomes   c
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title proper by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
  • Follow abbreviated words by a period and end all edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Izd. 3., perer. i dop.
    • 2. dopunjeno izd.
    • 2. ekd. epeux.
    • 3. ekd.
• For an edition statement written in a character-based language such as Chinese and Japanese:

  • Transliterate or translate the words for edition
  • Do not abbreviate any of the words or omit any words
  • Use the capitalization system of the particular language
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.
    Examples:

    • ŏ   becomes   o
    • ū   becomes   u
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
  • End all edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Shohan.
    • Dai 1-han.
    • Dai 3-pan.
    • Di 3 ban.
    • Cai se ban, Xianggang di 1 ban.
    • Che 6-p`an.
• To help identify editions in other languages, below is a brief list of Non-English words for editions with their abbreviations, if any (n.a. = not abbreviated):

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Edition	Abbreviation
  Danish	oplag	n.a.
  	udgave
  Dutch	uitgave	uitg.
  	editie	ed.
  Finnish	julkaisu	julk.
  French	edition	ed.
  German	Ausgabe	Ausg.
  	Auflage	Aufl.
  Greek	ekdosis	ekd.
  Italian	edizione	ed.
  Norwegian	publikasjon	publ.
  	utgave	utg.
  Portuguese	edicao	Ed.
  Russian	izdanie	izd.
  	publikacija	publ.
  Spanish	edicion	ed.
  	publicacion	publ.
  Swedish	upplaga	n.a.

Box 28Both an edition and a version

If a database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk provides information for both an edition and a version:

• Give both, in the order presented
• Separate the two statements with a semicolon and a space
• End edition/version information with a period
  Examples:

  • 2nd ed.; Version 2.0.
  • Version 3.0; Student ed.

Box 29First editions

• If a database does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only edition
• Use 1st ed. only when you know that subsequent editions have been published and you wish to cite the earlier one

Box 30More than one type of secondary author

A database may have several types of secondary author.

• List all of them in the order they are given on: the opening screens; the label of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; the jewel case (carrying case); or accompanying documentation
• Separate each type of secondary author with the accompanying role by a semicolon
• End secondary author information with a period
  Examples:

  • Smith BC, editor; Carson HT, illustrator.
  • Graber AF, Longstreet RG, translators; Johnson CT, Marks C, Huston MA, illustrators.

Box 31Secondary author performing more than one role

If the same secondary author performs more than one role:

• List all of them in the order they are given in the publication
• Separate the roles by "and"
• End secondary author information with a period
  Example:

  • Jones AB, editor and producer.

Box 32Non-English names for secondary authors

• Translate the word found for editor, translator, producer, or other secondary author into English if possible. However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
• If not translated, ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Below is a brief list of non-English words for secondary authors:

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Editor	Word for Translator	Word for Producer	Word for Illustrator
  French	redacteur	traducteur	producteur	illustrateur
  	editeur
  German	redakteur	ubersetzer	produzent	illustrator
  	herausgeber	dolmetscher	produzentin
  Italian	redattore	traduttore	produttore	disegnatore
  	curatore
  	editore
  Russian	redaktor	perevodchik	rezhisser	konstruktor
  	izdatel
  Spanish	redactor	traductor	productor	ilustrador
  	editor		productora

Box 33Organization as editor or other secondary author

An organization may be listed as an editor or other secondary author.

• Follow the instructions for entering the organizational name found under Organizations as author
• Place a comma, space, and the word editor, producer, or other role after the organizational name

  • Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance, editor.
• Separate multiple organizations by a semicolon

  • ADICAP; ICG Memoire Directe, producers.

Box 34Non-US cities

• Use the anglicized form of a city name, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow for Moskva, whenever possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Follow Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the name of the province (see Appendix E), placed in parentheses:

  • Montreal (QC):
  • Ottawa (ON):
  • Vancouver (BC):
• For cities in other countries, if the city is not well known or could be confused with another city of the same name, follow the city with the country name, either written in full or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Place the country name or code in parentheses.

  • London:
  • Rome:
  • Paris:
  • Madrid:
  • but
  • Malaga (Spain): or Malaga (ES):
  • Basel (Switzerland): or Basel (CH):
  • Oxford (England): or Oxford (GB):
• As an option, use the country name or country code after all cities not in the US or Canada

Box 35Joint publication

Two or more organizations may co-publish a database.

• Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on the label, jewel case, or in accompanying material if no place information appears on the opening screens), as the place of publication
• Put the name of the other organization(s) as a note at the end of the citation, if desired

  • Joint publication of the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.
• Do not give multiple places as place of publication or include multiple publishers

Box 36Multiple places of publication

• If more than one place of publication is found, use the first one or the one set in the largest type or in bold type. Do not give multiple places.
• As an option, if one place is a US city and the other(s) are not, use the US city

Box 37No place of publication can be found

• If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens (or on the label, jewel case, or in accompanying material) but one can be found elsewhere in the publication or can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of the American Medical Association), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]".

  • The pathology atlas [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. [Princeton (NJ)]: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. c1998 -   . CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
• If no place of publication can be found or inferred, use [place unknown]

  • Certified clinical microbiology database [disk]. [place unknown]: Datachem Software/Lewis Publishers; [1992?]. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.

Box 38Abbreviated words in publisher names

• Abbreviate commonly used words in publisher names, if desired

  • Examples:

    • Acad. for Academy
    • Assoc. for Association
    • Co. for Company
    • Coll. for College
    • Corp. for Corporation
    • Dept. for Department
    • Div. for Division
    • Inst. for Institute or Institution
    • Ltd. for Limited
    • Soc. for Society
    • Univ. for University
  • See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references.
• Follow all abbreviated words with a period

Box 39Non-English names for publishers

• Give publisher names appearing in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, Italian, etc.) in their original language

  • Rome: Societa Editrice Universo;
  • Lisbon: Imprensa Medica;
• Romanize names given in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean

  • Sofia (Bulgaria): Sofia Medizina i Fizkultura;
• Romanize names or translate names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.

  • Tokyo: Medikaru Rebyusha;
  • Beijing (China): [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Population Research Institute];
  • Taiyuan (China): Shanxi ke xue ji she chu ban she;
  • [Note that the concept of capitalization does not exist in Chinese. Therefore in transliterating Chinese publisher names only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.]
• If the name of a division or other part of an organization is included in the publisher information, give the names in hierarchical order from highest to lowest

  • Valencia (Spain): Universidade de Valencia, Instituto de Historia de la Ciencia y Documentacion Lopez Pinero;
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Follow a non-English name with a translation, if desired. Place all translated publisher names in square brackets.

  • Aarhus (Denmark): Aarhus-Universitetsforlag [Aarhus University Press];
• As an option, you may translate all publisher names not in English. Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.

  • Aarhus (Denmark): [Aarhus University Press];

Box 40Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher

• When citing publishers that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D).

  • National Cancer Institute (US)
  • National Society on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NZ)
  • Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd. (GB)
  • Royal College of Physicians (AU), Paediatrics & Child Health Division
• Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor who disseminates documents for the publisher. For example, the most common distributors of US government agency publications are the US Government Printing Office (GPO) and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency that issued the database as the publisher and include distributor information as a note. Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space. Add the name of the distributor, the city and state, and the accession or order number.

  • Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.4050:B 53/2000.

Box 41Joint publication

Two or more organizations may co-publish a database.

• Use the first organization appearing as publisher on the opening screens (or on the label, jewel case, or in accompanying material if no publisher information appears on the opening screens)
• Place the name of the other organization(s) as a note at the end of the citation, if desired
• Joint publication of the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.
• Do not give more than one name as publisher

Box 42Multiple publishers

• If more than one publisher is found on the opening screens (or on the label, jewel case, or in accompanying material if no publisher information appears on the opening screens), use the first one given or the one set in the largest type or bold type
• An alternative is to use the publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of the reference list. For example, use an American publisher for a US audience and a London publisher for a British one.
• Do not list multiple publishers. For those publications with joint or co-publishers, use the name given first as the publisher and include the name(s) of the other(s) as a note if desired. For example, "Jointly published by the Canadian Pharmacists Association".

Box 43No publisher can be found

• If no publisher can be found, use [publisher unknown].

Box 44Multiple years of publication

• For multiple years of publication, separate the first and last years of publication by a hyphen. Do not shorten the second of the two years to the last two digits.

  • 2002-2003
  • 1997-1998
  • 1999-2000
• If months are given, place them after the year. Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters.

  • 1999 Oct-2000 Mar
  • 2002 Dec-2003 Jan
• Separate multiple months of publication by a hyphen

  • 2005 Jan-Feb
  • 1999 Dec-2000 Jan
• Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen; for example, Fall-Winter. Do not abbreviate names of seasons.

Box 45Non-English names for months

• Translate names of months into English
• Abbreviate them using the first three letters
• Capitalize them
  Examples:

  • mayo = May
  • luty = Feb
  • brezen = Mar

Box 46Seasons instead of months

• Translate names of seasons into English
• Capitalize them
• Do not abbreviate them
  For example:

  • balvan = Summer
  • outomno = Fall
  • hiver = Winter
  • pomlad = Spring

Box 47Date of publication and date of copyright

Some publications have both a date of publication and a date of copyright. A copyright date is identified by the symbol ©, the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date.

• Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separate the two dates
• In this situation, use both dates, beginning with the year of publication
• Precede the date of copyright by the letter "c"
• Separate the dates by a comma and a space. For example, "2002, c1997".

This convention alerts a user that the information in the publication is older than the date of publication implies.

Box 48No date of publication, but a date of copyright

• A copyright date is identified by the symbol ©, the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date. If no date of publication can be found, but the database contains a date of copyright, use the date of copyright preceded by the letter "c"; for example c2005.

  • Clydesdale FM, editor. Food additives: toxicology, regulation, and properties [CD-ROM]. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.

Box 49No date of publication or copyright can be found

• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but the date of the earliest (and latest if closed) records in the database can be determined, place date information in square brackets

  • IBEDOCS: IBE Bibliographic Catalogue [CD-ROM]. Geneva: UNESCO, International Bureau of Education. [1971] -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but the date can be estimated because of information found on accompanying material or elsewhere, follow the date(s) with a question mark and place date information in square brackets

  • Certified clinical microbiology database [disk]. [place unknown]: Datachem Software/Lewis Publishers; [1992?]. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found nor can the date be determined or estimated, use [date unknown]

Box 50Options for date of publication

It is not NLM policy, but the date of publication may follow the author names (or type of medium if there are no authors) in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.

• Use only the year of publication (omitting months and days) or of copyright if there is no publication date
• Keep the hyphen following the date when the database is open
• Include both the beginning and ending years if a database is closed
• Keep any square brackets surrounding a date
• Use [date unknown] if no date can be determined
• Place the year(s) or [date unknown] after the last named author (or after the type of medium if there is no author)
• End date information with a period
• End the publisher name with a period
• Leave any date of update/revision in its usual location
  NLM citation:

  • Houston R, Conrad P, Boyce W, Hayes R. ParasitoLog: an interactive database of veterinary parasites [CD-ROM]. Davis (CA): University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine; 1997. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
  • Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, with evaluated MEDLINE [CD-ROM]. Cambridge (MA): Electronic Press, Inc. 1995 Nov -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
  • Plunkett's health care industry almanac [CD-ROM]. Houston (TX): Plunkett Research, Ltd. 1999-2000 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
  • Clydesdale FM, editor. Food additives: toxicology, regulation, and properties [CD-ROM]. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
  • IBEDOCS: IBE Bibliographic Catalogue [CD-ROM]. Geneva: UNESCO, International Bureau of Education. [1971] -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
  • Compact library: AIDS [CD-ROM + disk]. Version 1.55a. Boston: Massachusetts Medical Society, Medical Publishing Group. 1980 - 1990 [updated 1990 Oct]. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: color, 5 1/2 in.
  Name-year system citation:

  • Houston R, Conrad P, Boyce W, Hayes R. 1997. ParasitoLog: an interactive database of veterinary parasites [CD-ROM]. Davis (CA): University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
  • Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, with evaluated MEDLINE [CD-ROM]. 1995 -   . Cambridge (MA): Electronic Press, Inc. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
  • Plunkett's health care industry almanac [CD-ROM]. 1999-2000 -   . Houston (TX): Plunkett Research, Ltd. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
  • Clydesdale FM, editor. c1997. Food additives: toxicology, regulation, and properties [CD-ROM]. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
  • IBEDOCS: IBE Bibliographic Catalogue [CD-ROM]. [1971] -   . Geneva: UNESCO, International Bureau of Education. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
  • Compact library: AIDS [CD-ROM + disk]. 1980 - 1990. Version 1.55a. Boston: Massachusetts Medical Society, Medical Publishing Group. [updated 1990 Oct]. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: color, 5 1/2 in.

Box 51Non-English names for months

• Translate names of months into English
• Abbreviate them using the first three letters
• Capitalize them

  • Examples:
  • mayo = May
  • luty = Feb
  • brezen = Mar

Box 52Seasons instead of months

• Translate names of seasons into English
• Capitalize them
• Do not abbreviate them
  For example:

  • balvan = Summer
  • outomno = Fall
  • hiver = Winter
  • pomlad = Spring

Box 53Both a date of update and a date of revision

Various words are used to show that the content of a database has been changed. Among them are: updated, modified, revised, reviewed.

• Use the wording supplied in the database/retrieval system
• Give all words expressing update/revision with the dates provided, in ascending date order
• Enter dates in the format year month day
• Separate words with their dates by a semicolon and a space

  • updated 2006 May; modified 2006 Dec
  • revised 2005 Dec 5; updated 2006 Mar 30
• Place update/revision information in square brackets
• End date information with a period placed outside the closing bracket
  Example:

  • New York: Elsevier; 2000 [revised 2001 Sep; updated 2003 Oct].

Box 54More than one type of medium

• If a database is presented in more than one type of medium, provide the extent for both
• Separate extent for the two types by a semicolon and a space
  Examples:

  • Compact library: AIDS [CD-ROM + disk]. Version 1.55a. Boston: Massachusetts Medical Society, Medical Publishing Group. 1980 - 1990 [updated 1990 Oct]. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: color, 5 1/2 in.
  • VETCD [CD-ROM + disk]. [Wallingford (UK)]: CAB International. 1990 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in.

Box 55Language for describing physical characteristics

• For serial databases, begin with the type of medium on which the database is (or was) issued, followed by a colon and a space

  • DVDs:
  • CD-ROMs:
  • Computer disks:
• For single databases, begin with information on the number and type of physical pieces, followed by a colon and a space

  • 1 DVD:
  • 2 CD-ROMs:
  • 4 computer disks:
• Enter information on the physical characteristics, such as color and size. Abbreviate common words for measurement, such as in. for inches.
• Separate types of information by commas
  Typical words used include:

  • sound
  • color
  • black & white

  • 4 3/4 in. (standard CD-ROM and DVD size)
  • 3 1/2 in. (standard computer disk size)
  • 5 1/4 in. (older computer disk size)
  Examples of complete physical description statements:

  • 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
  • CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
  • 5 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.

Box 56More than one type of medium

• If a database is presented in more than one type of medium, give the physical description for both, separated by a semicolon and a space.
  Examples:

  • Compact library: AIDS [CD-ROM + disk]. Version 1.55a. Boston: Massachusetts Medical Society, Medical Publishing Group. 1980 - 1990 [updated 1990 Oct]. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: color, 5 1/2 in.
  • VETCD [CD-ROM + disk]. [Wallingford (UK)]: CAB International. 1990 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in.

Box 57Series editor's name provided

As an option, the name of the overall series editor may be included with the series information.

• Begin with the name of the series editor or editors:

  • Give surname first
  • Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials, for a maximum of two initials following each surname
  • Separate multiple names with a comma
  • End name information with a comma
  • See the information under Author/Editor for further name rules
• Place the word editor or editors after the name information, followed by a period
• Enter the name of the series, capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns
• Follow the name with any numbers given, such as a volume or issue number; for example, vol. 3 and no. 12
• Separate the name and the numeration by a semicolon and a space
• Place series information in parentheses
• End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis
  Example:

  • (Gottlieb C, editor. Cancer pathology; no. 5).

Box 58Multiple series

If a database is a part of more than one series, include information on all series if desired.

• Place each series in parentheses
• Separate the series by a semicolon and a space
• End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis of the last series
  Example:

  • (NNA database; no. 3); (Nursing education series).

Box 59Databases appearing in more than one language

• If a database appears in several languages:

  • Give the title in the first language found on the opening screens
  • List all languages of publication after the extent (pagination) and any physical description
  • Capitalize the language names
  • Separate the language names by commas
  • End the list of languages with a period
    Example:

    • Vieillefond A, Bastien H, Billerey C, Berger N, Bouvier R, Cochand-Priollet B, Dauge-Geffroy MC, Fontaniere B. Urological pathology: a reference image database coded with SNOMED, ICD 10, and ADICAP [CD-ROM]. Got C, editor. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer Electronic Media; 1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, French.
• If a database is in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:

  • Give all titles in the order they are presented on the opening screens
  • Separate them with an equals sign with a space on either side
  • List all languages of publication after the extent (pagination) and any physical description
  • Capitalize the language names
  • Separate the language names by commas
  • End the list of languages with a period
    Example:

    • Demirjian A, Cheng R, Tanguay R. Electronic encyclopedia on maxillo-facial, dental & skeletal development = Encyclopedie electronique du developpement maxillo-faciale, dentaire et sqelettique [CD-ROM + disk]. [Montreal]: Demirjian; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. English, French.
• If none of the titles is English, follow with a translation whenever possible. Place the translation in square brackets.

  • Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [Database on Chinese medicine for drug addiction] [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.

Box 60System requirements

System requirements describe the particular software and hardware needed to view the database.

• Begin with the phrase "System Requirements" followed by a colon and a space
• Use the publisher's wording; no standardization is needed
• Separate the types of information with a semicolon and a space
• End requirement information with a period
  Examples:

  • VETCD [CD-ROM + disk]. [Wallingford (UK)]: CAB International. 1990 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. System Requirements: IBM-compatible PC; 640 K of RAM; 10 megabyte hard disk drive; MS-DOS or PC-DOS 3.1 or higher; MS-DOS CD-ROM Extensions 2.0 or higher; ISO 9660-compatible CD-ROM drive; standard monitor; floppy drive; parallel port for printer.
  • Daims M. Companion to canine & feline practice [CD-ROM]. Version 6.0. Guelph (ON): Lifelearn; 2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: Pentium 90 MHz or better; 16 MB RAM; Windows 3.1 or 95/98; 640x480 monitor or higher; CD-ROM drive (8x or higher recommended).
  • Early American manual therapy [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0. Virginia Beach (VA): Lifeline Press; 2003. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: PCs or Macs; Internet browser (such as Microsoft Explorer); CD drive; Windows (for setup program to install this database to a hard drive).

Box 61Other types of material to include in notes

The notes element may be used to provide any information useful to the reader. Begin by citing the database, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:

• Information on database content

  • Veterinary librarian [disk]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 1990 - 2002. Computer disks: 5 1/4 in. Covered 28 journals.
• Description of material accompanying the database. Begin with the phrase "Accompanied by" followed by a colon and a space.

  • VETCD [CD-ROM + disk]. [Wallingford (UK)]: CAB International. 1990 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual and 1 quick reference card.
• The name of a library or other archive where an uncommon database may be found. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space. Include any finding number for the item.

  • PDF-4/organics: relational database [CD-ROM]. Newtown Square (PA): International Centre for Diffraction Data. 2002 -   . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Located at: Library of Congress, Washington, DC; QE369.X2.
• Explanations of initialisms or acronyms used in the database title

  • ASH slide bank database for Heme CD [disk]. MS-Windows version 2.1. Seattle: University of Washington, Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources; c1996. 3 disks: color, 4 3/4 in. ASH is the American Society of hematology.
• The name of the organization sponsoring the database or for which it was prepared

  • Bowers L, Klesius SE. Physical activity for all! Adapted physical education for students with disabilities grades K-12 [DVD]. Cicero (NY): Program Development Associates; 2001. 1 DVD color, 4 3/4 in. Prepared under the auspices of the University of South Florida School of Physical Education.