Box 1How was the evidence that is summarized in this brief compiled?

The policy brief was produced as a collaboration between the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs of Sweden. It draws on an expert-led review of published sources, and stakeholder interviews.

A reference group was convened to support the development of the policy brief, which reviewed iterative drafts and provided feedback during two remote and one in-person meeting. Membership of the reference group was intended to reflect relevant institutions involved in policy for access to new and pre-existing antibiotics at the EU level and in Sweden, and included representatives from DG Santé, World Health Organization (WHO), European Medicines Agency (EMA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), ReAct, the Platform for Innovation of Existing Antibiotics (PLATINEA) and the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, with additional input from several governmental agencies.

To gain further insights and perspectives, the co-authors of the brief conducted a range of stakeholder interviews. The full list of interviewees can be seen in ‘Stakeholder interviewees’ in the Prelim pages. Interviewees were selected to ensure a broad range of perspectives from industry, governmental, regulatory and academic representatives.