The common belief is that human smell perception is much reduced compare to other mammals, so that whatever abilities are uncovered and investigated in animal research would have little significance for humans. However, new evidence from a variety of sources indicates this traditional view is likely overly simplistic.

The Neurobiology of Olfaction provides a thorough analysis of the state-of-the-science in olfactory knowledge and research, reflecting the growing interest in the field. Authors from some of the most respected laboratories in the world explore various aspects of olfaction, including genetics, behavior, olfactory systems, odorant receptors, odor coding, and cortical activity.

Until recently, almost all animal research in olfaction was carried out on orthonasal olfaction (inhalation). It is only in recent years, especially in human flavor research, that evidence has begun to be obtained regarding the importance of retronasal olfaction (exhalation).

These studies are beginning to demonstrate that retronasal smell plays a large role in human behavior.

Highlighting common principles among various species-including humans, insects, Xenopus laevis (African frog), and Caenorhabditis elegans (nematodes)-this highly interdisciplinary book contains chapters about the most recent discoveries in odor coding from the olfactory epithelium to cortical centers. It also covers neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. Each subject-specific chapter is written by a top researcher in the field and provides an extensive list of reviews and original articles for students and scientists interested in further readings.

Contents

• Series Preface
• Preface
• Editor
• Contributors
• 1. From Odors to Behaviors in Caenorhabditis elegans
  Anne C. Hart and Michael Y. Chao.
  • 1.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 1.2 SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
  • 1.3 MODULATORY PATHWAYS FOR CHEMOSENSORY BEHAVIORS
  • 1.4 HOW DOCAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS NAVIGATE?
  • 1.5 WHAT DO CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS SMELL?
  • 1.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS
  • REFERENCES
• 2. Odor Coding in Insects
  C. Giovanni Galizia and Silke Sachse.
  • 2.1 INSECT OLFACTORY RECEPTORS
  • 2.2 THE ANTENNAL LOBE (AL)
  • 2.3 THE MUSHROOM BODIES (MBs)
  • 2.4 OLFACTORY MEMORY AND PLASTICITY
  • 2.5 THE LARVAL SYSTEM
  • ABBREVIATIONS
  • REFERENCES
• 3. Olfactory Information Processing in Moths
  S. Shuichi Haupt, Takeshi Sakurai, Shigehiro Namiki, Tomoki Kazawa, and Ryohei Kanzaki.
  • 3.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 3.2 OLFACTORY BEHAVIOR
  • 3.3 PERIPHERAL OLFACTORY PROCESSING
  • 3.4 MOTH BRAIN STRUCTURE
  • 3.5 INFORMATION PROCESSING IN THE ANTENNAL LOBE
  • 3.6 PROTOCEREBRAL OLFACTORY CIRCUITS
  • 3.7 OUTLOOK
  • ABBREVIATIONS
  • REFERENCES
• 4. Olfactory Coding in Larvae of the African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis
  Ivan Manzini and Detlev Schild.
  • 4.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 4.2 ANATOMY AND CELLULAR ORGANIZATION OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM OF LARVAL XENOPUS LAEVIS
  • 4.3 TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS IN OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS (ORNs)
  • 4.4 ODOR-TUNING PROPERTIES OF OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS (ORNs) AND WIRING SPECIFICITY IN THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM
  • 4.5 MODULATION AND SIGNALING IN THE OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM (OE)
  • REFERENCES
• 5. Development of the Olfactory System
  Helen B. Treloar, Alexandra M. Miller, Arundhati Ray, and Charles A. Greer.
  • 5.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 5.2 FORMATION OF THE NASAL CAVITY
  • 5.3 PRIMARY OLFACTORY EPITHELIAL GENESIS
  • 5.4 DEVELOPMENT OF THE OLFACTORY NERVE
  • 5.5 DEVELOPMENT OF THE OLFACTORY BULB (OB)
  • 5.6 OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURON TARGETING OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM (OE)—BULB TOPOGRAPHY
  • 5.7 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
• 6. Pheromones and Mammalian Behavior
  Peter A. Brennan.
  • 6.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 6.2 THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF PHEROMONES
  • 6.3 PHEROMONE PRODUCTION
  • 6.4 PHEROMONAL DETECTION
  • 6.5 PHEROMONAL EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOR
  • 6.6 CHEMICAL SIGNALS OF INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY
  • 6.7 HUMAN PHEROMONES
  • 6.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS
  • REFERENCES
• 7. Odorant Receptors
  Bettina Malnic, Daniela C. Gonzalez-Kristeller, and Luciana M. Gutiyama.
  • 7.1 THE IDENTIFICATION OF ODORANT RECEPTORS (ORs)
  • 7.2 THE ODORANT RECEPTOR (OR) GENE FAMILY
  • 7.3 EXPRESSION OF THE ODORANT RECEPTOR (OR) GENES
  • 7.4 ODORANT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION THROUGH ODORANT RECEPTORS (ORs)
  • 7.5 ODORANT RECEPTORS (ORs) AND AXONAL TARGETING IN THE OLFACTORY BULB
  • 7.6 ODORANT DISCRIMINATION BY ODORANT RECEPTORS (ORs)
  • 7.7 HUMAN ODORANT RECEPTORS (ORs)
  • REFERENCES
• 8. Signal Transduction in Vertebrate Olfactory Cilia
  Simone Pifferi, Anna Menini, and Takashi Kurahashi.
  • 8.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 8.2 ANATOMICAL GEOMETRY OF THE VERTEBRATE OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELL (ORC) AND SENSORY CILIA
  • 8.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE OLFACTORY CILIA
  • 8.4 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF OLFACTORY TRANSDUCTION
  • 8.5 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CILIARY ION CHANNELS AND CYTOSOLIC MESSENGERS
  • 8.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS
  • REFERENCES
• 9. Multiple Olfactory Subsystems Convey Various Sensory Signals
  Minghong Ma.
  • 9.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 9.2 SUBSYSTEMS WITHIN THE MAIN OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM (MOE)
  • 9.3 THE SEPTAL ORGAN (SO)
  • 9.4 THE GRUENEBERG GANGLION (GG)
  • 9.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
  • REFERENCES
• 10. Feedback Regulation of Neurogenesis in the Mammalian Olfactory Epithelium: New Insights from Genetics and Systems Biology
  Kimberly K. Gokoffski, Shimako Kawauchi, Hsiao-Huei Wu, Rosaysela Santos, Piper L.W. Hollenbeck, Arthur D. Lander, and Anne L. Calof.
  • 10.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 10.2 ENDOGENOUSLY EXPRESSED SIGNALING MOLECULES REGULATE ONSET AND MAINTENANCE OF NEUROGENESIS
  • 10.3 REGULATION OF NEUROGENESIS BY NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
  • 10.4 COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES SUGGEST CRUCIAL ROLES FOR NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IN ACHIEVING RAPID AND ACCURATE REGENERATION IN THE OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM (OE)
  • 10.5 OTHER TYPES OF FEEDBACK: INTERACTION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF-β)s WITH NEURAL SPECIFICATION FACTORS
  • 10.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS
  • REFERENCES
• 11. Neurogenesis in the Adult Olfactory Bulb
  Angela Pignatelli and Ottorino Belluzzi.
  • 11.1 HISTORICAL NOTE
  • 11.2 NEUROGENESIS
  • 11.3 MIGRATION
  • 11.4 DIFFERENTIATION
  • 11.5 FUNCTIONAL MEANING
  • 11.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS
  • REFERENCES
• 12. Active Sensing in Olfaction
  Matt Wachowiak.
  • 12.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 12.2 ODORANT SAMPLING BEHAVIOR
  • 12.3 EFFECT OF SAMPLING BEHAVIOR ON RECEPTOR NEURON ACTIVATION
  • 12.4 ACTIVE SAMPLING AND THE POSTSYNAPTIC PROCESSING OF OLFACTORY INFORMATION
  • 12.5 TOP-DOWN MODULATION OF OLFACTORY PROCESSING DURING ACTIVE SENSING
  • 12.6 SENSORIMOTOR INTEGRATION IN OLFACTION
  • 12.7 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
• 13. Temporal Coding in Olfaction
  Brice Bathellier, Olivier Gschwend, and Alan Carleton.
  • 13.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 13.2 OLFACTORY PERCEPTION IN THE TIME DOMAIN
  • 13.3 TEMPORAL DYNAMICS AT DIFFERENT TIMESCALES
  • 13.4 CODING HYPOTHESES LINKED TO TEMPORAL DYNAMICS
  • 13.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
  • REFERENCES
• 14. Cortical Activity Evoked by Odors
  Donald A. Wilson and Robert L. Rennaker.
  • 14.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 14.2 THE OLFACTORY CORTEX
  • 14.3 AUTOASSOCIATIVE CIRCUITS WITHIN THE PRIMARY OLFACTORY CORTEX
  • 14.4 ODOR-EVOKED ACTIVITY IN THE PRIMARY OLFACTORY CORTEX
  • 14.5 BEYOND THE PRIMARY OLFACTORY CORTEX
  • 14.6 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
• 15. Memory and Plasticity in the Olfactory System: From Infancy to Adulthood
  Anne-Marie Mouly and Regina Sullivan.
  • 15.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 15.2 EMOTIONAL ODOR MEMORY IN ADULT RATS
  • 15.3 DEVELOPMENT OF ODOR LEARNING MEMORY
  • 15.4 IMPACT OF EARLY LIFE EVENTS ON ADULT ODOR MEMORY
  • 15.5 CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 16. New Perspectives on Olfactory Processing and Human Smell
  Gordon M. Shepherd.
  • 16.1 THE BASIC STEPS OF OLFACTORY PROCESSING
  • 16.2 THE DUAL OLFACTORY SYSTEM
  • 16.3 LIGAND-RECEPTOR TRANSDUCTION
  • 16.4 REPRESENTATION OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL ODOR SPACE IN THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL OLFACTORY GLOMERULAR SHEET
  • 16.5 THE GLOMERULUS AND THE ENERGY BUDGET FOR NEURAL SIGNALING
  • 16.6 COMPLEX PROCESSING IN THE GLOMERULAR LAYER NETWORKS
  • 16.7 LATERAL INHIBITION SHAPES THE OUTPUT FROM THE OLFACTORY BULB
  • 16.8 LATERAL INHIBITION IS CARRIED OUT BY DISTRIBUTED CELL COLUMNS
  • 16.9 PARALLEL SUBSYSTEMS PASSING THROUGH THE OLFACTORY BULB
  • 16.10 ADULT NEUROGENESIS REPLACES BOTH THE OLFACTORY BULB INPUT AND ITS INTERNEURONS
  • 16.11 OLFACTORY CORTEX AS A CONTENT ADDRESSABLE MEMORY
  • 16.12 ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX (OFC): THE NEOCORTICAL PRIMARY OLFACTORY CORTEX
  • 16.13 RELEVANCE FOR HUMAN SMELL PERCEPTION
  • REFERENCES

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