Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger);

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1907094528 431 MCAVCLDVYFNPYMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPAstpCPLC 473
Cdd:pfam13923   1 MCPICMDMLKDPSTTTPCGHVFCQDCILRALEASNE---CPLC 40

RING-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1907094528 412 SNEMSTDEETEFPEEKDsYMCAVCLDVYFNPyMCYPCHHIFCEPCL---RTLAKdnpaSTPCPLCR 474
Cdd:COG5574   199 KENLSKKNGLPFIPLAD-YKCFLCLEEPEVP-SCTPCGHLFCLSCLlisWTKKK----YEFCPLCR 258

DNA repair protein rad18; All proteins in this family for which functions are known are involved in nucleotide excision repair.This family is based on the phylogenomic analysis of JA Eisen (1999, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University). [DNA metabolism, DNA replication, recombination, and repair]

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1907094528 429 SYMCAVCLDVYFNPyMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPAstpCPLCR 474
Cdd:TIGR00599  26 SLRCHICKDFFDVP-VLTSCSHTFCSLCIRRCLSNQPK---CPLCR 67

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 138 (RNF138) and similar proteins; RNF138, also known as Nemo-like kinase-associated RING finger protein (NARF) or NLK-associated RING finger protein, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. It specifically cooperates with the E2 conjugating enzyme E2-25K (Hip-2/UbcH1), regulates the ubiquitylation and degradation of T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF), and further suppresses Wnt-beta-catenin signaling. RNF138, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF125 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1907094528 428 DSYMCAVCLDVYFNPYMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPAStpCPLCRTIISR 479
Cdd:cd16544     1 AELTCPVCQEVLKDPVELPPCRHIFCKACILLALRSSGAR--CPLCRGPVGK 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (Equine herpesvirus 1/EHV-1) regulatory protein and similar proteins; EHV-1 regulatory protein belongs to the Vmw110 (IPC0) protein family. It contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and binds zinc stably.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1907094528 432 CAVCLDVYFNPYMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPAstpCPLCRTIISRV 480
Cdd:cd23130     3 CPICLDDPEDEAITLPCLHQFCYTCILRWLQTSPT---CPLCKTPVTSI 48

HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) finger and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers. Some have a different Cys/His pattern. Some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions, especially, the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can chelate Zn in a RING finger as well. This family corresponds to the HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) fingers that are characterized by containing C3HC4-type canonical RING-HC fingers or noncanonical RING-HC finger variants, including C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type modified RING-HC fingers. The canonical RING-HC finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-HC fingers can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1907094528 430 YMCAVCLDVYFNPyMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPAStpCPLC 473
Cdd:cd16449     1 LECPICLERLKDP-VLLPCGHVFCRECIRRLLESGSIK--CPIC 41

RING-type zinc-finger; This zinc-finger is a typical RING-type of plant ubiquitin ligases.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1907094528 432 CAVCLDVYFNPYMcyPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPASTPCP 471
Cdd:pfam13445   1 CPICLELFTDPVL--PCGHTFCRECLEEMSQKKGGKFKCP 38

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 125 (RNF125); RNF125, also known as T-cell RING activation protein 1 (TRAC-1), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is predominantly expressed in lymphoid cells, and functions as a positive regulator of T cell activation. It also down-modulates HIV replication and inhibits pathogen-induced cytokine production. It negatively regulates type I interferon signaling, which conjugates Lys(48)-linked ubiquitination to retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and subsequently leads to the proteasome-dependent degradation of RIG-I. Further, RNF125 conjugates ubiquitin to melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), a family protein of RIG-I. It thus acts as a negative regulator of RIG-I signaling, and is a direct target of miR-15b in the context of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Moreover, RNF125 binds to and ubiquitinates JAK1, prompting its degradation and inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) expression. It also negatively regulates p53 function through physical interaction and ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation. Mutations in RNF125 may lead to overgrowth syndromes (OGS). RNF125, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF138 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM). The UIM of RNF125 binds K48-linked poly-ubiquitin chains and is, together with the RING domain, required for auto-ubiquitination.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1907094528 429 SYMCAVCLDVYFNPyMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPAStpCPLCRTIISR 479
Cdd:cd16542     1 NFDCAVCLEVLHQP-VRTRCGHVFCRPCIATSLRNNTWT--CPYCRAYLSS 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 213 (RNF213) and similar proteins; RNF213, also known as ALK lymphoma oligomerization partner on chromosome 17 or Moyamoya steno-occlusive disease-associated AAA+ and RING finger protein (mysterin), is an intracellular soluble protein that functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and AAA+ ATPase, which possibly contributes to vascular development through mechanical processes in the cell. It plays a unique role in endothelial cells for proper gene expression in response to inflammatory signals from the environment. Mutations in RNF213 may be associated with Moyamoya disease (MMD), an idiopathic cerebrovascular occlusive disorder prevalent in East Asia. It also acts as a nuclear marker for acanthomorph phylogeny. RNF213 contains two tandem enzymatically active AAA+ ATPase modules and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. It can form a huge ring-shaped oligomeric complex.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1907094528 431 MCAVCLDVYFNPyMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAkdnPASTPCPLCRTIISRVF 481
Cdd:cd16561     4 ECSICLEDLNDP-VKLPCDHVFCEECIRQWL---PGQMSCPLCRTELPDDF 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Dictyostelium discoideum Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor O (RasGEFO) and similar proteins; RasGEFO, also known as RasGEF domain-containing protein O, functions as a Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (RasGEFs), activating Ras by catalyzing the replacement of GDP with GTP. RasGEFs are particularly important for signaling in development and chemotaxis in many organisms, including Dictyostelium. RasGEFO contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger that may be responsible for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1907094528 429 SYMCAVCLDVYFNPYMCYPCHHIFCEPCLrTLAKDNPAstpCPLCRTIIS 478
Cdd:cd16507     9 SLTCGICQNLFKDPNTLIPCGHAFCLDCL-TTNASIKN---CIQCKVEYT 54

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Mus musculus tripartite motif-containing protein 43 (TRIM43) and similar propteins; This subfamily includes TRIM43A, TRIM43B and TRIM43C, which are expressed specifically in mouse preimplantation embryos. They contain a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1907094528 427 KDSYMCAVCLDVYFNPYMcYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPASTPCPLCRTIISR 479
Cdd:cd23133     1 EETLTCSICQGIFMNPVY-LRCGHKFCEACLLLFQEDIKFPAYCPMCRQPFNQ 52

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 3 (TRIM3); TRIM3, also known as brain-expressed RING finger protein (BERP), RING finger protein 97 (RNF97), or RING finger protein 22 (RNF22), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the pathogenesis of various cancers. It functions as a tumor suppressor that regulates asymmetric cell division in glioblastoma. It binds to the cdk inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) and regulates its availability that promotes cyclin D1-cdk4 nuclear accumulation. Moreover, TRIM3 plays an important role in the central nervous system (CNS). It is encoded by the gene BERP (brain-expressed RING finger protein), a unique p53-regulated gene that modulates seizure susceptibility and GABAAR cell surface expression. Furthermore, TRIM3 mediates activity-dependent turnover of postsynaptic density (PSD) scaffold proteins GKAP/SAPAP1 and is a negative regulator of dendritic spine morphology. In addition, TRIM3 may be involved in vesicular trafficking via its association with the cytoskeleton-associated-recycling or transport (CART) complex that is necessary for efficient transferrin receptor recycling, but not for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation. It also regulates the motility of the kinesin superfamily protein KIF21B. TRIM3 belongs to the C-VII subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif)-NHL family that is defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil domain, as well as a NHL (named after proteins NCL-1, HT2A and Lin-41 that contain repeats folded into a six-bladed beta propeller) repeat domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1907094528 426 EKDSYMCAVCLDVYFNPYMcYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPASTPCPLCR 474
Cdd:cd16768     1 DKQFLVCSICLDRYHNPKV-LPCLHTFCERCLQNYIPPQSLTLSCPVCR 48

RING-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1907094528 412 SNEMSTDEETEFPEEKDsYMCAVCLDVYFNPyMCYPCHHIFCEPCL---RTLAKdnpaSTPCPLCR 474
Cdd:COG5574   199 KENLSKKNGLPFIPLAD-YKCFLCLEEPEVP-SCTPCGHLFCLSCLlisWTKKK----YEFCPLCR 258

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 5 (RNF5) and similar proteins; RNF5, also known as protein G16 or Ram1, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase anchored to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It acts at early stages of cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) biosynthesis and functions as a target for therapeutic modalities to antagonize mutant CFTR proteins in CF patients carrying the F508del allele. It also regulates the turnover of specific G protein-coupled receptors by ubiquitinating JNK-associated membrane protein (JAMP) and preventing proteasome recruitment. RNF5 limits basal levels of autophagy and influences susceptibility to bacterial infection through the regulation of ATG4B stability. It is also involved in the degradation of Pendrin, a transmembrane chloride/anion exchanger highly expressed in thyroid, kidney, and inner ear. RNF5 plays an important role in cell adhesion and migration. It can modulate cell migration by ubiquitinating paxillin. Furthermore, RNF5 interacts with virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA) at mitochondria in a viral infection-dependent manner, and further targets VISA at K362 and K461 for K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation after viral infection. It also negatively regulates virus-triggered signaling by targeting MITA, also known as STING, for ubiquitination and degradation at the mitochondria. In addition, RNF5 determines breast cancer response to ER stress-inducing chemotherapies through the regulation of the L-glutamine carrier proteins SLC1A5 and SLC38A2 (SLC1A5/38A2). It also has been implicated in muscle organization and in recognition and processing of misfolded proteins. RNF5 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1907094528 430 YMCAVCLDVYFNPYMCYpCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPASTPCPLCRTIISR 479
Cdd:cd16743     1 FECNICLETARDAVVSL-CGHLFCWPCLHQWLETRPERQECPVCKAGISR 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 2 (TRIM2); TRIM2, also known as RING finger protein 86 (RNF86), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that ubiquitinates the neurofilament light chain, a component of the intermediate filament in axons. Loss of function of TRIM2 results in early-onset axonal neuropathy. TRIM2 also plays a role in mediating the p42/p44 MAPK-dependent ubiquitination of the cell death-promoting protein Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death (Bim) in rapid ischemic tolerance. TRIM2 belongs to the C-VII subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif)-NHL family that is defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil domain, as well as a NHL (named after proteins NCL-1, HT2A and Lin-41 that contain repeats folded into a six-bladed beta propeller) repeat domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1907094528 426 EKDSYMCAVCLDVYFNPYMcYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPASTPCPLCR 474
Cdd:cd16767     3 DKQFLICSICLDRYKNPKV-LPCLHTFCERCLQNYIPAHSLTLSCPVCR 50

Cdk activating kinase (CAK)/RNA polymerase II transcription initiation/nucleotide excision repair factor TFIIH, subunit TFB3 [Cell division and chromosome partitioning / Transcription / DNA replication, recombination, and repair];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1907094528 425 EEKDSYMCAVC-LDVYFNP----YMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPASTPCPLCRTIISRV 480
Cdd:COG5220     6 EEMEDRRCPVCkSDRYLNPdikiLINPECYHRMCESCVDRIFSRGPAQCPYKGCGKILRKI 66

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana protein BENZOIC ACID HYPERSENSITIVE 1 (BAH1) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana BAH1 and BAH1-like. BAH1, also known as protein NITROGEN LIMITATION ADAPTATION (NLA), or RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase BAH1, acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates E2-dependent protein ubiquitination. It plays a role in salicylic acid-mediated negative feedback regulation of salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. It may be involved in the overall regulation of SA, benzoic acid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. It controls the adaptability to nitrogen limitation by channeling the phenylpropanoid metabolic flux to the induced anthocyanin synthesis. BAH1-like, also known as RING finger protein 178, or RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase BAH1-like, is a probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Members of this subfamily contain a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1907094528 432 CAVCLDVYFNPYmCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLA--------KDNPASTPCPLCRTI 476
Cdd:cd23127    11 CSICLDTVFDPV-ALGCGHLFCNSCACSAAsvlifqglKAAPPEAKCPLCRQD 62

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 114 (RNF114) and similar proteins; RNF114, also known as zinc finger protein 228 (ZNF228) or zinc finger protein 313 (ZNF313), is a p21(WAF1)-targeting ubiquitin E3 ligase that interacts with X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)-associated factor 1 (XAF1) and may play a role in p53-mediated cell-fate decisions. It is involved in the immune response to double-stranded RNA in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, RNF114 interacts with A20 and modulates its ubiquitylation. It negatively regulates nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent transcription and positively regulates T-cell activation. RNF114 may play a putative role in the regulation of immune responses, since it corresponds to a novel psoriasis susceptibility gene, ZNF313. RNF114, together with three closely related proteins: RNF125, RNF138 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1907094528 430 YMCAVCLDVYFNPyMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKdnPASTPCPLCRT 475
Cdd:cd16540     2 FTCPVCLEIFETP-VRVPCGHVFCNACLQECLK--PKKPVCAVCRS 44

DNA repair protein rad18; All proteins in this family for which functions are known are involved in nucleotide excision repair.This family is based on the phylogenomic analysis of JA Eisen (1999, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University). [DNA metabolism, DNA replication, recombination, and repair]

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1907094528 429 SYMCAVCLDVYFNPyMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPAstpCPLCR 474
Cdd:TIGR00599  26 SLRCHICKDFFDVP-VLTSCSHTFCSLCIRRCLSNQPK---CPLCR 67

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 166 (RNF166) and similar proteins; RNF166 is encoded by the gene RNF166 targeted by thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 (TRalpha1), which is important in brain development. It plays an important role in RNA virus-induced interferon-beta production by enhancing the ubiquitination of TRAF3 and TRAF6. RNF166, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF125 and RNF138, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1907094528 430 YMCAVCLDVYFNPYMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKdnPASTPCPLCR 474
Cdd:cd16549     2 FSCPICLEVYHKPVVITSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQ--VASPLCPLCR 44

Ring finger domain;

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1907094528 431 MCAVCLDVYFNPYMCY--PCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKdnpASTPCPLCR 474
Cdd:pfam13639   2 ECPICLEEFEEGDKVVvlPCGHHFHRECLDKWLR---SSNTCPLCR 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, and similar proteins; TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM7, also known as glycogenin-interacting protein (GNIP) or RING finger protein 90 (RNF90), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. Its phosphorylation and activation by MSK1 in response to direct activation by the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway can stimulate TRIM7 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in mediating Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the AP-1 coactivator RACO-1, leading to RACO-1 protein stabilization. Moreover, TRIM7 binds and activates glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis. TRIM11, also known as protein BIA1, or RING finger protein 92 (RNF92), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the development of the central nervous system. It is overexpressed in high-grade gliomas and promotes proliferation, invasion, migration and glial tumor growth. TRIM11 acts as a potential therapeutic target for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) by mediating the degradation of CCHS-associated polyalanine-expanded Phox2b. TRIM11 modulates the function of neurogenic transcription factor Pax6 through the ubiquitin-proteosome system, and thus plays an essential role for Pax6-dependent neurogenesis. It also binds to and destabilizes a key component of the activator-mediated cofactor complex (ARC105), humanin, a neuroprotective peptide against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults, and further regulates ARC105 function in transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling. Moreover, TRIM11 negatively regulates retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-mediated interferon-beta (IFNbeta) production and antiviral activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1). It may contribute to the endogenous restriction of retroviruses in cells. It enhances N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) entry by interfering with Ref1 restriction. It also suppresses the early steps of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 transduction, resulting in decreased reverse transcripts. TRIM27, also known as RING finger protein 76 (RNF76), RET finger protein (RFP), or zinc finger protein RFP, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in testis and in various tumor cell lines. Expression of TRIM27 is associated with prognosis of colon and endometrial cancers. TRIM27 was first identified as a fusion partner of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as a transcriptional repressor and associates with several proteins involved in transcriptional activity, such as enhancer of polycomb 1 (Epc1), a member of the Polycomb group proteins, and Mi-2beta, a main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (RB1). It also interacts with HDAC1, leading to downregulation of thioredoxin binding protein 2 (TBP-2), which inhibits the function of thioredoxin. Moreover, TRIM27 mediates Pax7-induced ubiquitination of MyoD in skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, it inhibits muscle differentiation by modulating serum response factor (SRF) and Epc1. TRIM27 promotes a non-canonical polyubiquitination of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that catalyzes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) to PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). It is an IKKepsilon-interacting protein that regulates IkappaB kinase (IKK) function and negatively regulates signaling involved in the antiviral response and inflammation. TRIM27 also forms a protein complex with MBD4 or MBD2 or MBD3, and thus plays an important role in the enhancement of transcriptional repression through MBD proteins in tumorigenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis. It is a component of an estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulatory complex that is involved in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription in MCF-7 cells.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1907094528 432 CAVCLDVYFNPYMCyPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPASTPCPLCR 474
Cdd:cd16594     8 CPICLDYFTDPVTL-DCGHSFCRACIARCWEEPETSASCPQCR 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 10 (RNF10) and similar proteins; RNF10 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with mesenchyme Homeobox 2 (MEOX2) transcription factor, a regulator of the proliferation, differentiation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes; it enhances Meox2 activation of the p21 promoter. It also regulates the expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) genes and is required for myelin production in Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. Moreover, RNF10 regulates retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation and the cell cycle exit of P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. RNF10 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and three putative nuclear localization signals.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1907094528 432 CAVCLDVYFNPYMCyPCHHIFCEPC-LRTLAKDNPASTPCPLCRTIISRVFLQ 483
Cdd:cd16536     3 CPICLEPPVAPRIT-RCGHIFCWPCiLRYLSLSEKKWRKCPICFESIHKKDLR 54

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Candida albicans transcriptional regulator of yeast form adherence 3 (TRY3) and similar proteins; TRY3 acts as a transcription factor required for yeast cell adherence to silicone substrate. It contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1907094528 428 DSYMCAVCLDVYFNPyMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPAStpCPLCR 474
Cdd:cd23137     1 DDYACPICMNVAWKP-VRLECSHVFCLRCLVKAQKQKKDN--CPLCR 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 168 (RNF168) and similar proteins; RNF168 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes noncanonical K27 ubiquitination to signal DNA damage. It, together with RNF8, functions as a DNA damage response (DDR) factor that promotes a series of ubiquitylation events on substrates, such as H2A and H2AX with H2AK13/15 ubiquitylation, facilitates recruitment of repair factors p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) or the RAP80-BRCA1 complex to sites of double-strand breaks (DSBs), and inhibits homologous recombination (HR) in cells deficient in the tumor suppressor BRCA1. RNF168 also promotes H2A neddylation, which antagonizes ubiquitylation of H2A and regulates DNA damage repair. Moreover, RNF168 forms a functional complex with RAD6A or RAD6B during the DNA damage response. RNF168 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger that catalyzes H2A-K15ub and interacts with H2A, and two MIU (motif interacting with ubiquitin) domains responsible for the interaction with K63 linked poly-ubiquitin.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1907094528 430 YMCAVCLDVYFNPyMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDnpASTPCPLCRTIIS 478
Cdd:cd16550     1 CLCPICLEILVEP-VTLPCNHTLCMPCFQSTVEK--ASLCCPLCRLRIS 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in ubiquitin-like PHD and RING finger domain-containing proteins, UHRF1 and UHRF2, and similar proteins; UHRF1 is a unique chromatin effector protein that integrates the recognition of both histone PTMs and DNA methylation. It is essential for cell proliferation and plays a critical role in the development and progression of many human carcinomas, such as laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. UHRF1 acts as a transcriptional repressor through its binding to histone H3 when it is unmodified at Arg2. Its overexpression in human lung fibroblasts results in downregulation of expression of the tumor suppressor pRB. It also plays a role in transcriptional repression of the cell cycle regulator p21. Moreover, UHRF1-dependent repression of transcription factors can facilitate the G1-S transition. It interacts with Tat-interacting protein of 60 kDa (TIP60) and induces degradation-independent ubiquitination of TIP60. It is also an N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG)-interacting protein that binds MPG in a p53 status-independent manner in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. In addition, UHRF1 functions as an epigenetic regulator that is important for multiple aspects of epigenetic regulation, including maintenance of DNA methylation patterns and recognition of various histone modifications. UHRF2 was originally identified as a ubiquitin ligase acting as a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase that enhances zinc finger protein 131 (ZNF131) SUMOylation, but does not enhance ZNF131 ubiquitination. It also ubiquitinates PCNP, a PEST-containing nuclear protein. Moreover, UHRF2 functions as a nuclear protein involved in cell-cycle regulation and has been implicated in tumorigenesis. It interacts with cyclins, CDKs, p53, pRB, PCNA, HDAC1, DNMTs, G9a, methylated histone H3 lysine 9, and methylated DNA. It interacts with the cyclin E-CDK2 complex, ubiquitinates cyclins D1 and E1, induces G1 arrest, and is involved in the G1/S transition regulation. Furthermore, UHRF2 is a direct transcriptional target of the transcription factor E2F-1 in the induction of apoptosis. It recruits HDAC1 and binds to methyl-CpG. UHRF2 also participates in the maturation of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) by interacting with the HBV core protein and promoting its degradation. Both UHRF1 and UHRF2 contain an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain (UBL), a tandem Tudor domain (TTD), a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a SET- and RING-associated (SRA) domain, and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1907094528 430 YMCAVCLDVYFNPyMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPAStpCPLCRT 475
Cdd:cd16613     1 FTCICCQELVYKP-ITTPCKHNICKSCLQRSFKAEVYT--CPACRH 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RNA polymerase II transcription factor B subunit 3 (TFB3) from fungi; TFB3, also known as RNA polymerase II transcription factor B 38 kDa subunit, RNA polymerase II transcription factor B p38 subunit, or Rig2, is a component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH or factor B), which is essential for both basal and activated transcription and is involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA. TFIIH has CTD kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities, and is essential for polymerase II transcription in vitro. TFB3 is a homolog of MAT1 of higher eukaryotes which forms a ternary complex with MO15 (cdk7) and cyclin H. It physically interacts with Ubc4 and the Nedd8-conjugating enzyme Ubc12 as well as the Hrt1/Rtt101 complex. It targets the yeast Cul4-type cullin Rtt101 for its neddylation and ubiquitylation, and regulates neddylation and activity of cullin-3, but not Cdc53. TFB3 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a C-terminal MAT1 domain responsible for the interaction with the transcription factor TFIIH.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1907094528 431 MCAVC-LDVYFNPYMCY----PCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPASTPCPLCRTIISR 479
Cdd:cd16573     3 KCPVCkSDRYLNPDMKFlinpECYHKMCESCVDRIFTLGPAQCPYKGCGKILRK 56

zinc-RING finger domain;

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1907094528 432 CAVCLDVYFNPYMCY--PCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDnpasTPCPLCRT 475
Cdd:pfam14634   2 CNKCFKELSKTRPFYltSCGHIFCEECLTRLLQE----RQCPICKK 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM13, TRIM59 and similar proteins; TRIM13 and TRIM59, two closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, followed by a C-terminal transmembrane domain. TRIM13, also known as B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia tumor suppressor Leu5, leukemia-associated protein 5, putative tumor suppressor RFP2, RING finger protein 77 (RNF77), or Ret finger protein 2, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane anchored E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with proteins localized to the ER, including valosin-containing protein (VCP), a protein indispensable for ER-associated degradation (ERAD). TRIM59, also known as RING finger protein 104 (RNF104) or tumor suppressor TSBF-1, is a putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions as a novel multiple cancer biomarker for immunohistochemical detection of early tumorigenesis.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1907094528 432 CAVCLDVyFNPYMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTL----AKDNPASTPCPLCR 474
Cdd:cd16581     5 CSICYNI-FDDPKILPCSHTFCKNCLEKLlaasGYYLLASLKCPTCR 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in topoisomerase I-binding arginine/serine-rich protein (Topors) and similar proteins; Topors, also known as topoisomerase I-binding RING finger protein, tumor suppressor p53- binding protein 3, or p53-binding protein 3 (p53BP3), is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that can ligate both ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to substrate proteins in the nucleus. It contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger which ligates ubiquitin to its target proteins including DNA topoisomerase I, p53, NKX3.1, H2AX, and the AAV-2 Rep78/68 proteins. As a RING-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, Topors works with the E2 enzymes UbcH5a, UbcH5c, and UbcH6, but not with UbcH7, CDC34, or UbcH2b. Topors acts as a tumor suppressor in various malignancies. It regulates p53 modification, suggesting it may be responsible for astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1, also known as metadherin, or LYRIC) ubiquitin modification. Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Topors inhibits Topors-mediated sumoylation of p53, whereas p53 ubiquitination is enhanced, leading to p53 degradation. It also functions as a negative regulator of the prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1. Moreover, Topors is associated with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies, and may be involved in the cellular response to camptothecin. It also plays a key role in the turnover of H2AX protein, discriminating the type of DNA damaging stress. Furthermore, Topors is a cilia-centrosomal protein associated with autosomal dominant retinal degeneration. Mutations in TOPORS cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP).

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1907094528 431 MCAVCLDVyFNPYMCY--PCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPAstpCPLCRT 475
Cdd:cd16574     3 SCPICLDR-FENEKAFldGCFHAFCFTCILEWSKVKNE---CPLCKQ 45

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana proteolysis 1 protein (PRT1) and similar proteins; PRT1, also called RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase PRT1, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. It functions in the N-end rule pathway of protein degradation, where it specifically recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with an N-terminal bulky aromatic amino acid (Phe). It does not act on aliphatic hydrophobic and basic N-terminal residues (Arg or Leu) containing proteins. PRT1 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1907094528 428 DSYMCAVCLDVYFNPyMCYPCHHIFCEPCLRTlAKDNPASTPCPLCRT 475
Cdd:cd23132     1 EEFLCCICLDLLYKP-VVLECGHVFCFWCVHR-CMNGYDESHCPLCRR 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 69 (TRIM69) and similar proteins; TRIM69, also known as RFP-like domain-containing protein trimless or RING finger protein 36 (RNF36), is a testis E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a specific role in apoptosis and may also play an important role in germ cell homeostasis during spermatogenesis. TRIM69 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1907094528 432 CAVCLDVYFNPYMcYPCHHIFCEPCLRTLAKDNPASTPCPLCR 474
Cdd:cd16611     7 CPLCLDFFRDPVM-LSCGHNFCQSCITGFWELQAEDTTCPECR 48