The central goal of the In the Light of Evolution (ILE) series is to promote the evolutionary sciences through state-of-the-art colloquia--in the series of Arthur M. Sackler colloquia sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences--and their published proceedings. Each installment explores evolutionary perspectives on a particular biological topic that is scientifically intriguing but also has special relevance to contemporary societal issues or challenges.

This book is the outgrowth of the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium "Brain and Behavior," which was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences on January 20-21, 2012, at the Academy's Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, CA. It is the sixth in a series of Colloquia under the general title "In the Light of Evolution." Specifically, In Light of Evolution: Brain and Behavior focuses on the field of evolutionary neuroscience that now includes a vast array of different approaches, data types, and species.

Contents

• THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
• Arthur M. Sackler, M.D. 1913—1987
• Preface to the In the Light of Evolution Series
• Preface to In the Light of Evolution, Volume VI: Brain and Behavior
• I. EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF NEURONS AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS
  • 1. Functionalization of a Protosynaptic Gene Expression Network
    CECILIA CONACO, DANIELLE S. BASSETT, HONGJUN ZHOU, MARY LUZ ARCILA, SANDIE M. DEGNAN, BERNARD M. DEGNAN, and KENNETH S. KOSIK.
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • MATERIALS AND METHODS
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • 2. Adaptive Evolution of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: The First 800 Million Years
    HAROLD H. ZAKON.
    • SODIUM CHANNEL GENES ARE LATECOMERS TO THE 6TM FAMILY OF VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT ION CHANNELS
    • EVOLUTION OF NA⁺ CHANNEL CLUSTERING AT THE AXON INITIAL SEGMENT AND THE NODES OF RANVIER
    • MAKING UP FOR LOST TIME: VERTEBRATE NAV CHANNEL GENES DUPLICATED EXTENSIVELY IN TELEOSTS AND TETRAPODS
    • ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION OF NAV CHANNELS: WEAKLY ELECTRIC FISH
    • ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION OF NAV CHANNELS: TETRODOTOXIN RESISTANCE
    • ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION OF NAV CHANNELS: PROTON INSENSITIVITY
    • ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION OF NAV CHANNELS IN REAL TIME: INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE
    • CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • 3. Evolution of Centralized Nervous Systems: Two Schools of Evolutionary Thought
    R. GLENN NORTHCUTT.
    • FOSSIL RECORD
    • COMPARATIVE APPROACHES
    • LAST COMMON BILATERIAN ANCESTOR
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• II. DEVELOPMENTAL AND ADULT VARIATION IN NEURAL ORGANIZATION
  • 4. Evolving Specialization of the Arthropod Nervous System
    ERIN JARVIS, HEATHER S. BRUCE, and NIPAM H. PATEL.
    • NEUROGENESIS IN ARTHROPODS
    • SPECIFICATION OF NEUROBLAST IDENTITY CREATES SEGMENTAL NEUROMERES
    • NEUROMERES SHOW DISTINCT SEGMENT-SPECIFIC PROPERTIES UNDER HOX GENE CONTROL
    • REGIONALIZED DIVERSITY OF MOTOR CIRCUITS
    • EXTENSION FROM DROSOPHILA TO OTHER ARTHROPODS
    • SUMMARY
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • 5. Expansion, Folding, and Abnormal Lamination of the Chick Optic Tectum After Intraventricular Injections of FGF2
    LUKE D. MCGOWAN, ROULA A. ALAAMA, AMANDA C. FREISE, JOHNNY C. HUANG, CHRISTINE J. CHARVET, and GEORG F. STRIEDTER.
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • MATERIALS AND METHODS
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • 6. Cortical Evolution in Mammals: The Bane and Beauty of Phenotypic Variability
    LEAH A. KRUBITZER and ADELE M. H. SEELKE.
    • PHENOTYPIC SIMILARITY AND VARIABILITY ACROSS SPECIES
    • WITHIN-SPECIES VARIABILITY
    • WHAT FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY?
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • 7. Evolution of Columns, Modules, and Domains in the Neocortex of Primates
    JON H. KAAS.
    • MINICOLUMNS
  • 8. The Remarkable, Yet Not Extraordinary, Human Brain as a Scaled-Up Primate Brain and Its Associated Cost
    SUZANA HERCULANO-HOUZEL.
    • NOT ALL BRAINS ARE MADE THE SAME: NEURONAL SCALING RULES
    • SHARED SCALING RULES: NONNEURONAL CELLS
    • SHARED SCALING RULES: CEREBRAL CORTEX AND CEREBELLUM
    • CEREBRAL CORTEX EXPANSION, GYRIFICATION, AND CONNECTIVITY
    • HUMAN BRAIN AS A SCALED-UP PRIMATE BRAIN
    • HUMAN ADVANTAGE
    • SCALING OF GLIA/NEURON RATIOS AND METABOLISM
    • COST OF BEING HUMAN
    • CONCLUSION: REMARKABLE, YET NOT EXTRAORDINARY
• III. FROM NEURAL CIRCUIT EVOLUTION TO ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
  • 9. Homology and Homoplasy of Swimming Behaviors and Neural Circuits in the Nudipleura (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia)
    JAMES M. NEWCOMB, AKIRA SAKURAI, JOSHUA L. LILLVIS, CHARUNI A. GUNARATNE, and PAUL S. KATZ.
    • PHYLOGENY OF NUDIPLEURA
    • CATEGORIES OF LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOR
    • PHYLOGENETIC DISTRIBUTION OF SWIMMING BEHAVIORS
    • EVOLUTION OF SWIMMING BEHAVIORS
    • NEURAL CIRCUITS UNDERLYING SWIMMING
    • FUNCTIONS OF DV SWIM CPG NEURONS IN OTHER SPECIES
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • 10. Shared Developmental and Evolutionary Origins for Neural Basis of Vocal–Acoustic and Pectoral–Gestural Signaling
    ANDREW H. BASS and BORIS P. CHAGNAUD.
    • VERTEBRATE PHYLOGENY
    • HINDBRAIN SEGMENTAL BLUEPRINT
    • SONIC–VOCAL PATTERN GENERATOR
    • EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT OF SONIC–VOCAL PATTERN GENERATOR
    • SHARED ORIGINS OF SONIC–VOCAL MUSCULATURE AND CENTRAL MECHANISMS
    • EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT OF PECTORAL APPENDAGE CIRCUITRY
    • SHARED ORIGINS OF VOCAL AND PECTORAL CIRCUITRY
    • SHARED INTRINSIC AND NETWORK PROPERTIES FOR rh8
    • COUPLING OF VOCAL AND PECTORAL–GESTURAL CIRCUITRY
    • CONCLUDING COMMENTS
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • 11. To Flock or Fight: Neurochemical Signatures of Divergent Life Histories in Sparrows
    JAMES L. GOODSON, LEAH C. WILSON, and SARA E. SCHROCK.
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • METHODS
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • 12. From Chemotaxis to the Cognitive Map: The Function of Olfaction
    LUCIA F. JACOBS.
    • WHY IS THE SIZE OF THE OLFACTORY BULB SO VARIABLE?
    • CONVERGENCE IN OLFACTORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
    • THE PECULIAR CASE OF OLFACTORY PERCEPTION
    • PARALLEL MAP SOLUTION
    • PREDICTIONS OF THE OS HYPOTHESIS
    • MAMMALS
    • EFFECTS OF PREDATORY STRATEGY
    • BIRDS
    • REPTILES
    • FISH
    • ARTHROPODS
    • EVOLUTION OF OLFACTION AND EVOLUTION OF NAVIGATION
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • 13. Evolution of Brains and Behavior for Optimal Foraging: A Tale of Two Predators
    KENNETH C. CATANIA.
    • SENSORY ORGANS AND INNERVATION OF THE STAR
    • BEHAVIOR REVEALS A HIGH-SPEED TACTILE FOVEA
    • STAR REPRESENTATION IN THE CNS
    • OPTIMAL FORAGING AND THE FUNCTION OF THE STAR
    • HOW DID THE STAR EVOLVE?
    • FISHING SNAKE
    • APPENDAGES OF TENTACLED SNAKES ARE SENSITIVE MECHANOSENSORS
    • TACTILE AND VISUAL RESPONSES IN THE TECTUM
    • TENTACLED SNAKE BEHAVIOR
    • TURNING THE TABLES ON FISH
    • BORN KNOWING
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• IV. PHYLOGENY OF HUMAN BRAINS AND HUMAN MINDS
  • 14. Human Brain Evolution: From Gene Discovery to Phenotype Discovery
    TODD M. PREUSS.
    • COMPARATIVE GENETIC AND MOLECULAR BACKGROUND
    • NEUROBIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL BACKGROUND
    • FOXP2: CASE STUDY
    • CONNECTING GENES AND PHENOTYPES
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • 15. Integration of Faces and Vocalizations in Ventral Prefrontal Cortex: Implications for the Evolution of Audiovisual Speech
    LIZABETH M. ROMANSKI.
    • VENTRAL PFC: ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
    • FUNCTIONAL STUDIES OF VLPFC
    • AUDIOVISUAL INTEGRATION IN HUMAN BRAIN AND IMPLICATIONS FOR EVOLUTION OF AUDIOVISUAL SPEECH
  • 16. Math, Monkeys, and the Developing Brain
    JESSICA F. CANTLON.
    • OLDEST NUMBERS IN THE WORLD
    • THEN THERE WERE SYMBOLS
    • IS “NUMBER” ALONE?
    • HOW IS NUMBER LINKED TO OTHER QUANTITIES?
    • ORIGINS OF MATH IQ
    • CONCLUSION
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • 17. A Hierarchical Model of the Evolution of Human Brain Specializations
    H. CLARK BARRETT.
    • EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BRAIN ARCHITECTURE
    • ORIGIN OF NEW BRAIN SPECIALIZATIONS
    • EXPLAINING HUMAN COGNITION
    • CONCLUSIONS
• Epilogue
• References

NOTICE: This volume is based on the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium of the National Academy of Sciences, “In the Light of Evolution VI: Brain and Behavior,” held January 20–21, 2012, at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center of the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering in Irvine, California. The articles appearing in these pages were contributed by speakers at the colloquium and have been anonymously reviewed. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the National Academy of Sciences.