- ACT-A. Areas of Work . undated. (https://www
.act-a.org/areas-of-work, accessed 20 September 2022) - Amtenbrink F, et al. The European Union’s role in international economic fora. Paper 1: The G20 . European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies; 2015. (https://www
.europarl .europa.eu/RegData/etudes /STUD/2015/542207 /IPOL_STU(2015)542207_EN.pdf, accessed 21 January 2024) - Bergner S. The role of the European Union in global health: The EU’s self-perception(s) within the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Policy . 2023;127:5–11. (https://doi
.org/10.1016/j .healthpol.2021.10.006, accessed 21 January 2024) [PMC free article: PMC8503969] [PubMed: 34802748] - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Europe . undated. (https://www
.gatesfoundation .org/our-work/places/europe, accessed 13 September 2022) - Brooks E, et al. EU health policy in the aftermath of COVID-19: Neofunctionalism and crisis-driven integration. Journal of European Public Policy . 2023;30(4):721–739. (https://doi
.org/10.1080/135017632022 .2141301, accessed 21 January 2024) - Bronzwaer S, et al. Editorial: EFSA’s expertise supports One Health policy needs. EFSA Journal . 2021;19(5):e190501. (https://doi
.org/10.2903/j .efsa.2021.e190501, accessed 21 January 2024) [PMC free article: PMC8114198] [PubMed: 34012492] - Cleppe P. Backing IP waiver is wrong move in Europe’s fight against Covid . EURACTIV; 2022. (https://www
.euractiv .com/section/economy-jobs /opinion/backing-ip-waiver-is-wrong-move-in-europes-fight-against-covid /?fbclid =IwAR0oDf9kLUwHRucUWB3wNc69SXJslrjIVwH3hsWqqd7gJa2q8RG5lyLpUBc, accessed 20 September 2022) - Corporate Europe Observatory. TRIPS ‘Waiver failure’: EU betrayal of global south on vaccine access obscured by lack of transparency . 2022. (https:
//corporateeurope .org/en/2022/07/trips-waiver-failure-eu-betrayal-global-south-vaccine-access-obscured-lack-transparency, accessed 20 September 2022) - Council of the European Union. Council conclusions on the EU role in Global Health . 2010. (https://www
.consilium .europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data /docs/pressdata/en/foraff/114352 .pdf, accessed 28 December 2023) - Council of the European Union. The new European Consensus on Development: ‘Our world, our dignity, our future’ . 2017. (https://www
.consilium .europa.eu/media/24004 /european-consensus-on-development-2-june-2017-clean _final.pdf, accessed 20 September 2022) - Council of the European Union. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and cross-border threats to health: Council agrees negotiating position . 2021a. (https://www
.consilium .europa.eu/en/press /press-releases/2021 /07/23/european-centre-for-disease-prevention-and-control-and-cross-border-threats-to-health-council-agrees-negotiating-position, accessed 10 March 2022) - Council of the European Union. G20 Rome Leaders’ Declaration . 2021b. (https://www
.consilium .europa.eu/en/press /press-releases/2021 /10/31/g20-rome-leaders-declaration, accessed 21 January 2024) - Council of the European Union. Annual Report 2022 to the European Council on EU development aid targets Council conclusions . 2022. (https://data
.consilium .europa.eu/doc/document /ST-11303-2022-INIT/en/pdf, accessed 21 September 2023) - Council of the European Union. EU Global Health Strategy - Better health for all in a changing world – Council conclusions . 2024. Doc. 5908/24 (https://data
.consilium .europa.eu/doc/document /ST-5908-2024-INIT/en/pdf, accessed 5 February 2024) - ECDC. EU and AU sign partnership to scale up preparedness for health emergencies . Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2020. (https://www
.ecdc.europa .eu/en/news-events /eu-and-au-sign-partnership-scale-preparedness-health-emergencies, accessed 21 September 2023) - ECDC. EU for health security in Africa: ECDC4AfricaCDC . Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2022a. (https://www
.ecdc.europa .eu/en/about-ecdc /what-we-do/partners-and-networks /international-cooperation /eu-health-security-africa, accessed 21 September 2022) - ECDC. International cooperation . Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2022b. (https://www
.ecdc.europa .eu/en/about-us/who-we-work /international-activities, accessed 21 September 2022) - EDCTP. EDCTP Annual Report . The Hague, European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership; 2021. (http://www
.edctp.org /publication/edctp-annual-report-2021, accessed 28 December 2023) - EDCTP. EDCTP Annual Report . The Hague, European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership; 2022. (http://www
.edctp.org/publication/5797/#, accessed 28 December 2023) - EEAS. Coronavirus: European Union launches “Team Europe” package to support partner countries with more than €20 billion . European Union External Action Service; 2020. (https://www
.eeas.europa .eu/eeas/coronavirus-european-union-launches- %E2%80%9Cteam-europe %E2%80%9D-package-support-partner-countries-more- %E2%82%AC20_en, accessed 21 September 2022) - EEAS. What is Science Diplomacy? European Union External Action Service; 2022. (https://www
.eeas.europa .eu/eeas/what-science-diplomacy_en, accessed 8 October 2022) - EEAS. How does the EU work at the United Nations? European Union External Action Service; undated. (https://www
.eeas.europa .eu/sites/default /files/unga_factsheet_2021-09-17.pdf, accessed 13 September 2022) - EIB. 2021/22 EIB Global Report: The story . Luxembourg: European Investment Bank; 2022. (https://www
.eib.org/attachments /publications /eib_global_report_story_en.pdf, accessed 28 December 2023) - EIB. Our regions of activity . Luxembourg: European Investment Bank; 2023a. (https://www
.eib.org/en /projects/regions/index.htm, accessed 28 December 2023) - EIB. Global Gateway: EU steps up support for global health and equitable access to health products and local manufacturing . Luxembourg: European Investment Bank; 2023b. (https://www
.eib.org/en /press/all/2023-396-global-gateway-eu-steps-up-support-global-health-equitable-access-health-products-local-manufacturing, accessed 21 January 2024) - ENI CBC MED. Development of a Transcultural social-ethical-care model for dependent population in Mediterra basin . TEC-MED; 2022. (https://www
.enicbcmed .eu/projects/tec-med, accessed 16 September 2022) - EUR-Lex. The European Consensus on Development . 2005. (https://eur-lex
.europa .eu/legal-content/EN /TXT/HTML/?uri=LEGISSUM:r12544, accessed 20 September 2022) - EUR-Lex. Joint Statement by the Council and the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States meeting within the Council, the European Parliament and the European Commission: The European consensus on humanitarian aid . 2008. pp. 1–12. OJ C 25, 30.1.2008. (https://eur-lex
.europa .eu/legal-content/EN /TXT/?qid=1431445468547&uri =CELEX:42008X0130(01), accessed 28 December 2023) - EUR-Lex. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Achieving Prosperity through Trade and Investment – Updating the 2007 Joint EU Strategy on Aid for Trade . 2017. COM/2017/0667 final (https://eur-lex
.europa .eu/legal-content/EN /ALL/?uri=COM%3A2017%3A667%3AFIN, accessed 20 September 2022) - EUR-Lex. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Building a European Health Union: Reinforcing the EU’s resilience for cross-border health threats . 2020a. COM/2020/724 final (https://eur-lex
.europa .eu/legal-content/EN /TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0724&qid=1605690513438, accessed 21 January 2024) - EUR-Lex. Council Recommendation of 24 November 2020 on vocational education and training (VET) for sustainable competitiveness, social fairness and resilience . 2020b. 2020/C 417/01 (https://eur-lex
.europa .eu/legal-content/EN /TXT/?qid=1606987593071&uri =CELEX %3A32020H1202%2801%29, accessed 11 May 2022) - EUR-Lex. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. The power of trade partnerships: Together for green and just economic growth . 2022. COM(2022) 409 (https://eur-lex
.europa .eu/legal-content/EN /TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022DC0409, accessed 21 January 2024) - European Climate Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency. About the Connecting Europe Facility . undated. (https://cinea
.ec.europa .eu/programmes/connecting-europe-facility /about-connecting-europe-facility_en, accessed 10 May 2022) - European Commission. Health Strategy . 2007. Public Health (https://health
.ec.europa .eu/other-pages/basic-page /health-strategy-0_en accessed 20 September 2022) - European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: The EU Role in Global Health . 2010. (https://eur-lex
.europa .eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ .do?uri=COM:2010:0128:FIN:EN:PDF, accessed 13 September 2022) - European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Trade for All: Towards a more responsible trade and investment policy . 2015a. COM(2015) 497 (https://eur-lex
.europa .eu/legal-content/EN /TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX :52015DC0497&from=EN, accessed 28 December 2023) - European Commission. Syrian refugee crisis: EU Trust Fund launches first response programmes for €40 million, helping up to 400,000 people in Lebanon, Turkey, Jordan and Iraq . 2015b. Press release (https://ec
.europa.eu /commission/presscorner /detail/en/IP_15_5074, accessed 13 September 2022) - European Commission. EU and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation join forces to support health services in Africa . 2018. Press release (https://ec
.europa.eu /commission/presscorner /detail/en/IP_18_6135, accessed 13 September 2022) - European Commission. EU signs €70 million new pre-accession support package with Serbia . Research and Innovation; 2020a. (https:
//research-and-innovation .ec.europa .eu/news/all-research-and-innovation-news /eu-signs-eu70-million-new-pre-accession-support-package-serbia-2020-06-19_en, accessed 9 June 2022) - European Commission. European Agenda on Security – Factsheets . Migration and Home Affairs; 2020b. (https:
//home-affairs .ec.europa.eu/what-we-do /policies/internal-security /european-agenda-security-factsheets_en, accessed 13 September 2022) - European Commission. Joint Statement of the European Commission and the WHO Regional Office for Europe: A deeper and result-oriented partnership for health in Europe . 2020c. Public Health (https://health
.ec.europa .eu/latest-updates /joint-statement-european-commission-and-who-regional-office-europe-deeper-and-result-oriented-2020-11-04_en, accessed 13 September 2022) - European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Trade policy review – an open, sustainable and assertive trade policy . 2021a. COM(2021) 66 final (https://eur-lex
.europa .eu/resource.html?uri =cellar:5bf4e9d0-71d2-11eb-9ac9-01aa75ed71a1 .0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF, accessed 28 December 2023) - European Commission. NDICI-Global Europe: ‘Global Challenges’ thematic programme. Multi-annual indicative programme 2021–2027 . 2021b. (https:
//international-partnerships .ec.europa .eu/system/files /2022-01/mip-2021-c2021-9157-global-challenges-annex_en.pdf, accessed 21 September 2022) - European Commission. Global Gateway: Up to €300 billion for the European Union’s strategy to boost sustainable links around the world . International Partnerships; 2021c. (https:
//international-partnerships .ec.europa .eu/news-and-events /news/global-gateway-eu300-billion-european-unions-strategy-boost-sustainable-links-around-world-2021-12-01_en, accessed 21 September 2022) - European Commission. Budget support: Trends and results 2021 . 2021d. (https:
//international-partnerships .ec.europa .eu/document/download /665103de-9b4c-45fe-81fc-c3c1ffb5d373_en?filename =budget _support_-_trends_and_results_2021.pdf, accessed 9 July 2022) - European Commission. Strengthening human rights and democracy in the world: EU launches a €1.5 billion plan to promote universal values . International Partnerships; 2021e. (https:
//international-partnerships .ec.europa .eu/news-and-events /news/strengthening-human-rights-and-democracy-world-eu-launches-eu15-billion-plan-promote-universal-2021-12-09_en, accessed 10 July 2022) - European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the EU’s humanitarian action: New challenges, same principles . 2021f. COM(2021) 110 final (https://ec
.europa.eu /echo/files/aid/hacommunication2021.pdf, accessed 10 March 2022) - European Commission. European Medical Corps – Factsheet. European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations . 2021g. (https:
//civil-protection-humanitarian-aid .ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection /european-medical-corps _en, accessed 10 March 2022) - European Commission. A renewed multilateralism fit for the 21st century: The EU’s agenda . 2021h. Press release (https://ec
.europa.eu /commission/presscorner /detail/en/ip_21_622, accessed 13 September 2022) - European Commission. Statement by Commissioners Stella Kyriakides and Jutta Urpilainen – Towards a new EU Global Health Strategy . 2022a. (https://ec
.europa.eu /commission/presscorner /detail/en/STATEMENT_22_3128, accessed 13 September 2022) - European Commission. EU Global Health Strategy: Better Health for All in a Changing World . 2022b. Public Health: Background document (https://health
.ec.europa .eu/publications /eu-global-health-strategy-better-health-all-changing-world _en, accessed 28 December 2023) - European Commission. State of Health Preparedness Report . 2022c. Public Health: Background document (https://health
.ec.europa .eu/publications /state-health-preparedness-report_en, accessed 28 December 2023) - European Commission. Manufacturing and Access to Vaccines, Medicines and health technology products in Africa . 2022d. Capacity4dev (https:
//capacity4dev .europa.eu/resources /team-europe-tracker /partner-countries/sub-saharan-africa /manufacturing-and-access-vaccines-medicines-and-health-technology-products-africa _en#:~:text=MAV %2B%20places %20the%20continent %27s%20own%20actors%20and%20in, accessed 28 December 2023) - European Commission. ANNEX II to the Commission Implementing Decision amending Commission Implementing Decision C(2021 4793 final of 24 June 2021 and Commission Implementing Decision C(2022) 317 final of 14 January 2022 on the financing of the Programme for the Union’s action in the field of health (‘EU4Health Programme’) and the adoption of the work programmes for 2021 and 2022 respectively . 2022e. C(2022) 2470 final (https://health
.ec.europa .eu/system/files /2022-04/amended_wp2022_en.pdf, accessed 28 December 2023) - European Commission. Backbone connectivity for Digital Global Gateways . Shaping Europe’s digital future; 2022f. (https:
//digital-strategy .ec.europa.eu/en /activities/backbone-connectivity, accessed 10 May 2022) - European Commission. Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA III) – Performance . 2022g. (https://ec
.europa.eu /info/strategy/eu-budget /performance-and-reporting /programme-performance-overview /instrument-pre-accession-assistance-ipa-iii-performance _en#relatedlinks, accessed 9 June 2022) - European Commission. Health in the Eastern Neighbourhood . 2022h. Capacity4dev (https:
//capacity4dev .europa.eu/resources /team-europe-tracker /partner-countries/neighbourhood /health-eastern-neighbourhood_en, accessed 28 December 2023) - European Commission. EU–Latin America and Caribbean Partnership: Manufacturing vaccines, medicines and health technologies and strengthening health systems . 2022i. Press release (https://ec
.europa.eu /commission/presscorner /detail/en/ip_22_3890, accessed 28 December 2023) - European Commission. Partnership on manufacturing vaccines, medicines and health technologies and strengthening health resilience in Latin America . 2022j. Factsheet (https://ec
.europa.eu /commission/presscorner /detail/en/fs_22_3982, accessed 28 December 2023) - European Commission. Human rights: EU increases support to the protection of human rights defenders worldwide . 2022k. Press release (https://ec
.europa.eu /commission/presscorner /detail/en/ip_22_5808, accessed 10 July 2022) - European Commission. EU Civil Protection Mechanism – Factsheet . European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations; 2022l. (https:
//civil-protection-humanitarian-aid .ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection /eu-civil-protection-mechanism_en, accessed 10 March 2022) - European Commission. Financing civil protection . European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations; 2022m. (https:
//civil-protection-humanitarian-aid .ec.europa.eu/funding-evaluations /financing-civil-protection_en, accessed 10 March 2022) - European Commission. EU Humanitarian Air Bridge . European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations; 2022n. (https:
//civil-protection-humanitarian-aid .ec.europa.eu/what/humanitarian-aid /eu-humanitarian-air-bridge_en, accessed 10 March 2022) - European Commission. Health research and Innovation: Why the EU supports health research innovation . Research and Innovation; 2022o. (https:
//research-and-innovation .ec.europa .eu/research-area/health_en, accessed 8 October 2022) - European Commission. CORDIS brings you the results of EU research and innovation . CORDIS; 2022p. (https://cordis
.europa.eu/en, accessed 17 October 2022) - European Commission. Knowledge Centre for Bioeconomy: About us . Knowledge for Policy; 2022q. (https:
//knowledge4policy .ec.europa.eu/bioeconomy/about_en, accessed 21 January 2024) - European Commission. New funding, to protect 370 million children from polio every year, puts world on verge of eradicating polio once and for all . 2023a. Press release (https://ec
.europa.eu /commission/presscorner /detail/en/ip_23_4783, accessed 21 January 2024) - European Commission. European Fund for Sustainable Development Plus . International Partnerships; 2023b. (https:
//international-partnerships .ec.europa .eu/funding-and-technical-assistance /funding-instruments /european-fund-sustainable-development-plus-efsd_en, accessed 28 December 2023) - European Commission. Humanitarian aid: EU increases funding to €1.7 billion for 2023 . European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations; 2023c. (https:
//civil-protection-humanitarian-aid .ec.europa.eu/news-stories /news/humanitarian-aid-eu-increases-funding-eu17-billion-2023-2023-01-18 _en, accessed 21 January 2024) - European Commission. Working Better Together . 2023d. Capacity4dev (https://europa
.eu/capacity4dev /wbt-team-europe, accessed 13 September 2022) - European Commission. Global Gateway overview . Global Gateway; undated, a. (https://commission
.europa .eu/strategy-and-policy /priorities-2019-2024 /stronger-europe-world /global-gateway _en#key-areas-of-partnership, accessed 20 September 2022) - European Commission. Food safety: EU entry conditions . undated, b. Food Safety (https://food
.ec.europa .eu/horizontal-topics /international-affairs /eu-entry-conditions_en, accessed 10 April 2022) - European Commission. EU Action on Antimicrobial Resistance . undated, c. Public Health (https://health
.ec.europa .eu/antimicrobial-resistance /eu-action-antimicrobial-resistance_en, accessed 10 April 2022) - European Commission. Global Gateway in Sub-Saharan Africa . International Partnerships; undated, d. (https://ec
.europa.eu /info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024 /stronger-europe-world /global-gateway /eu-africa-global-gateway-investment-package_en, accessed 21 September 2022) - European Commission. Team Europe Initiatives . International Partnerships; undated, e. (https:
//international-partnerships .ec.europa .eu/policies/team-europe-initiatives _en#what-is-team-europe, accessed 21 September 2022) - European Commission. EU global response to COVID-19 . International Partnerships; undated, f. (https:
//international-partnerships .ec.europa .eu/policies/human-development /eu-global-response-covid-19_en, accessed 21 September 2022) - European Commission. European neighbourhood policy . undated, g. (https://ec
.europa.eu /info/policies/european-neighbourhood-policy_en, accessed 21 September 2022) - European Commission. European Health Data Space . undated, h. Public Health (https://health
.ec.europa .eu/ehealth-digital-health-and-care /european-health-data-space_en, accessed 20 September 2022) - European Commission. Chapters of the acquis . European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (DG NEAR); undated, i. (https:
//neighbourhood-enlargement .ec.europa .eu/enlargement-policy /conditions-membership /chapters-acquis_en, accessed 21 September 2022) - European Commission. International cooperation: Overview . undated, j. Public Health (https://health
.ec.europa .eu/internationalcooperation /overview_en, accessed 21 September 2022) - European Commission. TWINNING and SIGMA . European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (DG NEAR); undated, k. (https:
//neighbourhood-enlargement .ec.europa .eu/european-neighbourhood-policy /twinning-and-sigma_en, accessed 9 July 2022) - European Commission. Global Europe: Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument . International Partnerships; undated, l. (https:
//international-partnerships .ec.europa .eu/funding/funding-instruments /global-europe-neighbourhood-development-and-international-cooperation-instrument_en, accessed 21 September 2022) - European Commission. Global Europe – Programming . International Partnerships; undated, m. (https:
//international-partnerships .ec.europa .eu/funding/funding-instruments /global-europe-programming_en, accessed 20 September 2022) - European Commission. European Consensus on Humanitarian Aid . European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations; undated, n. (https:
//civil-protection-humanitarian-aid .ec.europa.eu/who/european-consensus_en, accessed 10 March 2022) - European Commission. Flexibility and special instruments . undated, o. (https://ec
.europa.eu /info/strategy/eu-budget /long-term-eu-budget /2021-2027/spending /flexibility-and-special-instruments _en#:~:text =Solidarity %20and%20Emergency%20Aid %20Reserve%20%28SEAR %29%20This%20instrument,health %20crises %20in%20Member%20States %20and%20accession%20countries, accessed 10 March 2022) - European Commission. Peer Review programme . European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations; undated, p. (https:
//civil-protection-humanitarian-aid .ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection /peer-review-programme _en, accessed 10 March 2022) - European Commission. Strengthening health systems . International Partnerships; undated, q. (https:
//international-partnerships .ec.europa .eu/policies/human-development /strengthening-health-systems_en, accessed 10 October 2022) - European Commission. Energy strategy . undated, r. Energy (https://energy
.ec.europa .eu/topics/energy-strategy_en, accessed 13 September 2022) - European Commission. The EU in the G20 . undated, s. (https://ec
.europa.eu /info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024 /stronger-europe-world /eu-g20_en, accessed 20 September 2022) - European Commission. Universal Health Care Partnership: Building stronger health systems for universal health coverage . International Partnerships; undated, t. (https:
//international-partnerships .ec.europa .eu/news-and-events /stories/universal-health-care-partnership-building-stronger-health-systems-universal-health-coverage_en, accessed 10 October 2022) - European Commission. The European Green Deal . undated, u. (https://ec
.europa.eu /info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024 /european-green-deal_en, accessed 28 December 2023) - European Commission. European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP): Commission contribution to the EDCTP, goals, factsheets and related links . Research and Innovation; undated, v. (https:
//research-and-innovation .ec.europa .eu/research-area/health/edctp_en, accessed 8 October 2022) - European Commission. Evidence-informed policy making . undated, w. Knowledge for Policy (https:
//knowledge4policy .ec.europa.eu/evidence-informed-policy-making_en, accessed 8 October 2022) - European Commission. Knowledge Centre for Global Food and Nutrition Security. Knowledge for Policy; undated, x. (https:
//knowledge4policy .ec.europa.eu/global-food-nutrition-security_en,accessed 8 October 2022) - European Commission Directorate-General for Trade. Operating guidelines for the Single Entry Point and complaints mechanism for the enforcement of EU trade agreements and arrangements . Brussels; 2022. (https://trade
.ec.europa .eu/access-to-markets /en/form-assets/operational _guidelines.pdf accessed 28 December 2023) - European Commission, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Eastern Partnership policy beyond 2020 – Reinforcing Resilience – an Eastern Partnership that delivers for all . 2020. SWD(2020) 56 final (https:
//neighbourhood-enlargement .ec.europa .eu/system/files/2020-03 /joint_communication _on_the_eap_policy_beyond_2020 .pdf, accessed 10 May 2022) - European Commission, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Renewed partnership with the Southern Neighbourhood – A new Agenda for the Mediterranean . 2021. SWD(2021) 23 final (https://www
.eeas.europa .eu/sites/default /files/joint_communication _renewed_partnership _southern_neighbourhood.pdf, accessed 10 May 2022) - European Economic and Social Committee. Regulating financial services for sustainable growth . 2011. (https://www
.eesc.europa .eu/en/our-work/opinions-information-reports /opinions/regulating-financial-services-sustainable-growth, accessed 13 September 2022) - European Environment Agency. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions . 2022. Policy document (https://www
.eea.europa .eu/policy-documents /communication-from-the-commission-to-1, accessed 19 September 2022) - European Health and Digital Executive Agency. About Connecting Europe Facility – Digital . undated. (https://hadea
.ec.europa .eu/programmes/connecting-europe-facility/about_en, accessed 20 September 2022) - European Humanitarian Response Capacity (EHRC). Factsheet . European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations; 2023. (https:
//civil-protection-humanitarian-aid .ec.europa.eu/what/humanitarian-aid /european-humanitarian-response-capacity-ehrc_en, accessed 28 December 2023) - European Union. Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council. Towards a comprehensive Strategy with Africa . Publications Office of the European Union; 2020. (https://op
.europa.eu /en/publication-detail /-/publication/55817dfb-61eb-11ea-b735-01aa75ed71a1 /language-en?, accessed 21 January 2024) - European Union. EU investment support for recovery . InvestEU; undated, a. (https://investeu
.europa.eu/index_en (accessed 20 September 2022) - European Union. Third-country access to the InvestEU Fund . InvestEU; undated, b. (https://investeu
.europa .eu/what-investeu-programme /investeu-fund /about-investeu-fund /third-country-access-investeu-fund _en, accessed 20 September 2022) - European Union. Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) in Sub-Saharan Africa . undated, c. (https:
//capacity4dev .europa.eu/resources /team-europe-tracker /partner-countries/sub-saharan-africa /sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-rights-srhr-sub-saharan-africa_en, accessed 10 July 2022) - Fahy N, Mauer N, Panteli D. European support for improving health and care systems . 2021. Policy Brief, 43. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe (on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies) (https:
//eurohealthobservatory .who.int/publications /i/european-support-for-improving-health-and-care-systems, accessed 28 December 2023) [PubMed: 35104064] - Fahy N, Williams GA. Use of digital health tools in Europe: Before, during and after COVID-19 . 2021. Policy Brief, 42. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe (on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies) (https://iris
.who.int /handle/10665/345091?locale-attribute =en&, accessed 28 December 2023) [PubMed: 35099866] - Fahy N, et al. Impact on the NHS and health of the UK’s trade and cooperation relationship with the EU, and beyond. Health Economics, Policy and Law . 2022;17(4):471–496. (https://doi
.org/10.1017 /S1744133122000044, accessed 21 January 2024) [PubMed: 35762255] - FAO. One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022–2026 . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2022. (https://www
.fao.org/documents /card/en/c/cc2289en, accessed 30 November 2023) - G7 Germany. G7 Pact for Pandemic Readiness. 2022. Concept note (https://www
.bundesgesundheitsministerium .de/fileadmin/Dateien /3_Downloads/G/G7/20220520 _English_G7_Pact _for_Pandemic_Readiness.pdf, accessed 28 December 2023) - GDPR.EU. What is GDPR, the EU’s new data protection law? undated. (https://gdpr
.eu/what-is-gdpr, accessed 20 September 2022) - Global Fund. Global Fund thanks European Union and Team Europe for their contribution to COVID-19 response mechanism . 2022. (https://www
.theglobalfund .org/en/news/2022 /2022-05-13-global-fund-thanks-european-union-and-team-europe-for-their-contribution-to-covid-19-response-mechanism, accessed 10 July 2022) - Greer SL, Jarman H. What is EU public health and why? Explaining the scope and organization of public health in the European Union. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law . 2021;46(1):23–47. (https://doi
.org/10.1215/03616878-8706591, accessed 21 January 2024) [PubMed: 33085961] - Greer SL, Laible J, editors. The European Union after Brexit . Manchester University Press; 2020.
- Greer SL, et al. Regional international organizations and health: A framework for analysis. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law . 2022a;47(1):63–92. (https://doi
.org/10.1215/03616878-9417456, accessed 21 January 2024) [PubMed: 34280296] - Greer SL, et al. Everything you always wanted to know about European Union health policies but were afraid to ask . 3rd revised edn. Copenhagen: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2022b. Health Policy Series, 59. (https:
//eurohealthobservatory .who.int/publications /i/everything-you-always-wanted-to-know-about-european-union-health-policies-but-were-afraid-to-ask-third-revised, accessed 28 December 2023) [PubMed: 37023240] - Greer SL. From Health in All Policies to Health for All Policies. Lancet Public Health . 2022c;7:e718–e720. (https://doi
.org/10.1016 /S2468-2667(22)00155-4, accessed 28 December 2023) [PMC free article: PMC9330081] [PubMed: 35907422] - Greer SL, et al. Making Health for All Policies: Harnessing the co-benefits of health . Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe (on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies); 2023. Policy Brief, 50. (https:
//eurohealthobservatory .who.int/publications /i/making-health-for-all-policies-harnessing-the-co-benefits-of-health, accessed 28 December 2023) [PubMed: 37579035] - Hafner T, Shiffman J. The emergence of global attention to health systems strengthening. Health Policy and Planning . 2013;28(1):41–50. (https://doi
.org/10.1093/heapol/czs023, accessed 28 December 2023) [PubMed: 22407017] - Health Cluster. Health Cluster countries and regions . undated. (https:
//healthcluster .who.int/countries-and-regionsaccessed 15 September 2022) - Hodson D. The paradox of EMU’s external representation: The case of the G20 and the IMF ; EUSA 12th Biennial International Conference; Boston: 2011. (http://aei
.pitt.edu/52863/1/HODSON.pdf, accessed 28 December 2023) - Hosli MO. The European Union and the UN in global governance . Bristol University Press; 2022.
- Interreg. Interreg 2021–2027: Fostering cooperation for a stronger Europe . 2022. (https://interreg
.eu/about-interreg/, accessed 16 September 2022) - Jarman H, Massard da Fonseca E, King EJ. The Political Economy of Vaccines during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Health Polit Policy Law . 2024;49(1):1–8. (https://doi
.org/10.1215 /03616878-10910797, accessed 6 February 2024) [PubMed: 37522345] - Kátay G, Mosberger P, Tucci F. The impact of EU grants for research and innovation on private firms’ performance . European Commission, Joint Research Centre; 2019. (https://api
.semanticscholar .org/CorpusID:203618507, accessed 28 December 2023) - Kickbusch I, Kökeny M. Europe’s role in global health: What to expect from a new strategy? Eurohealth . 2022;28(3):43–46. (https://iris
.who.int /bitstream/handle/10665 /362207/Eurohealth-28-3-43-46-eng.pdf, accessed 21 January 2024) - Kickbusch I, Pérez-Cañado F. The EU Global Health Strategy, One Year On . Think Global Health; 2023. (https://www
.thinkglobalhealth .org/article /eu-global-health-strategy-one-year, accessed 21 January 2024) - Koivusalo M, Heinonen N, Tynkkynen L-K. When actions do not match aspirations – comparison of the European Union policy claims against what has been negotiated for health services, trade and investment. Globalization and Health . 2021;17(1):98. (https://doi
.org/10.1186 /s12992-021-00739-8, accessed 28 December 2023) [PMC free article: PMC8404176] [PubMed: 34461935] - Massard da Fonseca E, Moraes de Achcar H. SDG9, industry, innovation and infrastructure: Technology and knowledge transfer as means to generate co-benefits between health and industrial Sustainable Development Goals. In: Greery SL, et al., editors. Health for All Policies: The co-benefits of intersectoral action . Cambridge University Press; 2024. pp. 149–171.
- McKee M, et al. The EU has a global health strategy: The challenge will be in the implementation. The Lancet . 2023;402(10407):1025–1027. (https://doi
.org/10.1016 /S0140-6736(23)00328-8, accessed 28 December 2023) [PubMed: 37743751] - Médecins sans Frontières. Lack of a real IP waiver on COVID-19 tools is a disappointing failure for people . 2022. (https://www
.msf.org/lack-real-ip-waiver-covid-19-tools-disappointing-failure-people, accessed 20 September 2022) - Meyer N. The Impact Story of S4D4C: Using science for/in diplomacy for addressing global challenges . 2021. S4D4C (https://www
.s4d4c.eu /wp-content/uploads/2021 /04/The-Impact-Story-of-S4D4C.pdf, accessed 28 December 2023) - Olesen OF. European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP). Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics . 2018;14(1):14–16. (https://doi
.org/10.1080/21645515 .2017.1356649, accessed 28 December 2023) [PMC free article: PMC5791573] [PubMed: 29136388] - PAHO. About Health in All Policies. Washington . Pan American Health Organization; 2014. (https://www3
.paho.org/hq/index .php?option =com_content&view =article&id =9360:2014-about-health-all-policies&Itemid =40177&lang =en#gsc.tab=0, accessed 3 October 2022) - Pan-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development. Drawing light from the pandemic: A new strategy for health and sustainable development . Copenhagen: 2021. (https://www
.who.int/europe /publications/m /item/drawing-light-from-the-pandemic--a-new-strategy-for-health-and-sustainable-development, accessed 28 December 2023) - Petiteville F. Exporting ‘values’? In: Knodt M, Princen S, editors. Understanding the European Union’s external relations . Routledge: ECPR Studies in European Political Science; 2003. pp. 127–41.
- Petiteville F. La politique internationale de l’Union européenne . Presses de Sciences Po; 2006. (https://doi
.org/10.3917/scpo .petit.2006.01, accessed 21 January 2024) - Pištorová B. Industry disputes claims that waiving IP rights will ensure availability of medicines . EURACTIV; 2022. (https://www
.euractiv .com/section/health-consumers /news/industry-disputes-claims-that-waiving-ip-rights-will-ensure-availability-of-medicines/, accessed 20 September 2022) - Reuters. EU, Gates Foundation to invest over 100 million euros to set up African drugs regulator . 2022. (https://www
.reuters.com /business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals /eu-gates-foundation-invest-over-100-mln-euros-set-up-african-drugs-regulator-2022-02-15/, accessed 13 September 2022) - Ritchie H. How do we reduce antibiotic resistance from livestock? Our World in Data; 2017. (https:
//ourworldindata .org/antibiotic-resistance-from-livestock#note-8, accessed 10 April 2022) - Roberts L. How COVID is derailing the fight against HIV, TB and malaria. Nature . 2021;597:314. (https://doi
.org/10.1038 /d41586-021-02469-8, accessed 28 December 2023) [PubMed: 34508245] - Ståhl T, et al., editors. Health in all policies: Prospects and potentials . Ministry of Social Affairs and Health; Finland: 2006. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies (https:
//eurohealthobservatory .who.int/publications /m/health-in-all-policies-prospects-and-potentials, accessed 28 28 December 2023) - Steurs L, et al. The Global Health Policies of the EU and its Member States: A common vision? International Journal of Health Policy and Management . 2017;7(5):433–442. (https://doi
.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2017.112, accessed 28 December 2023) [PMC free article: PMC5953526] [PubMed: 29764107] - Tanner M. R&D to tackle global health challenges: Roles and responsibilities for EDCTP. BMJ Global Health . 2017;2 Suppl 2 Abstracts of the eighth EDCTP Forum (https://doi
.org/10.1136 /bmjgh-2016-000260.2, accessed 28 December 2023) - Tocci N. European strategic autonomy: What it is, why we need it, how to achieve it . Rome: Istituto Affari Internazionali; 2021. (https://www
.iai.it/sites /default/files/9788893681780.pdf, accessed 13 September 2022) - UNDP. UNDP – European Union partnership: For the people and the planet . United Nations Development Programme; undated. (https://www
.undp.org /european-union/undp-eu-partnership, accessed 13 September 2022) - UNEP. One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022–2026) . United Nations Environment Programme; 2022. (https://www
.unep.org /resources/publication /one-health-joint-plan-action-2022-2026#:~:text=17 %20October %202022%20The%20One %20Health%20Joint%20Plan,Organisation %20for %20Animal%20Health %20%28WOAH%2C%20founded%20as%20OIE%29, accessed 28 December 2023) - UN Women. How COVID-19 impacts women and girls . 2021. (https://interactive
.unwomen .org/multimedia /explainer/covid19/en/index.html, accessed 10 July 2022) - United Nations. The Sustainable Development Agenda . Sustainable Development Goals; 2015. (https://www
.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda, accessed 21 September 2022) - United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Humanitarian aid contributions . Financial Tracking Service; 2022. (https://fts
.unocha.org, accessed 10 March 2022) - UNRIC. How the European Union and the United Nations cooperate . Bonn: United Nations Regional Information Centre; 2020. (https://unric
.org/en /wp-content/uploads/sites /15/2021/02/Leporello_EU-VN_e.pdf, accessed 13 September 2022) - Usher AD. South Africa and India push for COVID-19 patents ban. The Lancet . 2020;396(10265):1790–1791. (https://doi
.org/10.1016 /S0140-6736(20)32581-2, accessed 28 December 2023) [PMC free article: PMC7831528] [PubMed: 33278923] - Van Boeckel TP, et al. Reducing antimicrobial use in food animals. Science . 2017;357(6358):1350–1352. (https://doi
.org/10.1126/science.aao1495, accessed 28 December 2023) [PMC free article: PMC6510296] [PubMed: 28963240] - Velut J, et al. Comparative analysis of trade and sustainable development provisions in free trade agreements . London School of Economics and Political Science; 2022. (https://www
.lse.ac.uk /business/consulting /assets/documents/TSD-Final-Report-Feb-2022.pdf, accessed 28 December 2023) - WFP. WFP and the EU in 2020: Stepping up in a year of unprecedented challenges . World Food Programme; 2020a. (https:
//publications .wfp.org/2020/eu-partnership-report /?_ga=2 .87590360.1587940433 .1662645076-1024666712.1662645076, accessed 13 September 2022) - WFP. European Union helps WFP support people affected by conflict and natural hazards in Afghanistan . World Food Programme; 2020b. (https://www
.wfp.org/news /european-union-helps-wfp-support-people-affected-conflict-and-natural-hazards-afghanistan, accessed 28 December 2023) - WFP. European Union provides crucial funding to help WFP support urban families in Zambia hurt by COVID-19 . World Food Programme; 2020c. (https://www
.wfp.org/news /european-union-provides-crucial-funding-help-wfp-support-urban-families-zambia-hurt-covid-19, accessed 13 September 2022) - WHO. The World Health Report: 2006. Working together for health . 2006. (https://www
.who.int/publications /i/item/9241563176, accessed 21 January 2024) - WHO. Global strategy and plan of action on public health, innovation and intellectual property ; 61st World Health Assembly; 2008. (https://apps
.who.int /gb/ebwha/pdf_files/A61/A61_R21-en.pdf, accessed 18 October 2022) - WHO. Strengthening WHO preparedness for and response to health emergencies ; 74th World Health Assembly; 2021. (https://apps
.who.int /gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA74/A74_R7-en.pdf, accessed 13 September 2022) - WHO. Driving impact for better health and a more resilient world for all . 2022. (https://www
.who.int/about /funding/contributors /european-union, accessed 13 September 2022) - WHO. Flagship initiatives . undated, a. (https://www
.who.int/europe /about-us/our-work /flagship-initiatives, accessed 20 September 2022) - WHO. The Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator . undated, b. (https://www
.who.int/initiatives /act-accelerator, accessed 13 September 2022) - WHO. COVAX . undated, c. (https://www
.who.int/initiatives /act-accelerator/covax, accessed 20 September 2022) - WHO. Antimicrobial resistance . undated, d. (https://www
.who.int/health-topics /antimicrobial-resistance, accessed 13 September 2022) - World Bank. Financial Intermediary Fund for Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response – Engagement and Overview . 2022a. (https://projects
.worldbank .org/en/projects-operations /products-and-services /brief /financial-intermediary-fund-for-pandemic-prevention-preparedness-and-response-engagement, accessed 10 October 2022) - World Bank. G20 hosts Official Launch of The Pandemic Fund . 2022b. (https://www
.worldbank .org/en/news/press-release /2022/11/12/g20-hosts-official-launch-of-the-pandemic-fund, accessed 21 January 2024) - World Bank. The Pandemic Fund . 2023a. (https://www
.worldbank .org/en/programs/financial-intermediary-fund-for-pandemic-prevention-preparedness-and-response-ppr-fif, accessed 20 September 2023) - World Bank. World Bank Country and Lending Groups . 2023b. (https:
//datahelpdesk .worldbank.org/knowledgebase /articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups, accessed 20 September 2023)
Publication Details
Copyright
© World Health Organization 2023 (acting as the host organization for, and secretariat of, the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies)
Publisher
European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, Copenhagen (Denmark)
NLM Citation
Greer SL, Mauer N, Jarman H, et al. European support for improving global health systems and policies [Internet]. Copenhagen (Denmark): European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2023. (Policy Brief, No. 57.) Bibliography.