| Study Populationa | Exposed Casesb | Exposure of Interest/Estimated Relative Risk (95% CI)b | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| VIETNAM VETERANS | |||
| US Vietnam Veterans | |||
| US Air Force Health Study—Ranch Hand veterans vs SEA veterans (unless otherwise noted) | All COIs | ||
| Incidence | |||
| Through 1999—white subjects vs national rates (lymphopoietic cancerc) | Akhtar et al., 2004 | ||
| Ranch Hand veterans (n = 1,189) | 10 | 0.9 (0.4–1.5) | |
| With tours between 1966–1970 | 7 | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | |
| SEA comparison veterans (n = 1,776) | 9 | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) | |
| With tours between 1966–1970 | 4 | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | |
| Attended 1987 exam—Ranch Hand personnel (n = 995) vs SEA veterans (n = 1,299) | 0 | nr | Wolfe et al., 1990 |
| Mortality | |||
| Through 1987—Ranch Hand personnel (n = 1,261) vs SEA veterans (19,102) | 0 | nr | Michalek et al., 1990 |
| US CDC Vietnam Experience Study—Cross-sectional study, with medical examinations, of Army veterans: 9,324 deployed vs 8,989 nondeployed | All COIs | ||
| Mortality | |||
| 1965–2000 | 2 | 0.9 (nr) | Boehmer et al., 2004 |
| Post-service–1983 | 0 | nr | Boyle et al., 1987 |
| US CDC Selected Cancers Study—case-control study of incidence (Dec 1, 1984–Nov 30, 1989) among US males born 1929–1953 (CDC, 1990a) | All COIs | CDC, 1990a | |
| Vietnam veterans | 28 | 1.2 (0.7–2.4) | |
| Army | 12 | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | |
| Marine Corps | 4 | 1.7 (0.5–5.9) | |
| Air Force | 5 | 1.7 (0.6–4.9) | |
| Navy | 7 | 1.1 (0.4–2.6) | |
| US VA Proportionate Mortality Study—sample of deceased male Vietnam-era Army and Marine veterans who served | All COIs | ||
| 7/4/1965–3/1/1973 | |||
| 1965–1988 | Watanabe and Kang, 1996 | ||
| Army, deployed (n = 27,596) vs nondeployed (n = 31,757) | 125 | 1.0 (nr) | |
| Marine Corps, deployed (n = 6,237) vs nondeployed (n = 5,040) | 25 | 1.9 (1.2–2.7) | |
| 1965–1984 | Watanabe et al., 1991 | ||
| Army, deployed (n = 24,145) vs nondeployed (n = 27,917) | |||
| Vs Army non-Vietnam veterans | 116 | 1.0 (nr) | |
| Vs all non-Vietnam veterans | 116 | 1.1 (nr) | |
| Marine Corps, deployed (n = 5,501) vs nondeployed (n = 4,505) | |||
| Vs Marine non-Vietnam veterans | 25 | 1.9 (nr) | |
| Vs all non-Vietnam veterans | 25 | 1.0 (nr) | |
| 1965–1982 | Breslin et al., 1988 | ||
| Army, deployed (n = 19,708) vs nondeployed (n = 22,904) | 92 | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | |
| Marine Corps, deployed (n = 4,527) vs nondeployed (n = 3,781) | 22 | 1.3 (0.7–2.6) | |
| US VA Cohort of Female Vietnam Veterans | All COIs | ||
| Mortality | |||
| Through 2004 | 18 | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | Cypel and Kang, 2008 |
| Vietnam-veteran nurses | 14 | 0.7 (0.3–1.3) | |
| State Studies of US Vietnam Veterans | |||
| Michigan Vietnam-era veterans, PM study of deaths (1974–1989)—deployed vs nondeployed | 20 | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | Visintainer et al., 1995 |
| New York—deployed vs nondeployed (lymphoma, HD) | 10 | 99% CI 1.0 (0.4–2.2) | Lawrence et al., 1985 |
| West Virginia—deployed vs nondeployed | 5 | 8.3 (2.7–19.5) | Holmes et al., 1986 |
| 923 White male Vietnam veterans with Wisconsin death certificate (1968–1978) vs proportions for Vietnam-era veterans | 4 | nr | Anderson et al., 1986 |
| International Vietnam-Veteran Studies | |||
| Australian Vietnam Veterans—58,077 men and 153 women served on land or in Vietnamese waters during 5/23/1962–7/1/1973 vs Australian population | All COIs | ||
| Incidence | |||
| All branches, 1982–2000 | 51 | 2.1 (1.5–2.6) | ADVA, 2005a |
| Navy | 7 | 1.3 (0.5–2.6) | |
| Army | 40 | 2.3 (1.6–3.0) | |
| Air Force | 4 | 2.1 (0.6–5.3) | |
| Mortality | |||
| All branches, return–2001 | 13 | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | ADVA, 2005b |
| Navy | 2 | 0.6 (0.1–2.1) | |
| Army | 11 | 1.1 (0.5–1.9) | |
| Air Force | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–2.9) | |
| Australian Conscripted Army National | All COIs | ||
| Service (18,940 deployed vs 24,642 nondeployed) | |||
| Incidence | |||
| 1982–2000 | 12 | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | ADVA, 2005c |
| Mortality | |||
| 1982–2000 | 12 | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | ADVA, 2005c |
| 1966–2001 | 4 | 1.7 (0.3–11.8) | ADVA, 2005c |
| 1983–1985 | 0 | nr | Fett et al., 1987 |
| OCCUPATIONAL—INDUSTRIAL | |||
| IARC Phenoxy Herbicide Cohort—Workers exposed to any phenoxy herbicide or chlorophenol (production or spraying) vs respective national mortality rates | |||
| Mortality 1939–1992 | 10 | 1.0 (0.5–1.8) | Kogevinas et al., 1997 |
| 13,831 exposed to highly chlorinated PCDDs | 8 | 1.3 (0.6–2.5) | |
| 7,553 not exposed to highly chlorinated PCDDs | 1 | 0.3 (0.0–1.5) | |
| Mortality 1955–1988 of 12,492 production workers and 5,898 sprayers exposed—13,482 in exposed subcohort | 2 | 0.4 (0.1–1.4) | Saracci et al., 1991 |
| Mortality, incidence of women in production (n = 699) and spraying (n = 2) compared to national death rates and cancer incidence rates | TCDD | Kogevinas et al, 1993 | |
| 1 | nr | ||
| Mortality—IARC cohort (16,863 men and 1,527 women) 10–19 years since first exposure | 3 | 0.6 (0.1–1.7) | Kogevinas et al, 1992 |
| Danish Production Workers (3,390 men and 1,069 women involved in production of phenoxy herbicides unlikely to contain TCDD at 2 plants in 1947–1987) (in IARC cohort) | Dioxins, but TCDD unlikely; 2,4-D, 2,4-DP, MCPA, MCPP | ||
| Dutch production workers in Plant A (549 men exposed during production 1955–1985; 594 unexposed) (in IARC cohort) | Dioxins, 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-TCP | ||
| Mortality 1955–1991 | 1 | 3.2 (0.1–17.6) | Hooiveld et al., 1998 |
| German Production Workers at Bayer Plant in Uerdingen (135 men working > 1 month in 1951–1976) (in IARC cohort as of 1997) and women—no results | Dioxins; 2,4,5-TCP | ||
| Mortality 1951–1992 | 0 | nr | Becher et al., 1996 |
| German Production Workers at Bayer Plant in Dormagen (520 men working > 1 month in 1965–1989) (in IARC cohort as of 1997) and women—no results | Dioxins; 2,4-D; 2,4-DP; 2,4,5-T; MCPA; MCPP | ||
| Mortality 1965–1989 | 0 | nr | Becher et al., 1996 |
| German Production Workers at BASF Ludwigshafen Plant (680 men working > 1 month in 1957–1987) (in IARC cohort as of 1997) and women—no results | Dioxins; 2,4-D; 2,4-DP; 2,4,5-T; MCPA; MCPP | ||
| Mortality 1956–1989 | 0 | nr | Becher et al., 1996 |
| BASF Cleanup Workers from 1953 accident (n = 247); 114 with chloracne, 13 more with erythema; serum TCDD levels (not part of IARC) | Focus on TCDD | ||
| Mortality | |||
| Through 1987 [Table 2] | 0 | nr | Zober et al., 1990 |
| German Production Workers at Boehringer–Ingelheim Plant in Hamburg (1,144 men working > 1 month in 1952–1984; generation of TCDD reduced after chloracne outbreak in 1954) and women—no results (some additions to observed cancers over Manz et al., 1991) (in | Dioxins; 2,4,5-T; 2,5-DCP; 2,4,5-TCP | ||
| IARC cohort as of 1997) | |||
| Mortality 1952–1989 | 0 | nr | Becher et al., 1996 |
| New Zealand Phenoxy Herbicide Production Workers and Sprayers (1,599 men and women working any time in 1969–1988 at Dow plant in New Plymouth) (in IARC cohort) | Dioxins; 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-TCP; MCPA; MCPB; Picloram | ||
| Mortality 1969–2004 | McBride et al., 2009a | ||
| Ever-exposed workers | 1 | 4.2 (0.1–23.3) | |
| Never-exposed workers | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–47.1) | |
| Production Workers (713 men and 100 women worked > 1 month in 1969–1984) Mortality 1969–2000 | |||
| 1 | 5.6 (0.1–31.0) | 't Mannetje et al., 2005 | |
| Sprayers (697 men and 2 women on register of New Zealand applicators, 1973–1984) | |||
| Mortality 1973–2000 | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–16.1) | 't Mannetje et al., 2005 |
| NIOSH Mortality Cohort (12 US plants, 5,172 male production and maintenance workers 1942–1984) (included in IARC cohort as of 1997) | Dioxins, phenoxy herbicides | ||
| Through 1993 | 3 | 1.1 (0.2–3.2) | Steenland et al., 1999 |
| Chloracne subcohort (n = 608) (lymphatic, hematopoietic; ICD-9 200–208) | 6 | 1.1 (0.4–2.5) | |
| Through 1987 | 3 | 1.2 (0.3–3.5) | Fingerhut et al., 1991 |
| ≥ 1-year exposure, ≥ 20-year latency | 1 | 2.8 (0.1–15.3) | |
| All Dow TCP-Exposed Workers (TCP production 1942–1979 or 2,4,5-T production 1948–1982 in Midland, Michigan) (in IARC and NIOSH cohorts) | 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-TCP | ||
| 1942–2003 (n = 1,615) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–6.4) | Collins et al., 2009a |
| All Dow PCP-Exposed Workers—all workers from the two plants that only made PCP (in Tacoma, Washington, and Wichita, Kansas) and workers who made PCP and TCP at two additional plants (in Midland, Michigan, and Sauget, Illinois) | 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-TCP | Ruder and Yiin, 2011 | |
| 1940–2005 (n = 2,122) | 1 | 0.6 (0.0–3.6) | |
| PCP and TCP (n = 720) | 0 | nr (0.0–6.9) | |
| PCP (no TCP) (n = 1,402) | 1 | 1.0 (0.0–5.4) | |
| Dow 2,4-D Production Workers (1945–1982 in Midland, Michigan) (subset of all TCP-exposed workers) | 2,4-D, lower chlorinated dioxins | ||
| Cancer incidence through 2007 in Dow workers (n = 1,256) vs comparisons from state cancer registries (n = 23,354) (Cohort 3) | 1 | 1.3 (0.0–7.2) | Burns et al., 2011 |
| Through 1994 (n = 1,517) | 1 | 1.5 (0.0–8.6) | Burns et al., 2001 |
| Through 1982 (n = 878) | 1 | 2.7 (0.0–14.7) | Bond et al., 1988 |
| Dow PCP Production Workers (1937–1989 in Midland, Michigan) (not in IARC and NIOSH cohorts) | Low chlorinated dioxins, 2,4-D | ||
| Mortality 1940–2004 (n = 577, excluding 196 also having exposure to TCP) | 2 | 1.8 (0.2–6.4) | Collins et al., 2009b |
| Mortality 1940–1989 (n = 770) | Ramlow et al., 1996 | ||
| 0-yr latency | 0 | nr | |
| 15-yr latency | 0 | nr | |
| OCCUPATIONAL—PAPER AND PULP | TCDD | ||
| WORKERS | |||
| IARC cohort of pulp and paper workers—60,468 workers from 11 countries, TCDD among 27 agents assessed by JEM | McLean et al., 2006 | ||
| Exposure to nonvolatile organochlorine compounds | |||
| Never | 7 | 0.6 (0.2–1.2) | |
| Ever | 17 | 1.8 (1.0–2.8) | |
| Danish paper workers | Rix et al., 1998 | ||
| Men | 18 | 2.0 (1.2–3.2) | |
| Women | 2 | 1.1 (0.1–3.8) | |
| OCCUPATIONAL—HERBICIDE-USING WORKERS (not related to IARC sprayer cohorts) | |||
| CANADA | |||
| Ontario Forestry Workers—1,222 men working ≥ 6 months 1950–1982 | |||
| 80 deaths through 1982; 18 cancers (lung greatest with 5) | 0 | nr | Green, 1991 |
| DENMARK | |||
| Danish Farmers—incidence from linking farmers on 1970 census with national cancer registry (1970–1980) | Herbicides | Ronco et al., 1992 | |
| Men | |||
| Self-employed | 27 | 0.6 (p < 0.05) | |
| Employee | 13 | 1.0 (nr) | |
| Women | |||
| Self-employed | 1 | 1.1 (nr) | |
| Employee | 1 | 1.2 (nr) | |
| FINNISH Phenoxy Herbicide Sprayers (1,909 men working 1955–1971 ≥ 2 wks) not IARC | Phenoxy herbicides | ||
| Incidence | 2 | 1.7 (0.2–6.0) | Asp et al., 1994 |
| Mortality 1972–1989 | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–5.0) | |
| Except for lung cancer, numbers too small for reporting mortality 1972–1980 | 0 | nr | Riihimaki et al., 1982 |
| ITALIAN Licensed Pesticide Users—male farmers in southern Piedmont licensed | |||
| 1970–1974 | |||
| Mortality 1970–1986 (n = 23,401) | 11 | 1.0 (0.5–1.7) | Torchio et al., 1994 |
| Italian rice growers with documented phenoxy use (n = 1,487) | Phenoxy herbicides | Gambini et al., 1997 | |
| 1 | 0.7 (0.0–3.6) | ||
| SWEDEN | |||
| Swedish Cancer-Environment Registry—National Cancer Registry linked to census | Herbicides | ||
| Incidence data from Swedish Cancer Environment Register (1971–1984) linked to 1970 census | Eriksson et al., 1992 | ||
| Male sawmill workers | 10 | 2.1 (1.0–4.0) | |
| Male farmers | 97 | 1.2 (nr) | |
| Male forestry workers | 35 | 1.2 (nr) | |
| Male horticulture workers | 11 | 1.2 (nr) | |
| 20,245 Swedish pesticide applicators with license issued between 1965 and 1976 354,620 Swedish agriculture, forestry workers | 15 | 1.5 (0.8–2.4) | Wiklund et al., 1989a |
| Wiklund et al., 1988a | |||
| Workers in land or in animal husbandry | 242 | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | |
| Workers in silviculture | 15 | 2.3 (1.3–3.7) | |
| Incident HD cases 1961–1973 with agriculture as economic activity in 1960 census | 99% CI | Wiklund, 1983 | |
| 226 | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | ||
| THE NETHERLANDS | |||
| Dutch Licensed Herbicide Sprayers—1,341 certified before 1980 | |||
| Through 2000 | 0 | nr | Swaen et al., 2004 |
| Through 1987 | 1 | 3.3 (0.0–18.6) | Swaen et al., 1992 |
| UNITED STATES | |||
| US farmers—usual occupation of farmer and industry of agriculture on death certificates 1984–1988 from 23 states | Herbicides PCMRs | Blair et al., 1993 | |
| Men | |||
| Whites (n = 119,648) | 56 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | |
| Nonwhites (n = 11,446) | 2 | 0.7 (0.1–2.6) | |
| Women | |||
| Whites (n = 2,400) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–3.4) | |
| Nonwhites (n = 2,066) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–7.2) | |
| US Agricultural Health Study—prospective study of licensed pesticide sprayers in Iowa and North Carolina: commercial (n = 4,916), private/farmers (n = 52,395, 97.4% men), and spouses of private sprayers (n = 32,347, 0.007% men), enrolled 1993–1997; followups with CATIs 1999–2003 and 2005–2010 | Phenoxy herbicides | ||
| Incidence | |||
| Enrollment through 2006—SIRs for participants | Koutros et al., 2010a | ||
| Private applicators | 18 | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) | |
| Commercial applicators | 1 | nr | |
| Spouses | 7 | 0.9 (0.3–1.7) | |
| Enrollment through 2002 | Alavanja et al., 2005 | ||
| Private applicators | 11 | 0.9 (0.4–1.6) | |
| Spouses of private applicators (> 99% women) | 4 | 0.7 (0.2–1.9) | |
| Commercial applicators | 1 | 0.8 (0.1–4.2) | |
| Mortality | |||
| Enrollment through 2007, vs state rates | Waggoner et al., 2011 | ||
| Applicators (n = 1,641) | 5 | 1.0 (0.3–2.4) | |
| Spouses (n = 676) | |||
| Enrollment through 2000, vs state rates | 3 | 1.1 (0.2–3.3) | Blair et al., 2005a |
| Private applicators (men and women) | 3 | 1.7 (0.3–4.8) | |
| Spouses of private applicators (> 99% women) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–2.5) | |
| US Department of Agriculture Workers—nested case-control study of white men dying 1970–1979 of HD | Herbicides | ||
| Agricultural extension agents | Alavanja et al., 1988 | ||
| PM analysis | 6 | 2.7 (1.2–6.3) | |
| Case-control analysis | 6 | 1.1 (0.3–3.5) | |
| USDA forest, soil conservationists | 4 | 2.2 (0.6–5.6) | Alavanja et al., 1989 |
| White Male Residents of Iowa—HD on death certificate, usual occupation: farmers vs not | Herbicides | ||
| > 20 yrs old when died 1971–1978—PMR | 47 | 1.2 (ns) | Burmeister, 1981 |
| ENVIRONMENTAL | |||
| Seveso, Italy, Residential Cohort—Industrial accident July 10, 1976 (723 residents Zone A; 4,821 Zone B; 31,643 Zone R; 181,574 local reference group) (ICD-9 171) | TCDD | ||
| Incidence | |||
| 20-yr followup to 1996—men and women | |||
| Zone A | 0 | nr | Pesatori et al., 2009 |
| Zone B | 3 | 1.2 (0.4–3.8) | |
| Zone R | 23 | 1.5 (0.9–2.3) | |
| 10-yr followup to 1991—men | Bertazzi et al., 1993 | ||
| Zone B | 1 | 1.7 (0.2–12.8) | |
| Zone R | 4 | 1.1 (0.4–3.1) | |
| 10-yr followup to 1991—women | Bertazzi et al., 1993 | ||
| Zone B | 1 | 2.1 (0.3–15.7) | |
| Zone R | 3 | 1.0 (0.3–3.2) | |
| Mortality | |||
| 25-yr followup to 2001—men and women | Consonni et al., 2008 | ||
| Zone A | 0 | nr | |
| Zone B | 3 | 2.2 (0.7–6.9) | |
| Zone R | 9 | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | |
| 20-yr followup to 1996 | Bertazzi et al., 2001 | ||
| Zones A, B—men | 2 | 2.6 (0.6–10.9) | |
| Zones A, B—women | 2 | 3.7 (0.9–16.0) | |
| 15-yr followup to 1991—men | Bertazzi et al., 1997 | ||
| Zone B | 2 | 3.3 (0.4–11.9) | |
| 15-yr followup to 1991—women | Bertazzi et al., 1997 | ||
| Zone B | 2 | 6.5 (0.7–23.5) | |
| Zone R | 4 | 1.9 (0.5–4.9) | |
| Other International Environmental Studies | |||
| FRANCE | |||
| Residents near French solid-waste incinerator—incidence | Dioxin | Viel et al., 2000 | |
| 1980–1995 | 9 | 1.5 (nr) (p = 0.89) | |
| NEW ZEALAND | |||
| Residents of New Plymouth Territorial Authority, New Zealand, near plant manufacturing 2,4,5-T in 1962–1987 | 2,4,5-T | Read et al., 2007 | |
| Incidence | 49 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5)d | |
| 1970–1974 | 9 | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | |
| 1975–1979 | 9 | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | |
| 1980–1984 | 8 | 1.1 (0.5–2.1) | |
| 1985–1989 | 9 | 1.3 (0.6–2.5) | |
| 1990–1994 | 7 | 1.3 (0.5–2.7) | |
| 1995–1999 | 4 | 0.7 (0.2–1.7) | |
| 2000–2001 | 3 | 1.0 (0.2–3.1) | |
| Mortality | 22 | 1.3 (0.8–2.0)d | |
| 1970–1974 | 7 | 1.6 (0.7–3.3) | |
| 1975–1979 | 4 | 1.2 (0.3–3.0) | |
| 1980–1984 | 6 | 2.1 (0.8–4.5) | |
| 1985–1989 | 3 | 1.2 (0.2–3.5) | |
| 1990–1994 | 1 | 0.6 (0.0–3.5) | |
| 1995–1999 | 1 | 0.6 (0.0–3.6) | |
| 2000–2001 | 0 | nr | |
| CASE-CONTROL STUDIES | |||
| US Case-Control Studies | |||
| Kansas residents–duration and frequency of herbicide use—incidence | Phenoxy herbicides, 2.4-D | Hoar et al., 1986 | |
| All farmers | 71 | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | |
| Farm-use of herbicides (phenoxy acids, others) | 28 | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | |
| Farmers using herbicides > 20 days/yr | 3 | 1.0 (0.2–4.1) | |
| Farmers using herbicides > 15 days/yr | 10 | 1.2 (0.5–2.6) | |
| Tecumseh, Michigan, residents participating in longitudinal study (1959–1987) | Herbicides | Waterhouse et al., 1996 | |
| 13 | 2.0 (1.1–3.4) | ||
| Hancock County, Ohio, residents—farmers | 3 | 2.7 (nr) | Dubrow et al., 1988 |
| International Case-Control Studies | |||
| Canadian residents (≥ 19 yrs of age) in any of 6 provinces | Phenoxy herbicides | Karunanayake et al., 2012 | |
| Any phenoxy herbicide | 65 | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | |
| 2,4-D | 57 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | |
| Mecoprop | 20 | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | |
| MCPA | 11 | 1.0 (0.4–2.2) | |
| Diclofopmethyl | 10 | 1.8 (0.7–4.5) | |
| Canadian residents (≥ 19 yrs of age) in any of 6 provinces | Phenoxy herbicides | Pahwa et al., 2006 | |
| Any phenoxy herbicide | 65 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | |
| 2,4-D | 57 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | |
| Mecoprop | 20 | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | |
| MCPA | 11 | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) | |
| France hospital-based case-control study | Herbicides | Orsi et al., 2009 | |
| Occupational use of herbicides | 7 | 1.5 (0.6–4.1) | |
| Phenoxy herbicides | 6 | 2.5 (0.8–7.7) | |
| Domestic use of herbicides | 19 | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | |
| Italian incident cases of malignancies of hematolymphopoietic system (HD = 258) in men and women (20–74 yrs of age) from agricultural and mixed use areas | Herbicides | Miligi et al., 2006 | |
| Men | 5 | 0.4 (0.1–1.3) | |
| Women | 1 | 0.5 (0.1–4.0) | |
| Italy—Residents of Milan area (men and women)—incidence | Herbicides | LaVecchia et al., 1989 | |
| Agricultural occupations | nr | 2.1 (1.0–3.8) | |
| Chemical-industry occupations | nr | 4.3 (1.4–10.2) | |
| New Zealand National Cancer Registry (1977–1981) (≥ 20 yrs of age) with agricultural occupations—incidence (ICD-9 200, 202) | Herbicides | Pearce et al., 1985 | |
| 107 | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | ||
| Swedish Regional Cancer Registry—HD patients | Phenoxy herbicides | Persson et al., 1993 | |
| Exposed to phenoxy herbicides | 90% CI | ||
| 5 | 7.4 (1.4–40.0) | ||
| Örebro (Sweden) Hospital (men and women)—incidence | Phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols | Persson et al., 1989 | |
| 90% CI | |||
| Farming | 6 | 1.2 (0.4–3.5) | |
| Exposed to phenoxy acids | 4 | 3.8 (0.7–21.0) | |
| Sweden—Umea Hospital patients (men and women, 25–85 yrs of age) (1974–1978) | Phenoxys, chlorophenols | Hardell and Bengtsson, 1983 | |
| Exposed to phenoxy acids | 14 | 5.0 (2.4–10.2) | |
| Exposed to high-grade chlorophenols | 6 | 6.5 (2.2–19.0) | |
| Exposed to low-grade chlorophenols | 5 | 2.4 (0.9–6.5) | |
| Swedish patients (1970–1977) | Phenoxy acids, chlorophenols | Hardell, 1981 | |
| Exposed to phenoxy herbicides | 41 | 4.8 (2.9–8.1) | |
| Exposed to chlorophenols | 50 | 4.3 (2.7–6.9) | |
NOTE: 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4-DP, dichlorprop; 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-TCP, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol; CATI, computer-assisted telephone interviewing; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CI, confidence interval; COI, chemical of interest; HD, Hodgkin disease; IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; JEM, job–exposure matrix; MCPA, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid; MCPB, 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid; MCPP, methylchlorophenoxypropionic acid; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma; NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; nr, not reported; PCDD, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (highly chlorinated, if four or more chlorines); PCMR, proportionate cancer mortality ratios; PCP, pentachlorophenol; PM, proportionate mortality; PMR, proportional mortality ratio; SEA, Southeast Asia; SIR, standardized incidence ratio; TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; TCP, trichlorophenol; USDA, United States Department of Agriculture; VA, US Department of Veterans Affairs.
Subjects are male and outcome is mortality unless otherwise noted.
Given when available; results other than estimated risk explained individually.
Lymphopoietic cancers comprise all forms of lymphoma (including Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma) and leukemia (ALL, AML, CLL, CML).
Committee computed total SMR and SIR by dividing sum of observed values by sum of expected values over all years; 95% CIs on these total ratios were computed with exact methods.
From: 8, Cancer
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