Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in mitochondrial-anchored protein ligase (MAPL) and similar proteins; MAPL, also known as MULAN, mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase activator of NFKB 1, E3 SUMO-protein ligase MUL1, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MUL1, growth inhibition and death E3 ligase (GIDE), putative NF-kappa-B-activating protein 266, or RING finger protein 218 (RNF218), is a multifunctional mitochondrial outer membrane protein involved in several processes specific to metazoan (multicellular animal) cells, such as NF-kappaB activation, innate immunity and antiviral signaling, suppression of PINK1/parkin defects, mitophagy in skeletal muscle, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. MAPL contains a unique BAM (beside a membrane)/GIDE (growth inhibition death E3 ligase) domain and a C-terminal modified cytosolic C3HC5-type RING-HC finger which is distinguished from typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1907157103 199 KSACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALPEPKRCPICRREITRVIPLY 250
Cdd:cd16648     1 DNACVICLSNPRSCVFLECGHVCSCIECYEALPSPKKCPICRSFIKRVVPLY 52

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in mitochondrial-anchored protein ligase (MAPL) and similar proteins; MAPL, also known as MULAN, mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase activator of NFKB 1, E3 SUMO-protein ligase MUL1, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MUL1, growth inhibition and death E3 ligase (GIDE), putative NF-kappa-B-activating protein 266, or RING finger protein 218 (RNF218), is a multifunctional mitochondrial outer membrane protein involved in several processes specific to metazoan (multicellular animal) cells, such as NF-kappaB activation, innate immunity and antiviral signaling, suppression of PINK1/parkin defects, mitophagy in skeletal muscle, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. MAPL contains a unique BAM (beside a membrane)/GIDE (growth inhibition death E3 ligase) domain and a C-terminal modified cytosolic C3HC5-type RING-HC finger which is distinguished from typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1907157103 199 KSACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALPEPKRCPICRREITRVIPLY 250
Cdd:cd16648     1 DNACVICLSNPRSCVFLECGHVCSCIECYEALPSPKKCPICRSFIKRVVPLY 52

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger);

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1907157103 202 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALP-EPKRCPICRREITRV 246
Cdd:pfam13920   5 CVICLDRPRNVVLLPCGHLCLCEECAERLLrKKKKCPICRQPIESV 50

Uncharacterized conserved protein, contains RING Zn-finger [General function prediction only];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1907157103 187 LSQASPEDRESLKSACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGH----VCSCRQcyLALPEPKRCPICRREITRVI 247
Cdd:COG5236    49 LTTSSADDTDEENMNCQICAGSTTYSARYPCGHqichACAVRL--RALYMQKGCPLCRTETEAVV 111

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in mitochondrial-anchored protein ligase (MAPL) and similar proteins; MAPL, also known as MULAN, mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase activator of NFKB 1, E3 SUMO-protein ligase MUL1, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MUL1, growth inhibition and death E3 ligase (GIDE), putative NF-kappa-B-activating protein 266, or RING finger protein 218 (RNF218), is a multifunctional mitochondrial outer membrane protein involved in several processes specific to metazoan (multicellular animal) cells, such as NF-kappaB activation, innate immunity and antiviral signaling, suppression of PINK1/parkin defects, mitophagy in skeletal muscle, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. MAPL contains a unique BAM (beside a membrane)/GIDE (growth inhibition death E3 ligase) domain and a C-terminal modified cytosolic C3HC5-type RING-HC finger which is distinguished from typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1907157103 199 KSACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALPEPKRCPICRREITRVIPLY 250
Cdd:cd16648     1 DNACVICLSNPRSCVFLECGHVCSCIECYEALPSPKKCPICRSFIKRVVPLY 52

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger);

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1907157103 202 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALP-EPKRCPICRREITRV 246
Cdd:pfam13920   5 CVICLDRPRNVVLLPCGHLCLCEECAERLLrKKKKCPICRQPIESV 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Dictyostelium discoideum Cbl-like protein A (CblA) and similar proteins; CblA is a Dictyostelium homolog of the Cbl proteins which are multi-domain proteins acting as key negative regulators of various receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. CblA upregulates STATc tyrosine phosphorylation by downregulating PTP3, the protein tyrosine phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylating STATc. STATc is a signal transducer and activator of transcription protein. Like other Cbl proteins, CblA contains a tyrosine-kinase-binding domain (TKB), a proline-rich domain, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and an ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain. TKB, also known as a phosphotyrosine binding PTB domain, is composed of a four helix-bundle, a Ca2+ binding EF-hand and a highly variant SH2 domain. This family also includes Drosophila melanogaster defense repressor 1 (Dnr1) that was identified as an inhibitor of Dredd activity in the absence of a microbial insult in Drosophila S2 cells. It inhibits the Drosophila initiator caspases Dredd and Dronc. Moreover, Dnr1 acts as a negative regulator of the Imd (immune deficiency) innate immune-response pathway. Its mutations cause neurodegeneration in Drosophila by activating the innate immune response in the brain. Dnr1 contains a FERM N-terminal domain followed by a region rich in glutamine and serine residues, a central FERM domain, and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1907157103 195 RESLKSACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALpepKRCPICRREITRVIPLY 250
Cdd:cd16501     1 SGADADLCVVCMDAPIDTVFLECGHLACCRLCSKRL---RVCPICRQPISRVVRIF 53

RING finger, HC subclass, found in caspases-8 and -10-associated RING finger protein CARP-1, CARP-2 and similar proteins; The CARP subfamily includes CARP-1 and CARP-2 proteins, both of which are E3 ubiquitin ligases that ubiquitinate apical caspases and target them for proteasome-mediated degradation. As a novel group of caspase regulators with a FYVE-type zinc finger domain, they do not localize to membranes in the cell and are involved in the negative regulation of apoptosis, specifically targeting two initiator caspases, caspase 8, and caspase 10. Moreover, they stabilize MDM2 by inhibiting MDM2 self-ubiquitination, as well as by targeting 14-3-3sigma for degradation. They work together with MDM2 to enhance p53 degradation, thereby inhibiting p53-mediated cell death. CARPs contain an N-terminal FYVE-like domain that can serve as a membrane-targeting or endosome localizing signal and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1907157103 200 SACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALPEpkrCPICRREITRVI 247
Cdd:cd16500     1 DLCKICMDAAIDCVLLECGHMVTCTDCGKKLSE---CPICRQYVVRVV 45

RING finger, HC subclass, found in inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs); IAPs are frequently overexpressed in cancer and associated with tumor cell survival, chemoresistance, disease progression, and poor prognosis. They function primarily as negative regulators of cell death. They regulate caspases and apoptosis through the inhibition of specific members of the caspase family of cysteine proteases. In addition, IAPs has been implicated in a multitude of other cellular processes, including inflammatory signalling and immunity, mitogenic kinase signalling, proliferation and mitosis, as well as cell invasion and metastasis. IAPs in this family includes cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein c-IAP1 (BIRC2) and c-IAP2 (BIRC3), XIAP (BIRC4), BIRC7, and BIRC8, all of which contain three N-terminal baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains that enable interactions with proteins, a ubiquitin-association (UBA) domain that is responsible for the binding of polyubiquitin (polyUb), and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger at the carboxyl terminus that is required for ubiquitin ligase activity. The UBA domain is only absent in mammalian homologs of BIRC7. Moreover, c-IAPs contains an additional caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) between the UBA and C3HC4-type RING-HC domains. The CARD domain may serve as a protein interaction surface.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1907157103 202 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALpepKRCPICR 240
Cdd:cd16510     4 CKICMDREVNIVFLPCGHLVTCAQCAASL---RKCPICR 39

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in cell growth regulator with RING finger domain protein 1 (CGRRF1) and similar proteins; CGRRF1, also known as cell growth regulatory gene 19 protein (CGR19) or RING finger protein 197 (RNF197), functions as a novel biomarker to monitor endometrial sensitivity and response to insulin-sensitizing drugs, such as metformin, in the context of obesity. CGRRF1 contains a C-terminal modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger, which is distinguished from typical C3HC4 RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1907157103 201 ACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALpepKRCPICR 240
Cdd:cd16787     2 DCVVCQNAPVNRVLLPCRHACVCDECFKRL---QRCPMCR 38

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in neuralized-like protein 1B (NEURL1B); NEURL1B, also known as neuralized-2 (NEUR2) or neuralized-like protein 3, is a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila neuralized (D-neu) protein. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with and ubiquitinates Delta. Thus, it plays a role in the endocytic pathways for Notch signaling through working cooperatively with another E3 ligase, Mind bomb-1 (Mib1), in Delta endocytosis to hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs)-positive vesicles. NEURL1B contains two neuralized homology regions (NHRs) responsible for Neural-ligand interactions and a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger required for ubiquitin ligase activity. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1907157103 200 SACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALPEPKR--CPICRREITRVIPLYNS 252
Cdd:cd16786     3 GECTVCFDSEVDTVIYTCGHMCLCNSCGLKLKRQINacCPICRRVIKDVIKIYRP 57

RING finger, HC subclass, found in caspases-8 and -10-associated RING finger protein 1 (CARP1) and similar proteins; CARP1, also known as caspase regulator CARP1, FYVE-RING finger protein Momo, RING finger homologous to inhibitor of apoptosis protein (RFI), RING finger protein 34 (RNF34), or RING finger protein RIFF, is a nuclear protein that functions as a specific E3 ubiquitin ligase for the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha, a master regulator of energy metabolism and adaptive thermogenesis in the brown fat cell which negatively regulates brown fat cell metabolism. It is preferentially expressed in esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancers, suggesting a possible association with the development of digestive tract cancers. It regulates the p53 signaling pathway by degrading 14-3-3 sigma and stabilizing MDM2. CARP1 does not localize to membranes in the cell and is involved in the negative regulation of apoptosis, specifically targeting two initiator caspases, caspase 8 and caspase 10. CARP1 contains an N-terminal FYVE-like domain and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1907157103 196 ESLKSACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALPEpkrCPICRREITRVIPLYNS 252
Cdd:cd16706     1 GSDDNLCRICMDAVIDCVLLECGHMVTCTKCGKRMSE---CPICRQYVVRAVHVFKS 54

HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) finger and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers. Some have a different Cys/His pattern. Some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions, especially, the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can chelate Zn in a RING finger as well. This family corresponds to the HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) fingers that are characterized by containing C3HC4-type canonical RING-HC fingers or noncanonical RING-HC finger variants, including C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type modified RING-HC fingers. The canonical RING-HC finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-HC fingers can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1907157103 202 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCsCRQCYLAL--PEPKRCPIC 239
Cdd:cd16449     3 CPICLERLKDPVLLPCGHVF-CRECIRRLleSGSIKCPIC 41

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana SP1-like protein 2 (SPL2) and similar proteins; SPL2, also known as RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase SPL2, acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates E2-dependent protein ubiquitination. SPL2 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1907157103 202 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQC--YLALPEPKRCPICRR 241
Cdd:cd23145     6 CVVCLLRRRRVAFIECGHRVCCELCarRVTREANPRCPVCRQ 47

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in RING finger protein 26 (RNF26) and similar proteins; RNF26 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that temporally regulates virus-triggered type I interferon induction by increasing the stability of Mediator of IRF3 activation, MITA, also known as STING, through K11-linked polyubiquitination of MITA after viral infection, and promoting the degradation of IRF3, another important component required for virus-triggered interferon induction. Although RNF26 substrates of ubiquitination remain unclear at present, RNF26 upregulation in gastric cancer might be implicated in carcinogenesis through dysregulation of growth regulators. RNF26 contains an N-terminal leucine zipper domain and a C-terminal modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger, which is distinguished from typical C3HC4 RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1907157103 195 RESLKSACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLAL----PEPKRCPICRREITRVIPLY 250
Cdd:cd16788     1 EERDKKKCVICQDQSKTVLILPCRHMCLCRQCANILlqqpVYRRNCPLCRTMILQTLDVY 60

third RING finger, HC subclass, found in mind bomb 1 (MIB1) and similar proteins; MIB1, also known as DAPK-interacting protein 1 (DIP-1) or zinc finger ZZ type with ankyrin repeat domain protein 2, is a large, multi-domain E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes ubiquitination of the cytoplasmic tails of Notch ligands, and thus plays an essential role in controlling metazoan development by Notch signaling. It is also involved in Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling, and has been implicated in innate immunity, neuronal function, genomic stability, and cell death. MIB1 contains an MZM region with two Mib-Herc2 domains flanking a ZZ zinc finger, a REP region including two tandem Mib repeats, an ANK region that spans ankyrin repeats, and a RNG region consisting of three C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers. This model corresponds to the third RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1907157103 200 SACVVCLSNFKSCVFLeCGHVCsCRQCYLALPEpkrCPICRREITRVIPLY 250
Cdd:cd16727     1 TMCPVCLDRLKNMIFL-CGHGT-CQLCGDRMSE---CPICRKAIEKRILLY 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING domain ligase RGLG1, RGLG2 and similar proteins from plant; RGLG1 is a ubiquitously expressed E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with UBC13 and, together with UBC13, catalyzes the formation of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which is involved in DNA damage repair. RGLG1 mediates the formation of canonical, K48-linked polyubiquitin chains that target proteins for degradation. It also regulates apical dominance by acting on the auxin transport proteins abundance. RGLG1 has overlapping functions with its closest sequelog, RGLG2. They both function as RING E3 ligases that interact with ethylene response factor 53 (ERF53) in the nucleus and negatively regulate the plant drought stress response. Members of this subfamily contain a Von Willebrand factor type A (vWA) domain and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1907157103 202 CVVCLSNFKSCVFlECGHVcSCRQCYlalPEPKRCPICRREITRVIPLY 250
Cdd:cd16729     5 CPICLSNPKDMAF-GCGHQ-TCCECG---QSLTHCPICRQPITTRIKLY 48

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in mahogunin RING finger protein 1 (MGRN1), RING finger protein 157 (RNF157) and similar proteins; MGRN1, also known as RING finger protein 156 (RNF156), is a cytosolic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that inhibits signaling through the G protein-coupled melanocortin receptors-1 (MC1R), -2 (MC2R) and -4 (MC4R) via ubiquitylation-dependent and -independent processes. It suppresses chaperone-associated misfolded protein aggregation and toxicity. MGRN1 interacts with cytosolic prion proteins (PrPs) that are linked with neurodegeneration. It also interacts with expanded polyglutamine proteins, and suppresses misfolded polyglutamine aggregation and cytotoxicity. Moreover, MGRN1 inhibits melanocortin receptor signaling by competition with Galphas, suggesting a novel pathway for melanocortin signaling from the cell surface to the nucleus. MGRN1 also interacts with and ubiquitylates TSG101, a key component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-I, and regulates endosomal trafficking. A null mutation in the gene encoding MGRN1 causes spongiform neurodegeneration, suggesting a link between dysregulation of endosomal trafficking and spongiform neurodegeneration. RNF157 is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin ligase predominantly expressed in the brain. It is a homolog of the E3 ligase mahogunin ring finger-1 (MGRN1). In cultured neurons, it promotes neuronal survival in an E3 ligase-dependent manner. In contrast, it supports growth and maintenance of dendrites independent of its E3 ligase activity. RNF157 interacts with and ubiquitinates the adaptor protein APBB1 (amyloid beta precursor protein-binding, family B, member 1 or Fe65), which regulates neuronal survival, but not dendritic growth downstream of RNF157. The nuclear localization of APBB1 together with its interaction partner RNA-binding protein SART3 (squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells 3 or Tip110) is crucial to trigger apoptosis. Both MGRN1 and RNF157 contain a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger, and a functionally uncharacterized region, known as domain associated with RING2 (DAR2), N-terminal to the RING finger. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4 RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1907157103 202 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALP-EPKRCPICR 240
Cdd:cd16789     3 CVICLSDPRDTAVLPCRHLCLCSDCAEVLRyQSNKCPICR 42

RING finger, HC subclass, found in mind bomb MIB1, MIB2, RGLG1, RGLG2, and similar proteins; MIBs are large, multi-domain E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that promote ubiquitination of the cytoplasmic tails of Notch ligands. They are also responsible for TBK1 K63-linked ubiquitination and activation, promoting interferon production and controlling antiviral immunity. Moreover, MIBs selectively control responses to cytosolic RNA and regulate type I interferon transcription. Both MIB1 and MIB2 have similar domain architectures, which consist of two Mib-Herc2 domains flanking a ZZ zinc finger, a REP region including two tandem Mib repeats, an ANK region that spans ankyrin repeats, and a RNG region, where MIB1 and MIB2 contain three and two C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers, respectively. This model corresponds to the third RING-HC finger of MIB1, as well as the second RING-HC finger of MIB2. In addition to MIB1 and MIB2, the RING-HC fingers of RING domain ligase RGLG1, RGLG2 and similar proteins from plant are also included in this model. RGLG1 is a ubiquitously expressed E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with UBC13 and, together with UBC13, catalyzes the formation of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which is involved in DNA damage repair. RGLG1 mediates the formation of canonical, K48-linked polyubiquitin chains that target proteins for degradation. It also regulates apical dominance by acting on the auxin transport proteins abundance. RGLG1 has overlapping functions with its closest sequelog, RGLG2. They both function as RING E3 ligases that interact with ethylene response factor 53 (ERF53) in the nucleus and negatively regulate the plant drought stress response. All RGLG proteins contain a Von Willebrand factor type A (vWA) domain and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1907157103 202 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLeCGHvCSCRQCYLALpepKRCPICRREI 243
Cdd:cd16520     3 CPICMERKKNVVFL-CGH-GTCQKCAEKL---KKCPICRKPI 39

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in mahogunin RING finger protein 1 (MGRN1) and similar proteins; MGRN1, also known as RING finger protein 156 (RNF156), is a cytosolic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that inhibits signaling through the G protein-coupled melanocortin receptors-1 (MC1R), -2 (MC2R) and -4 (MC4R) via ubiquitylation-dependent and -independent processes. It suppresses chaperone-associated misfolded protein aggregation and toxicity. MGRN1 interacts with cytosolic prion proteins (PrPs) that are linked with neurodegeneration. It also interacts with expanded polyglutamine proteins, and suppresses misfolded polyglutamine aggregation and cytotoxicity. Moreover, MGRN1 inhibits melanocortin receptor signaling by competition with Galphas, suggesting a novel pathway for melanocortin signaling from the cell surface to the nucleus. Furthermore, MGRN1 interacts with and ubiquitylates TSG101, a key component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-I, and regulates endosomal trafficking. A null mutation in the gene encoding MGRN1 causes spongiform neurodegeneration, suggesting a link between dysregulation of endosomal trafficking and spongiform neurodegeneration. MGRN1 contains a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger, a conserved PSAP motif necessary for interaction between MGRN1 and TSG101. In addition, MGRN1 harbors a functionally uncharacterized region, as known as the domain associated with RING2 (DAR2), N-terminal to the RING finger. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4 RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1907157103 200 SACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALP-EPKRCPICR 240
Cdd:cd16816     9 NECVVCLSDLRDTLILPCRHLCLCNSCADTLRyQANNCPICR 50

Ring finger; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain of c-Cbl and is likely to be a general function of this domain; Various RING fingers exhibit binding activity towards E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (Ubc' s)

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1907157103  202 CVVCLSNF-KSCVFLECGHVCsCRQCYLALPE--PKRCPIC 239
Cdd:smart00184   1 CPICLEEYlKDPVILPCGHTF-CRSCIRKWLEsgNNTCPIC 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 170 (RNF170) and similar proteins; RNF170, also known as putative LAG1-interacting protein, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination-dependent degradation of type-I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors (ITPR1) via the endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway. A point mutation (arginine to cysteine at position 199) in the RNF170 gene is linked with autosomal-dominant sensory ataxia (ADSA), a disease characterized by neurodegeneration in the posterior columns of the spinal cord. RNF170 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1907157103 200 SACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVcSCRQCYLA------LPEPKRCPICRREITRVIPLY 250
Cdd:cd16553     2 MECPICLQDARFPVETNCGHL-FCGPCIITywrhgsWLGAVSCPVCRQTVTLLLPVF 57

RING finger, HC subclass, found in zinc finger protein 598 (ZNF598) and similar proteins; ZNF598 associates with eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) homologous protein from mammals (m4EHP) by binding to Grb10-interacting GYF protein 2 (GIGYF2). The m4EHP-GIGYF2 complex functions as a translational repressor and is essential for normal embryonic development of mammalian. ZNF598 harbors a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger at its N-terminus.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1907157103 202 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGH-VCScrQCYL---ALPEPKRCPICRREITRVI 247
Cdd:cd16615     3 CVICCEEIEYFAVGPCNHpVCY--KCSLrmrVLYKDKYCPICRTELDKVI 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 185 (RNF185) and similar proteins; RNF185 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) that targets cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). It controls the degradation of CFTR and CFTR F508del allele in a RING- and proteasome-dependent manner, but does not control that of other classical ERAD model substrates. It also negatively regulates osteogenic differentiation by targeting dishevelled2 (Dvl2), a key mediator of the Wnt signaling pathway, for degradation. Moreover, RNF185 regulates selective mitochondrial autophagy through interaction with the Bcl-2 family protein BNIP1. It also plays an important role in cell adhesion and migration through the modulation of cell migration by ubiquitinating paxillin. RNF185 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1907157103 202 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVcSCRQC----YLALPEPKRCPICRREITR--VIPLY 250
Cdd:cd16744     3 CNICLDTAKDAVVSLCGHL-FCWPClhqwLETRPNRQVCPVCKAGISRdkVIPLY 56

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 103 (RNF103) and similar proteins; RNF103, also known as KF-1 or zinc finger protein 103 homolog (Zfp-103), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is widely expressed in many different organs, including brain, heart, kidney, spleen, and lung. It is involved in the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway by interacting with components of the ERAD pathway, including Derlin-1 and VCP. RNF103 contains several hydrophobic regions at its N-terminal and middle regions, as well as a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1907157103 202 CVVCLSNFKSCVF---LECGHV--CSCRQCYLALPEPkRCPICRREI 243
Cdd:cd16473     7 CAICLENYQNGDLlrgLPCGHVfhQNCIDVWLERDNH-CCPVCRWPV 52

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RNA-binding protein MEX3C; MEX3C, also known as RING finger and KH domain-containing protein 2 (RKHD2), or RING finger protein 194 (RNF194), is an RNA-binding phosphoprotein that acts as a suppressor of chromosomal instability. It functions as an ubiquitin E3 ligase responsible for the post-transcriptional, HLA-A allotype-specific regulation of MHC class I molecules (MHC-I). It also modifies retinoic acid inducible gene-1 (RIG-I) in stress granules and plays a critical role in eliciting antiviral immune responses. Moreover, MEX3C plays an essential role in normal postnatal growth via enhancing the local expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in bone. It may also be involved in metabolic regulation of energy balance. MEX3C contains two K homology (KH) domains that provide RNA-binding capacity, and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Like other MEX-3 family proteins, MEX3C shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm via the CRM1-dependent export pathway.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1907157103 199 KSACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALPEPK--RCPICRREITRVIPLYN 251
Cdd:cd16722     1 KHDCVICFENEVIAALVPCGHNLFCMECANKICEKEtpSCPVCQTAVTQAIQIHS 55

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 69 (TRIM69) and similar proteins; TRIM69, also known as RFP-like domain-containing protein trimless or RING finger protein 36 (RNF36), is a testis E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a specific role in apoptosis and may also play an important role in germ cell homeostasis during spermatogenesis. TRIM69 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1907157103 201 ACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGH-VC-SCRQCYLALP-EPKRCPICRRE 242
Cdd:cd16611     6 HCPLCLDFFRDPVMLSCGHnFCqSCITGFWELQaEDTTCPECREL 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF113A, RNF113B, and similar proteins; RNF113A, also known as zinc finger protein 183 (ZNF183), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that physically interacts with the E2 protein, UBE2U. A nonsense mutation in RNF113A is associated with an X-linked trichothiodystrophy (TTD). Its yeast ortholog Cwc24p is predicted to have a spliceosome function and acts in a complex with Cef1p to participate in pre-U3 snoRNA splicing, indirectly affecting pre-rRNA processing. It is also important for the U2 snRNP binding to primary transcripts and co-migrates with spliceosomes. Moreover, the ortholog of RNF113A in fruit flies may also act as a spliceosome and is hypothesized to be involved in splicing, namely within the central nervous system. The ortholog in Caenorhabditis elegans is involved in DNA repair of inter-strand crosslinks. RNF113B, also known as zinc finger protein 183-like 1, shows high sequence similarity with RNF113A. Both RNF113A and RNF113B contain a CCCH-type zinc finger, which is commonly found in RNA-binding proteins involved in splicing, and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, which is frequently found in E3 ubiquitin ligases.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1907157103 201 ACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHvCSCRQCYLA-LPEPKRCPICRREITRVIP 248
Cdd:cd16539     7 ACFICRKPFKNPVVTKCGH-YFCEKCALKhYRKSKKCFVCGKQTNGVFN 54

Uncharacterized conserved protein, contains RING Zn-finger [General function prediction only];

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1907157103 187 LSQASPEDRESLKSACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGH----VCSCRQcyLALPEPKRCPICRREITRVI 247
Cdd:COG5236    49 LTTSSADDTDEENMNCQICAGSTTYSARYPCGHqichACAVRL--RALYMQKGCPLCRTETEAVV 111