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Pharmacological Treatment of Mental Disorders in Primary Health Care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.

Chapter 9Essential references and source documents

General source documents

  • Ghodse H, Khan I. Psychoactive drugs: improving prescribing practices. World Health Organization; 1988.
  • United Nations. Convention on psychotropic substances. 1971.
  • WHO. Essential treatments in psychiatry. World Health Organization; 1993.
  • WHO. Essential drugs in psychiatry. World Health Organization; 1993.
  • WHO. Women's Mental Health: an evidence based review. World Health Organization; 2000.
  • WHO. Preventing suicide. a resource for general physicians. World Health Organization; 2000.
  • WHO. Atlas. Country Profiles on Mental Health Resources. World Health Organization; 2001.
  • WHO. The World Health Report 2001. Mental health: new understanding, new hope. World Health Organization; 2001.
  • WHO. Reducing stigma and discrimination against older people with mental disorders. A Technical Consensus Statement. World Health Organization; 2002. [PubMed: 12891632]
  • WHO. Mental health Global Action Programme: mhGAP. World Health Organization; 2002.
  • WHO. Quality improvement for mental health. World Health Organization; 2003.
  • WHO. Improving access and use of psychotropic medicines. World Health Organization; 2005.
  • WHO. Human resources and training in mental health. World Health Organization; 2005.
  • WHO. Promoting mental health. Concepts, emerging evidence, practice. World Health Organization; 2005.
  • WHO. International classification of diseases and related health problems. 10thRevision. Version for 2007. [March 2009]. http://www​.who.int/classifcations​/apps/icd/icd10online/
  • WHO. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. Mar, 2007. [March 2009]. 15th List. http://www​.who.int/medicines​/publications​/essentialmedicines/en/index.html.
  • WHO. Outcome Evaluation Summary Report: WHO/UNODC Global Initiative (1999-2003) on Primary Prevention of Substance Abuse. World Health Organization; 2007.
  • WHO. Mental health Gap Action Programme: mhGAP. World Health Organization; 2008.

Psychotic disorders

  • Adams CE, Awad G, Rathbone J, Thornley B. Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1998;(1) Art. No.: CD000284. [PubMed: 17443500] [CrossRef]
  • BMJ Clinical Evidence meta-review of systematic reviews on schizophrenia. [March 2009]. http:​//clinicalevidence​.bmj.com/ceweb/conditions​/meh/1007/1007.jsp.
  • Correll CU, Rummel-Kluge C, Corves C, Kane JM, Leucht S. Antipsychotic Combinations vs Monotherapy in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2009;35:443–457. [PMC free article: PMC2659301] [PubMed: 18417466]
  • David A, Adams CE, Eisenbruch M, Quraishi S, Rathbone J. Depot fluphenazine decanoate and enanthate for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005;(1) Art. No.: CD000307. [PubMed: 15674872] [CrossRef]
  • Davis JM, Chen N, Glick ID. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of second-generation antipsychotics. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003;60(6):553–64. [PubMed: 12796218]
  • Geddes J, Freemantle N, Harrison P, Bebbington P. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: systematic overview and meta-regression analysis. British Medical Journal. 2000;321(7273):1371–6. [PMC free article: PMC27538] [PubMed: 11099280]
  • Hamann J, Cohen R, Leucht S, Busch R, Kissling W. Do patients with schizophrenia wish to be involved in decisions about their medical treatment? The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;162(12):2382–4. [PubMed: 16330606]
  • Heres S, Davis J, Maino K, Jetzinger E, Kissling W, Leucht S. Why olanzapine beats risperidone, risperidone beats quetiapine, and quetiapine beats olanzapine: an exploratory analysis of head-to-head comparison studies of second-generation antipsychotics. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;163(2):185–94. [PubMed: 16449469]
  • Joy CB, Adams CE, Lawrie SM. Haloperidol versus placebo for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001;(2) Art. No.: CD003082. [PubMed: 17054159] [CrossRef]
  • Kahn RS, Fleischhacker WW, Boter H, Davidson M, Vergouwe Y, Keet IP, Gheorghe MD, Rybakowski JK, Galderisi S, Libiger J, Hummer M, Dollfus S, López-Ibor JJ, Hranov LG, Gaebel W, Peuskens J, Lindefors N, Riecher-Rössler A, Grobbee DE., EUFEST study group. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: an open randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9618):1085–97. [PubMed: 18374841]
  • Leucht S, Wahlbeck K, Hamann J, Kissling W. New generation antipsychotics versus low-potency conventional antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003;361(9369):1581–9. [PubMed: 12747876]
  • Leucht S, Heres S, Hamann J, Kane JM. Methodological issues in current antipsychotic drug trials. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2008;34(2):275–85. [PMC free article: PMC2632403] [PubMed: 18234700]
  • Leucht S, Arbter D, Engel RR, Kissling W, Davis JM. How effective are second-generation antipsychotic drugs? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Molecular Psychiatry. 2008;14:429–447. [PubMed: 18180760]
  • Leucht C, Kitzmantel M, Chua L, Kane J, Leucht S. Haloperidol versus chlorpromazine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008;(1) Art. No.: CD004278. [PubMed: 18254045] [CrossRef]
  • Marriott RG, Neil W, Waddingham S. Antipsychotic medication for elderly people with schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(1) Art. No.: CD005580. [PMC free article: PMC8106473] [PubMed: 16437531] [CrossRef]
  • NICE guidelines for schizophrenia. [March 2009]. www​.nice.org.uk/nicemedia​/pdf/cg001fullguideline.pdf.
  • Quraishi S, David A. Depot haloperidol decanoate for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1999;(1) Art. No.: CD001361. [PMC free article: PMC7045751] [PubMed: 10796438] [CrossRef]
  • Rummel C, Hamann J, Kissling W, Leucht S. New generation antipsychotics for first episode schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003;(4) Art. No.: CD004410. [PubMed: 14584012] [CrossRef]
  • Tandon R, Belmaker RH, Gattaz WF, Lopez-Ibor JJ Jr, Okasha A, Singh B, Stein DJ, Olie JP, Fleischhacker WW, Moeller HJ., for the Section of Pharmacopsychiatry. World Psychiatric Association. World Psychiatric Association Pharmacopsychiatry Section statement on comparative effectiveness of antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2008;100(1-3):20–38. [PubMed: 18243663]

Depressive disorders

  • Barbui C, Hotopf M. Amitriptyline v. the rest: still the leading antidepressant after 40 years of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;178:129–44. [PubMed: 11157426]
  • Barbui C, Guaiana G, Hotopf M. Amitriptyline for inpatients and SSRIs for outpatients with depression? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2004;37(3):93–7. [PubMed: 15179966]
  • Barbui C, Furukawa TA, Cipriani A. Effectiveness of paroxetine in the treatment of acute major depression in adults: a systematic re-examination of published and unpublished data from randomized trials. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2008;178(3):296–305. [PMC free article: PMC2211353] [PubMed: 18227449]
  • Barbui C, Cipriani A, Geddes JR. Antidepressants and suicide symptoms: compelling new insights from the FDA's analysis of individual patient level data. Evidence-Based Mental Health. 2008;11(2):34–5. [PubMed: 18441126]
  • BMJ Clinical Evidence meta-review of systematic reviews on depressive disorders. [March 2009]. http:​//clinicalevidence​.bmj.com/ceweb/conditions​/meh/1003/1003.jsp.
  • Cipriani A, Brambilla P, Furukawa T, Geddes J, Gregis M, Hotopf M, Malvini L, Barbui C. Fluoxetine versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005 Oct 19;(4):CD004185. Review. [PMC free article: PMC4163961] [PubMed: 16235353]
  • Cipriani A, Barbui C, Brambilla P, Furukawa TA, Hotopf M, Geddes JR. Are all antidepressants really the same? The case of fluoxetine: a systematic review. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006;67(6):850–64. [PubMed: 16848644]
  • Cipriani A, Geddes JR, Furukawa TA, Barbui C. Metareview on short-term effectiveness and safety of antidepressants for depression: an evidence-based approach to inform clinical practice. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;52(9):553–62. [PubMed: 17953159]
  • Geddes JR, Carney SM, Davies C, Furukawa TA, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Goodwin GM. Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet. 2003;361(9358):653–61. [PubMed: 12606176]
  • Geddes JR, Furukawa TA, Cipriani A, Barbui C. Depressive disorder needs an evidence base commensurate with its public health importance. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;52(9):543–4. No abstract available. [PubMed: 17953157]
  • Guaiana G, Barbui C, Hotopf M. Amitriptyline for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD004186. [PubMed: 17636748]
  • Hetrick S, Merry S, McKenzie J, Sindahl P, Proctor M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for depressive disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD004851. [PubMed: 17636776]
  • Khan A, Schwartz K, Kolts RL, Ridgway D, Lineberry C. Relationship between depression severity entry criteria and antidepressant clinical trial outcomes. Biological Psychiatry. 2007;62(1):65–71. [PubMed: 17141744]
  • Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT. Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med. 2008;5(2):e45. [PMC free article: PMC2253608] [PubMed: 18303940]
  • NICE guidelines for depression. [March 2009]. http://guidance​.nice.org.uk/CG23.
  • Posternak MA, Zimmerman M. Therapeutic effect of follow-up assessments on antidepressant and placebo response rates in antidepressant efficacy trials: meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;190:287–92. [PubMed: 17401033]
  • Spielmans GI. Duloxetine does not relieve painful physical symptoms in depression: a meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2008;77(1):12–6. [PubMed: 18087203]

Bipolar disorders

  • BMJ Clinical Evidence meta-review of systematic reviews on bipolar disorder. [March 2009]. http:​//clinicalevidence​.bmj.com/ceweb/conditions​/meh/1014/1014.jsp.
  • Burgess S, Geddes J, Hawton K, Townsend E, Jamison K, Goodwin G. Lithium for maintenance treatment of mood disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001;(3) Art. No.: CD003013. [PubMed: 11406061]
  • Cipriani A, Rendell JM, Geddes JR. Haloperidol alone or in combination for acute mania. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;3:CD004362. [PubMed: 16856043]
  • Cipriani A, Pretty H, Hawton K, Geddes JR. Lithium in the prevention of suicidal behavior and all-cause mortality in patients with mood disorders: a systematic review of randomized trials. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;162(10):1805–19. [PubMed: 16199826]
  • Macritchie KA, Geddes JR, Scott J, Haslam DR, Goodwin GM. Valproic acid, valproate and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001;(3) Art. No.: CD003196. [PubMed: 11687047]
  • Macritchie K, Geddes JR, Scott J, Haslam D, de Lima M, Goodwin G. Valproate for acute mood episodes in bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003;(1) Art. No.: CD004052. [PubMed: 12535506]
  • Morriss RK, Faizal MA, Jones AP, Williamson PR, Bolton C, McCarthy JP. Interventions for helping people recognise early signs of recurrence in bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007;(1) Art. No.: CD004854. [PMC free article: PMC6544804] [PubMed: 17253526]
  • NICE guidelines for bipolar disorder. [March 2009]. www​.nice.org.uk/nicemedia​/pdf/CG38niceguideline.pdf.
  • Scherk H, Pajonk FG, Leucht S. Second-generation antipsychotic agents in the treatment of acute mania: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2007;64(4):442–55. [PubMed: 17404121]
  • Smith LA, Cornelius V, Warnock A, Tacchi MJ, Taylor D. Pharmacological interventions for acute bipolar mania: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Bipolar Disorders. 2007;9(6):551–60. [PubMed: 17845269]
  • Soares-Weiser K, Bravo Vergel Y, Beynon S, Dunn G, Barbieri M, Duffy S, Geddes J, Gilbody S, Palmer S, Woolacott N. A systematic review and economic model of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions for preventing relapse in people with bipolar disorder. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 2007;11(39):iii–iv. ix–206. [PubMed: 17903393]
  • Vasudev A, Macritchie K, Watson S, Geddes JR, Young AH. Oxcarbazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008;(1) Art. No.: CD005171. [PMC free article: PMC6956443] [PubMed: 18254071]

Generalized anxiety and sleep disorders

  • Baldwin DS, Polkinghorn C. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;8(2):293–302. [PubMed: 15576000]
  • BMJ Clinical Evidence meta-review of systematic reviews on anxiety. [March 2009]. http:​//clinicalevidence​.bmj.com/ceweb/conditions​/meh/1002/1002.jsp.
  • BMJ Clinical Evidence meta-review of systematic reviews on sleep disorders. [March 2009]. http:​//clinicalevidence​.bmj.com/ceweb/conditions​/sld/2302/2302.jsp.
  • Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, Pandya R, Tjosvold L, Hartling L, Vohra S, Klassen TP, Baker G. Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: meta-analysis. British Medical Journal. 2006;332(7538):385–93. [PMC free article: PMC1370968] [PubMed: 16473858]
  • Curry DT, Eisenstein RD, Walsh JK. Pharmacologic management of insomnia: past, present, and future. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2006;29(4):871–93. [PubMed: 17118273]
  • Devanand DP. Comorbid psychiatric disorders in late life depression. Biological Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):236–42. [PubMed: 12182929]
  • Dündar Y, Boland A, Strobl J, Dodd S, Haycox A, Bagust A, Bogg J, Dickson R, Walley T. Newer hypnotic drugs for the short-term management of insomnia: a systematic review and economic evaluation. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 2004;8(24):iii–x. 1–125. [PubMed: 15193209]
  • Dündar Y, Dodd S, Strobl J, Boland A, Dickson R, Walley T. Comparative efficacy of newer hypnotic drugs for the short-term management of insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Psychopharmacology. 2004;19(5):305–22. [PubMed: 15252823]
  • Hudson JL, Deveney C, Taylor L. Nature, assessment, and treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in children. Pediatric annals. 2005;34(2):97–106. [PubMed: 15768686]
  • Ipser JC, Carey P, Dhansay Y, Fakier N, Seedat S, Stein DJ. Pharmacotherapy augmentation strategies in treatment-resistant anxiety disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(4) Art. No.: CD005473. [PubMed: 17054260] [CrossRef]
  • Ipser JC, Dewing S, Stein DJ. A systematic review of the quality of information on the treatment of anxiety disorders on the internet. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2007;9(4):303–9. [PubMed: 17880862]
  • Kapczinski F, Lima MS, Souza JS, Schmitt R. Antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003;(2):CD003592. [PubMed: 12804478]
  • Kessler RC, Wittchen HU. Patterns and correlates of generalized anxiety disorder in community samples. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002;63 Suppl 8:4–10. [PubMed: 12044107]
  • Koch S, Haesler E, Tiziani A, Wilson J. Effectiveness of sleep management strategies for residents of aged care facilities: findings of a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2006;15(10):1267–75. [PubMed: 16968431]
  • Lieb R, Becker E, Altamura C. The epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder in Europe. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;15(4):445–52. [PubMed: 15951160]
  • NICE guidelines for anxiety. [March 2009]. www​.nice.org.uk/nicemedia​/pdf/cg022fullguideline.pdf.
  • NIH State-of-the-Science Conference Statement on manifestations and management of chronic insomnia in adults. National Institutes of Health Consensus Statements. 2005;22(2):1–30. [PubMed: 17308547]
  • Olkkola KT, Ahonen J. Midazolam and other benzodiazepines. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. 2008;(182):335–60. [PubMed: 18175099]
  • Rynn MA, Brawman-Mintzer O. Generalized anxiety disorder: acute and chronic treatment. CNS spectrums. 2004;9(10):716–23. [PubMed: 15448583]
  • Schmitt R, Gazalle FK, Lima MS, Cunha A, Souza J, Kapczinski F. The efficacy of antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Revista brasileira de psiquiatria. [Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry]. 2005;27(1):18–24. [PubMed: 15867979]
  • Shearer SL. Recent advances in the understanding and treatment of anxiety disorders. Primary Care. 2007;34(3):475–504. v–vi. [PubMed: 17868756]
  • Stone KJ, Viera AJ, Parman CL. Off-label applications for SSRIs. American Family Physician. 2003;68(3):498–504. [PubMed: 12924832]
  • Ting L, Malhotra A. Disorders of sleep: an overview. Primary Care. 2005;32(2):305–18. [PMC free article: PMC4368182] [PubMed: 15935187]
  • Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) Team. The Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS): demographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2005;44(1):28–40. [PubMed: 15608541]
  • van Liempt S, Vermetten E, Geuze E, Westenberg HG. Pharmacotherapy for disordered sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2006;21(4):193–202. [PubMed: 16687990]

Obsessive-compulsive disorders and panic attacks

  • Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Kelmendi B, Coric V, Bracken MB, Leckman JF. A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry. 2006;11(7):622–32. [PubMed: 16585942]
  • BMJ Clinical Evidence meta-review of systematic reviews on obsessive compulsive disorder. [March 2009]. http:​//clinicalevidence​.bmj.com/ceweb/conditions​/meh/1004/1004.jsp.
  • BMJ Clinical Evidence meta-review of systematic reviews on panic disorder. [March 2009]. http:​//clinicalevidence​.bmj.com/ceweb/conditions​/meh/1010/1010.jsp.
  • Craske MG, Waters AM. Panic disorder, phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2005;1:197–225. [PubMed: 17716087]
  • Fineberg NA, Pampaloni I, Pallanti S, Ipser J, Stein DJ. Sustained response versus relapse: the pharmacotherapeutic goal for obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2007;22(6):313–22. [PubMed: 17917549]
  • Fontenelle LF, Hasler G. The analytical epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: risk factors and correlates. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2008;32(1):1–15. [PubMed: 17689849]
  • Furukawa TA, Watanabe N, Churchill R. Combined psychotherapy plus antidepressants for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007;(1) Art. No.: CD004364. [PMC free article: PMC6823237] [PubMed: 17253502] [CrossRef]
  • Hanisch LJ, Hantsoo L, Freeman EW, Sullivan GM, Coyne JC. Hot flashes and panic attacks: a comparison of symptomatology, neurobiology, treatment, and a role for cognition. Psychological Bulletin. 2008;134(2):247–69. [PubMed: 18298271]
  • NICE guideline for obsessive-compulsive disorder. [March 2009]. www​.nice.org.uk/nicemedia​/pdf/cg031fullguideline.pdf.
  • Pallanti S, Quercioli L. Treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: methodological issues, operational definitions and therapeutic lines. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2006;30(3):400–12. [PubMed: 16503369]
  • Reinblatt SP, Riddle MA. The pharmacological management of childhood anxiety disorders: a review. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007;191(1):67–86. [PubMed: 17205317]
  • Ross LE, McLean LM. Anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A systematic review. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006;67(8):1285–98. [PubMed: 16965210]
  • Sareen J, Kirshner A, Lander M, Kjernisted KD, Eleff MK, Reiss JP. Do antipsychotics ameliorate or exacerbate Obsessive Compulsive Disorder symptoms? A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004;82(2):167–74. [PubMed: 15488245]
  • Shearer SL. Recent advances in the understanding and treatment of anxiety disorders. Primary Care. 2007;34(3):475–504. v–vi. [PubMed: 17868756]
  • Soomro GM, Altman D, Rajagopal S, Oakley-Browne M. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus placebo for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008;(1) Art. No.: CD001765. [PMC free article: PMC7025764] [PubMed: 18253995]
  • Stein DJ, Ipser JC, van Balkom AJ. Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2000;(4) Art. No.: CD001206.
  • Thomsen PH. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: pharmacological treatment. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000;9 Suppl 1:I76–84. [PubMed: 11140782]
  • Watanabe N, Churchill R, Furukawa TA. Combination of psychotherapy and benzodiazepines versus either therapy alone for panic disorder: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2007;7:18. [PMC free article: PMC1894782] [PubMed: 17501985]

Alcohol and opiod dependence

  • BMJ Clinical Evidence meta-review of systematic reviews on opioid dependence. [March 2009]. http:​//clinicalevidence​.bmj.com/ceweb/conditions​/meh/1015/1015.jsp.
  • Mayo-Smith MF, Beecher LH, Fischer TL, Gorelick DA, Guillaume JL, Hill A, Jara G, Kasser C, Melbourne J., Working Group on the Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium. Practice Guidelines Committee. American Society of Addiction Medicine. Management of alcohol withdrawal delirium. An evidence-based practice guideline. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004;164(13):1405–12. [PubMed: 15249349]
  • Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing: Preparing people to change addictive behaviour. New York: Guilford Press; 1991.
  • Soyka M, Kranzler HR, Berglund M, Gorelick D, Hesselbrock V, Johnson BA, Möller HJ., WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Substance Use Disorders. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Substance Use and Related Disorders, Part 1: Alcoholism. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2008;9:6–23. [PubMed: 18273737]
  • Srisurapanont M, Jarusuraisin N. Opioid antagonists for alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005. Art. No.: CD001867. [PubMed: 15674887]
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