RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in Scaffold attachment factor (SAF)-like transcription modulator (SLTM) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM domain of SLTM, also termed modulator of estrogen-induced transcription, which shares high sequence similarity with scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1). It contains a scaffold attachment factor-box (SAF-box, also known as SAP domain) DNA-binding motif, an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a region rich in glutamine and arginine residues. To a large extent, SLTM co-localizes with SAFB1 in the nucleus, which suggests that they share similar functions, such as the inhibition of an oestrogen reporter gene. However, rather than mediating a specific inhibitory effect on oestrogen action, SLTM is shown to exert a generalized inhibitory effect on gene expression associated with induction of apoptosis in a wide range of cell lines.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1720432321 157 NIWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVE 230
Cdd:cd12678     1 NLWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVARCISHLHRTELHGQQISVE 74

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in Scaffold attachment factor (SAF)-like transcription modulator (SLTM) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM domain of SLTM, also termed modulator of estrogen-induced transcription, which shares high sequence similarity with scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1). It contains a scaffold attachment factor-box (SAF-box, also known as SAP domain) DNA-binding motif, an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a region rich in glutamine and arginine residues. To a large extent, SLTM co-localizes with SAFB1 in the nucleus, which suggests that they share similar functions, such as the inhibition of an oestrogen reporter gene. However, rather than mediating a specific inhibitory effect on oestrogen action, SLTM is shown to exert a generalized inhibitory effect on gene expression associated with induction of apoptosis in a wide range of cell lines.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1720432321 157 NIWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVE 230
Cdd:cd12678     1 NLWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVARCISHLHRTELHGQQISVE 74

RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain [Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1720432321 156 KNIWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVEKVK 233
Cdd:COG0724     2 MKIYVGNLPYSVTEEDLRELFSEYGEVTSVKLITDRETGRSRGFGFVEMPDDEEAQAAIEALNGAELMGRTLKVNEAR 79

ELAV/HuD family splicing factor; This model describes the ELAV/HuD subfamily of splicing factors found in metazoa. HuD stands for the human paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigen D of which there are 4 variants in human. ELAV stnds for the Drosophila Embryonic lethal abnormal visual protein. ELAV-like splicing factors are also known in human as HuB (ELAV-like protein 2), HuC (ELAV-like protein 3, Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration-associated antigen) and HuR (ELAV-like protein 1). These genes are most closely related to the sex-lethal subfamily of splicing factors found in Dipteran insects (TIGR01659). These proteins contain 3 RNA-recognition motifs (rrm: pfam00076).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISV 229
Cdd:TIGR01661 272 IFVYNLSPDTDETVLWQLFGPFGAVQNVKIIRDLTTNQCKGYGFVSMTNYDEAAMAILSLNGYTLGNRVLQV 343

MAEBL; Provisional

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1720432321    8 KEAEDDNISVTIQAEDAITLDFDGDDLLETGKNVKITDSEASKPKDVQDAIAQSPEKEAKDYEMNPNHKDGKK--EDSVK 85
Cdd:PTZ00121  1237 KDAEEAKKAEEERNNEEIRKFEEARMAHFARRQAAIKAEEARKADELKKAEEKKKADEAKKAEEKKKADEAKKkaEEAKK 1316

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1720432321   86 GEPVEKEARESAKKAESGDKEKDTLKKGPSSTGASGQAKSSSKESKDSKTSSKDDKGSTGSAGGSSGSSTKNIWVSGLSS 165
Cdd:PTZ00121  1317 ADEAKKKAEEAKKKADAAKKKAEEAKKAAEAAKAEAEAAADEAEAAEEKAEAAEKKKEEAKKKADAAKKKAEEKKKADEA 1396

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1720432321  166 NTKAADLKnlfgKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKcygivtmSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTElhgqlisvEKVKGDPSKKEMKKEN 245
Cdd:PTZ00121  1397 KKKAEEDK----KKADELKKAAAAKKKADEAK-------KKAEEKKKADEAKKKAE--------EAKKADEAKKKAEEAK 1457

                          250       260       270       280       290       300       310       320
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1720432321  246 DEKSSSRSAGDKKNASDRSAKTQASIKKEEKRSSEKSEKKESKDTKKIEKDEKNDD----GPSGQTSESLKKSEEKKRIS 321
Cdd:PTZ00121  1458 KAEEAKKKAEEAKKADEAKKKAEEAKKADEAKKKAEEAKKKADEAKKAAEAKKKADeakkAEEAKKADEAKKAEEAKKAD 1537

                          330       340       350       360       370       380       390
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1720432321  322 SKSPGHMVilnqTKGDHCRPSRRGRYEKGHGRSKEKERAslDKKRDKDYRRKEILpfEKMKEQRLREHLVRFERLKQ 398
Cdd:PTZ00121  1538 EAKKAEEK----KKADELKKAEELKKAEEKKKAEEAKKA--EEDKNMALRKAEEA--KKAEEARIEEVMKLYEEEKK 1606

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in Scaffold attachment factor (SAF)-like transcription modulator (SLTM) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM domain of SLTM, also termed modulator of estrogen-induced transcription, which shares high sequence similarity with scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1). It contains a scaffold attachment factor-box (SAF-box, also known as SAP domain) DNA-binding motif, an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a region rich in glutamine and arginine residues. To a large extent, SLTM co-localizes with SAFB1 in the nucleus, which suggests that they share similar functions, such as the inhibition of an oestrogen reporter gene. However, rather than mediating a specific inhibitory effect on oestrogen action, SLTM is shown to exert a generalized inhibitory effect on gene expression associated with induction of apoptosis in a wide range of cell lines.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1720432321 157 NIWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVE 230
Cdd:cd12678     1 NLWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVARCISHLHRTELHGQQISVE 74

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1), scaffold attachment factor B2 (SAFB2), and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to RRM of SAFB1, also termed scaffold attachment factor B (SAF-B), heat-shock protein 27 estrogen response element ERE and TATA-box-binding protein (HET), or heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP A1- associated protein (HAP), a large multi-domain protein with well-described functions in transcriptional repression, RNA splicing and metabolism, and a proposed role in chromatin organization. Based on the numerous functions, SAFB1 has been implicated in many diverse cellular processes including cell growth and transformation, stress response, and apoptosis. SAFB1 specifically binds to AT-rich scaffold or matrix attachment region DNA elements (S/MAR DNA) by using its N-terminal scaffold attachment factor-box (SAF-box, also known as SAP domain), a homeodomain-like DNA binding motif. The central region of SAFB1 is composed of an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a nuclear localization signal (NLS). The C-terminus of SAFB1 contains Glu/Arg- and Gly-rich regions that might be involved in protein-protein interaction. Additional studies indicate that the C-terminal region contains a potent and transferable transcriptional repression domain. Another family member is SAFB2, a homolog of SAFB1. Both SAFB1 and SAFB2 are ubiquitously coexpressed and share very high sequence similarity, suggesting that they might function in a similar manner. However, unlike SAFB1, exclusively existing in the nucleus, SAFB2 is also present in the cytoplasm. The additional cytoplasmic localization of SAFB2 implies that it could play additional roles in the cytoplasmic compartment which are distinct from the nuclear functions shared with SAFB1.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1720432321 156 KNIWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVE 230
Cdd:cd12679     2 RNLWVSGLSSTTRATDLKNLFSKYGKVVGAKVVTNARSPGARCYGFVTMSTSEEATKCISHLHRTELHGRMISVE 76

RNA recognition motif (RRM) superfamily; RRM, also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), is a highly abundant domain in eukaryotes found in proteins involved in post-transcriptional gene expression processes including mRNA and rRNA processing, RNA export, and RNA stability. This domain is 90 amino acids in length and consists of a four-stranded beta-sheet packed against two alpha-helices. RRM usually interacts with ssRNA, but is also known to interact with ssDNA as well as proteins. RRM binds a variable number of nucleotides, ranging from two to eight. The active site includes three aromatic side-chains located within the conserved RNP1 and RNP2 motifs of the domain. The RRM domain is found in a variety heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), proteins implicated in regulation of alternative splicing, and protein components of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNaRSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVE 230
Cdd:cd00590     1 LFVGNLPPDTTEEDLRELFSKFGEVVSVRIVRD-RDGKSKGFAFVEFESPEDAEKALEALNGTELGGRPLKVS 72

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) and 2 (RRM2) found in RRM-containing coactivator activator/modulator (CoAA) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM in CoAA (also known as RBM14 or PSP2) and RNA-binding protein 4 (RBM4). CoAA is a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-like protein identified as a nuclear receptor coactivator. It mediates transcriptional coactivation and RNA splicing effects in a promoter-preferential manner, and is enhanced by thyroid hormone receptor-binding protein (TRBP). CoAA contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a TRBP-interacting domain. RBM4 is a ubiquitously expressed splicing factor with two isoforms, RBM4A (also known as Lark homolog) and RBM4B (also known as RBM30), which are very similar in structure and sequence. RBM4 may also function as a translational regulator of stress-associated mRNAs as well as play a role in micro-RNA-mediated gene regulation. RBM4 contains two N-terminal RRMs, a CCHC-type zinc finger, and three alanine-rich regions within their C-terminal regions. This family also includes Drosophila RNA-binding protein lark (Dlark), a homolog of human RBM4. It plays an important role in embryonic development and in the circadian regulation of adult eclosion. Dlark shares high sequence similarity with RBM4 at the N-terminal region. However, Dlark has three proline-rich segments instead of three alanine-rich segments within the C-terminal region.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNarspgakcYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVE 230
Cdd:cd12343     2 IFVGNLPDAATSEELRALFEKYGKVTECDIVKN--------YAFVHMEKEEDAEDAIKALNGYEFMGSRINVE 66

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in Nicotiana sylvestris chloroplastic 33 kDa ribonucleoprotein (NsCP33) and similar proteins; The family includes NsCP33, Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplastic 31 kDa ribonucleoprotein (CP31A) and mitochondrial glycine-rich RNA-binding protein 2 (AtGR-RBP2). NsCP33 may be involved in splicing and/or processing of chloroplast RNA's. AtCP31A, also called RNA-binding protein 1/2/3 (AtRBP33), or RNA-binding protein CP31A, or RNA-binding protein RNP-T, or RNA-binding protein cp31, is required for specific RNA editing events in chloroplasts and stabilizes specific chloroplast mRNAs, as well as for normal chloroplast development under cold stress conditions by stabilizing transcripts of numerous mRNAs under these conditions. CP31A may modulate telomere replication through RNA binding domains. AtGR-RBP2, also called AtRBG2, or glycine-rich protein 2 (AtGRP2), or mitochondrial RNA-binding protein 1a (At-mRBP1a), plays a role in RNA transcription or processing during stress. It binds RNAs and DNAs sequence with a preference to single-stranded nucleic acids. AtGR-RBP2 displays strong affinity to poly(U) sequence. It exerts cold and freezing tolerance, probably by exhibiting an RNA chaperone activity during the cold and freezing adaptation process. Some members in this family contain two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The model corresponds to the second RRM motif.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1720432321 157 NIWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISV 229
Cdd:cd21608     1 KLYVGNLSWDTTEDDLRDLFSEFGEVESAKVITDRETGRSRGFGFVTFSTAEAAEAAIDALNGKELDGRSIVV 73

RNA recognition motif 3 (RRM3) found in CELF/Bruno-like family of RNA binding proteins CELF1, CELF2, CELF3, CELF4, CELF5, CELF6 and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of the CUGBP1 and ETR-3-like factors (CELF) or BRUNOL (Bruno-like) proteins, a family of structurally related RNA-binding proteins involved in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus and in the control of mRNA translation and deadenylation in the cytoplasm. The family contains six members: CELF-1 (also termed BRUNOL-2, or CUG-BP1, or NAPOR, or EDEN-BP), CELF-2 (also termed BRUNOL-3, or ETR-3, or CUG-BP2, or NAPOR-2), CELF-3 (also termed BRUNOL-1, or TNRC4, or ETR-1, or CAGH4, or ER DA4), CELF-4 (also termed BRUNOL-4), CELF-5 (also termed BRUNOL-5), CELF-6 (also termed BRUNOL-6). They all contain three highly conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains): two consecutive RRMs (RRM1 and RRM2) situated in the N-terminal region followed by a linker region and the third RRM (RRM3) close to the C-terminus of the protein. The low sequence conservation of the linker region is highly suggestive of a large variety in the co-factors that associate with the various CELF family members. Based on both sequence similarity and function, the CELF family can be divided into two subfamilies, the first containing CELFs 1 and 2, and the second containing CELFs 3, 4, 5, and 6. The different CELF proteins may act through different sites on at least some substrates. Furthermore, CELF proteins may interact with each other in varying combinations to influence alternative splicing in different contexts.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1720432321 170 ADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVE 230
Cdd:cd12362    13 QDLYQLFAPFGNVVSAKVFVDKNTGRSKGFGFVSYDNPLSAQAAIKAMNGFQVGGKRLKVQ 73

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in the c-myc gene single-strand binding proteins (MSSP) family; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of c-myc gene single-strand binding proteins (MSSP) family, including single-stranded DNA-binding protein MSSP-1 (also termed RBMS1 or SCR2) and MSSP-2 (also termed RBMS2 or SCR3). All MSSP family members contain two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), both of which are responsible for the specific DNA binding activity. Both, MSSP-1 and -2, have been identified as protein factors binding to a putative DNA replication origin/transcriptional enhancer sequence present upstream from the human c-myc gene in both single- and double-stranded forms. Thus, they have been implied in regulating DNA replication, transcription, apoptosis induction, and cell-cycle movement, via the interaction with c-MYC, the product of protooncogene c-myc. Moreover, the family includes a new member termed RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 3 (RBMS3), which is not a transcriptional regulator. RBMS3 binds with high affinity to A/U-rich stretches of RNA, and to A/T-rich DNA sequences, and functions as a regulator of cytoplasmic activity. In addition, a putative meiosis-specific RNA-binding protein termed sporulation-specific protein 5 (SPO5, or meiotic RNA-binding protein 1, or meiotically up-regulated gene 12 protein), encoded by Schizosaccharomyces pombe Spo5/Mug12 gene, is also included in this family. SPO5 is a novel meiosis I regulator that may function in the vicinity of the Mei2 dot.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1720432321 157 NIWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQ 225
Cdd:cd12243     2 NVYIRGLPPNTTDEDLLLLCQSFGKIISTKAIIDKQTNKCKGYGFVDFDSPEAALKAIEGLNGRGVQAS 70

RNA recognition motif 3 (RRM3) found found in type I polyadenylate-binding proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of type I poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs), highly conserved proteins that bind to the poly(A) tail present at the 3' ends of most eukaryotic mRNAs. They have been implicated in the regulation of poly(A) tail length during the polyadenylation reaction, translation initiation, mRNA stabilization by influencing the rate of deadenylation and inhibition of mRNA decapping. The family represents type I polyadenylate-binding proteins (PABPs), including polyadenylate-binding protein 1 (PABP-1 or PABPC1), polyadenylate-binding protein 3 (PABP-3 or PABPC3), polyadenylate-binding protein 4 (PABP-4 or APP-1 or iPABP), polyadenylate-binding protein 5 (PABP-5 or PABPC5), polyadenylate-binding protein 1-like (PABP-1-like or PABPC1L), polyadenylate-binding protein 1-like 2 (PABPC1L2 or RBM32), polyadenylate-binding protein 4-like (PABP-4-like or PABPC4L), yeast polyadenylate-binding protein, cytoplasmic and nuclear (PABP or ACBP-67), and similar proteins. PABP-1 is an ubiquitously expressed multifunctional protein that may play a role in 3' end formation of mRNA, translation initiation, mRNA stabilization, protection of poly(A) from nuclease activity, mRNA deadenylation, inhibition of mRNA decapping, and mRNP maturation. Although PABP-1 is thought to be a cytoplasmic protein, it is also found in the nucleus. PABP-1 may be involved in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and utilization of mRNP particles. PABP-1 contains four copies of RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), a less well conserved linker region, and a proline-rich C-terminal conserved domain (CTD). PABP-3 is a testis-specific poly(A)-binding protein specifically expressed in round spermatids. It is mainly found in mammalian and may play an important role in the testis-specific regulation of mRNA homeostasis. PABP-3 shows significant sequence similarity to PABP-1. However, it binds to poly(A) with a lower affinity than PABP-1. PABP-1 possesses an A-rich sequence in its 5'-UTR and allows binding of PABP and blockage of translation of its own mRNA. In contrast, PABP-3 lacks the A-rich sequence in its 5'-UTR. PABP-4 is an inducible poly(A)-binding protein (iPABP) that is primarily localized to the cytoplasm. It shows significant sequence similarity to PABP-1 as well. The RNA binding properties of PABP-1 and PABP-4 appear to be identical. PABP-5 is encoded by PABPC5 gene within the X-specific subinterval, and expressed in fetal brain and in a range of adult tissues in mammalian, such as ovary and testis. It may play an important role in germ cell development. Moreover, unlike other PABPs, PABP-5 contains only four RRMs, but lacks both the linker region and the CTD. PABP-1-like and PABP-1-like 2 are the orthologs of PABP-1. PABP-4-like is the ortholog of PABP-5. Their cellular functions remain unclear. The family also includes the yeast PABP, a conserved poly(A) binding protein containing poly(A) tails that can be attached to the 3'-ends of mRNAs. The yeast PABP and its homologs may play important roles in the initiation of translation and in mRNA decay. Like vertebrate PABP-1, the yeast PABP contains four RRMs, a linker region, and a proline-rich CTD as well. The first two RRMs are mainly responsible for specific binding to poly(A). The proline-rich region may be involved in protein-protein interactions.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1720432321 157 NIWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNArSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISV 229
Cdd:cd12380     3 NVYVKNFGEDVDDDELKELFEKYGKITSAKVMKDD-SGKSKGFGFVNFENHEAAQKAVEELNGKELNGKKLYV 74

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 4 (RBM4); This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM4, a ubiquitously expressed splicing factor that has two isoforms, RBM4A (also known as Lark homolog) and RBM4B (also known as RBM30), which are very similar in structure and sequence. RBM4 may function as a translational regulator of stress-associated mRNAs and also plays a role in micro-RNA-mediated gene regulation. RBM4 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), a CCHC-type zinc finger, and three alanine-rich regions within their C-terminal regions. The C-terminal region may be crucial for nuclear localization and protein-protein interaction. The RRMs, in combination with the C-terminal region, are responsible for the splicing function of RBM4.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNarspgakcYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVE 230
Cdd:cd12606     3 LFIGNLPREATEEEIRSLFEQYGKVTECDIIKN--------YGFVHMEDKSAADEAIRNLHHYKLHGVAINVE 67

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in RNA-binding protein Musashi homologs Musashi-1, Musashi-2 and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2.in Musashi-1 (also termed Msi1), a neural RNA-binding protein putatively expressed in central nervous system (CNS) stem cells and neural progenitor cells, and associated with asymmetric divisions in neural progenitor cells. It is evolutionarily conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. Musashi-1 is a homolog of Drosophila Musashi and Xenopus laevis nervous system-specific RNP protein-1 (Nrp-1). It has been implicated in the maintenance of the stem-cell state, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. It translationally regulates the expression of a mammalian numb gene by binding to the 3'-untranslated region of mRNA of Numb, encoding a membrane-associated inhibitor of Notch signaling, and further influences neural development. Moreover, Musashi-1 represses translation by interacting with the poly(A)-binding protein and competes for binding of the eukaryotic initiation factor-4G (eIF-4G). Musashi-2 (also termed Msi2) has been identified as a regulator of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment and of leukemic stem cells after transplantation of cells with loss and gain of function of the gene. It influences proliferation and differentiation of HSCs and myeloid progenitors, and further modulates normal hematopoiesis and promotes aggressive myeloid leukemia. Both, Musashi-1 and Musashi-2, contain two conserved N-terminal tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), along with other domains of unknown function.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSR-CVAHLHrtELHGQLISVEK 231
Cdd:cd12323     2 IFVGGLSANTTEDDVKKYFSQFGKVEDAMLMFDKQTNRHRGFGFVTFESEDVVDKvCEIHFH--EINNKMVECKK 74

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in Helicobacter pylori HP0827 protein and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of H. pylori HP0827, a putative ssDNA-binding protein 12rnp2 precursor, containing one RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). The ssDNA binding may be important in activation of HP0827.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISV 229
Cdd:cd12399     1 LYVGNLPYSASEEQLKSLFGQFGAVFDVKLPMDRETKRPRGFGFVELQEEESAEKAIAKLDGTDFMGRTIRV 72

ELAV/HuD family splicing factor; This model describes the ELAV/HuD subfamily of splicing factors found in metazoa. HuD stands for the human paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigen D of which there are 4 variants in human. ELAV stnds for the Drosophila Embryonic lethal abnormal visual protein. ELAV-like splicing factors are also known in human as HuB (ELAV-like protein 2), HuC (ELAV-like protein 3, Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration-associated antigen) and HuR (ELAV-like protein 1). These genes are most closely related to the sex-lethal subfamily of splicing factors found in Dipteran insects (TIGR01659). These proteins contain 3 RNA-recognition motifs (rrm: pfam00076).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISV 229
Cdd:TIGR01661 272 IFVYNLSPDTDETVLWQLFGPFGAVQNVKIIRDLTTNQCKGYGFVSMTNYDEAAMAILSLNGYTLGNRVLQV 343

RNA recognition motif. (a.k.a. RRM, RBD, or RNP domain); The RRM motif is probably diagnostic of an RNA binding protein. RRMs are found in a variety of RNA binding proteins, including various hnRNP proteins, proteins implicated in regulation of alternative splicing, and protein components of snRNPs. The motif also appears in a few single stranded DNA binding proteins.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1720432321 160 VSGLSSNTKAAD-LKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNarSPGakcYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISV 229
Cdd:pfam13893  31 VYGLNPDRVNCDkLFNLFCLYGNVARVKFMKN--KKG---TAMVQMGDASQVQRAIQHLNGHPLFGKRLQI 96

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in Eukaryotic CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 4 (NOT4) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of NOT4, also termed CCR4-associated factor 4, or E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CNOT4, or potential transcriptional repressor NOT4Hp, a component of the CCR4-NOT complex, a global negative regulator of RNA polymerase II transcription. NOT4 functions as an ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3). It contains an N-terminal C4C4 type RING finger motif, followed by a RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). The RING fingers may interact with a subset of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), including UbcH5B, and mediate protein-protein interactions. T

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1720432321 156 KN-IWVSGLSSNTKAADL---KNLFGKYGKVLsaKVVTNARSPGAKCYG-----IVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQL 226
Cdd:cd12438     5 KNlVYVVGLPPRLADEEVlkrPEYFGQYGKIK--KIVINRSTSYAGSQGpsasaYVTYSRKEDALRAIQAVDGFVLDGRT 82

                  .
gi 1720432321 227 I 227
Cdd:cd12438    83 L 83

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in yeast negative growth regulatory protein NGR1, yeast protein NAM8 and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of NGR1 and NAM8. NGR1, also termed RNA-binding protein RBP1, is a putative glucose-repressible protein that binds both, RNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), in yeast. It may function in regulating cell growth in early log phase, possibly through its participation in RNA metabolism. NGR1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a glutamine-rich stretch that may be involved in transcriptional activity. In addition, NGR1 has an asparagine-rich region near the carboxyl terminus which also harbors a methionine-rich region. The family also includes protein NAM8, which is a putative RNA-binding protein that acts as a suppressor of mitochondrial splicing deficiencies when overexpressed in yeast. It may be a non-essential component of the mitochondrial splicing machinery. Like NGR1, NAM8 contains two RRMs.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLF-GKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLH 218
Cdd:cd12613     4 IFVGDLSPTTNESDLVSLFqSRFPSCKSAKIMTDPVTGVSRGYGFVRFSDENDQQRALIEMQ 65

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in chloroplastic plastid-specific 30S ribosomal protein 2 (PSRP-2) and similar proteins; PSRP-2, also called chloroplastic 30S ribosomal protein 2, or chloroplastic small ribosomal subunit protein cS22, is a component of the chloroplast ribosome (chloro-ribosome), a dedicated translation machinery responsible for the synthesis of chloroplast genome-encoded proteins, including proteins of the transcription and translation machinery and components of the photosynthetic apparatus. It binds single strand DNA (ssDNA) and RNA in vitro. It exhibits RNA chaperone activity and regulates negatively resistance responses to abiotic stresses during seed germination (e.g. salt, dehydration, and low temperature) and seedling growth (e.g. salt). The family also includes Nicotiana sylvestris chloroplastic 33 kDa ribonucleoprotein (NsCP33) and Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplastic 31 kDa ribonucleoprotein (AtCP31A). NsCP33 may be involved in splicing and/or processing of chloroplast RNA's. AtCP31A, also called RNA-binding protein 1/2/3 (AtRBP33), or RNA-binding protein CP31A, or RNA-binding protein RNP-T, or RNA-binding protein cp31, is required for specific RNA editing events in chloroplasts and stabilizes specific chloroplast mRNAs, as well as for normal chloroplast development under cold stress conditions by stabilizing transcripts of numerous mRNAs under these conditions. CP31A may modulate telomere replication through RNA binding domains. Members in this family contain two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The model corresponds to the first RRM motif.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVEK 231
Cdd:cd21609     2 LYVGNIPRNVTSEELAKIFEEAGTVEIAEVMYDRYTGRSRGFGFVTMGSVEDAKAAIEKLNGTEVGGREIKVNI 75

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G (hnRNP G), Y chromosome RNA recognition motif 1 (hRBMY), testis-specific heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G-T (hnRNP G-T) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain of hnRNP G, also termed glycoprotein p43 or RBMX, an RNA-binding motif protein located on the X chromosome. It is expressed ubiquitously and has been implicated in the splicing control of several pre-mRNAs. Moreover, hnRNP G may function as a regulator of transcription for SREBP-1c and GnRH1. Research has shown that hnRNP G may also act as a tumor-suppressor since it upregulates the Txnip gene and promotes the fidelity of DNA end-joining activity. In addition, hnRNP G appears to play a critical role in proper neural development of zebrafish and frog embryos. The family also includes several paralogs of hnRNP G, such as hRBMY and hnRNP G-T (also termed RNA-binding motif protein, X-linked-like-2). Both, hRBMY and hnRNP G-T, are exclusively expressed in testis and critical for male fertility. Like hnRNP G, hRBMY and hnRNP G-T interact with factors implicated in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing, such as hTra2-beta1 and T-STAR. Although members in this family share a high conserved N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), they appear to recognize different RNA targets. For instance, hRBMY interacts specifically with a stem-loop structure in which the loop is formed by the sequence CA/UCAA. In contrast, hnRNP G associates with single stranded RNA sequences containing a CCA/C motif. In addition to the RRM, hnRNP G contains a nascent transcripts targeting domain (NTD) in the middle region and a novel auxiliary RNA-binding domain (RBD) in its C-terminal region. The C-terminal RBD exhibits distinct RNA binding specificity, and would play a critical role in the regulation of alternative splicing by hnRNP G.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVEKVK 233
Cdd:cd12382     4 LFIGGLNTETNEKALEAVFGKYGRIVEVLLMKDRETNKSRGFAFVTFESPADAKDAARDMNGKELDGKAIKVEQAT 79

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in RNA-binding protein 28 (RBM28) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM28 and Nop4p. RBM28 is a specific nucleolar component of the spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), possibly coordinating their transition through the nucleolus. It specifically associates with U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and may play a role in the maturation of both small nuclear and ribosomal RNAs. RBM28 has four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and an extremely acidic region between RRM2 and RRM3. The family also includes nucleolar protein 4 (Nop4p or Nop77p) encoded by YPL043W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential nucleolar protein involved in processing and maturation of 27S pre-rRNA and biogenesis of 60S ribosomal subunits. Nop4p also contains four RRMs.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVE 230
Cdd:cd12413     2 LFVRNLPYDTTDEQLEELFSDVGPVKRCFVVKDKGKDKCRGFGYVTFALAEDAQRALEEVKGKKFGGRKIKVE 74

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in Tudor domain-containing protein 10 (TDRD10) and similar proteins; TDRD10 is widely expressed and localized both to the nucleus and cytoplasm and may play general roles like regulation of RNA metabolism. It contains a Tudor domain and a RNA recognition motif (RRM).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVtnarsPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVE 230
Cdd:cd21617     2 VYVGNLPLDISEEEILQLFKAFNPVLVKKIR-----SGFKCFAFVDLGSDENVKLAIQQLNGTLFGGRRLVVN 69

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 2 (Musashi-2) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of Musashi-2 (also termed Msi2) which has been identified as a regulator of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment and of leukemic stem cells after transplantation of cells with loss and gain of function of the gene. It influences proliferation and differentiation of HSCs and myeloid progenitors, and further modulates normal hematopoiesis and promotes aggressive myeloid leukemia. Musashi-2 contains two conserved N-terminal tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), along with other domains of unknown function.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1720432321 156 KNIWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSStEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVEK 231
Cdd:cd12573     1 KKIFVGGLSANTVVEDVKQYFEQFGKVEDAMLMFDKTTNRHRGFGFVTFENE-DVVEKVCEIHFHEINNKMVECKK 75

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in tRNA selenocysteine-associated protein 1 (SECp43) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 in tRNA selenocysteine-associated protein 1 (SECp43), yeast negative growth regulatory protein NGR1 (RBP1), yeast protein NAM8, and similar proteins. SECp43 is an RNA-binding protein associated specifically with eukaryotic selenocysteine tRNA [tRNA(Sec)]. It may play an adaptor role in the mechanism of selenocysteine insertion. SECp43 is located primarily in the nucleus and contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal polar/acidic region. Yeast proteins, NGR1 and NAM8, show high sequence similarity with SECp43. NGR1 is a putative glucose-repressible protein that binds both RNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). It may function in regulating cell growth in early log phase, possibly through its participation in RNA metabolism. NGR1 contains three RRMs, two of which are followed by a glutamine-rich stretch that may be involved in transcriptional activity. In addition, NGR1 has an asparagine-rich region near the C-terminus which also harbors a methionine-rich region. NAM8 is a putative RNA-binding protein that acts as a suppressor of mitochondrial splicing deficiencies when overexpressed in yeast. It may be a non-essential component of the mitochondrial splicing machinery. NAM8 also contains three RRMs.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLF-GKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVahlhrTELHGQLIS 228
Cdd:cd12345     4 LFVGDLAPDVTDYQLYETFsARYPSVRGAKVVMDPVTGRSKGYGFVRFGDESEQDRAL-----TEMQGVYLG 70

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A0 (hnRNP A0) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP A0 which is a low abundance hnRNP protein that has been implicated in mRNA stability in mammalian cells. It has been identified as the substrate for MAPKAP-K2 and may be involved in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced post-transcriptional regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2). hnRNP A0 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long glycine-rich region at the C-terminus.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVA 215
Cdd:cd12326     5 LFIGGLNVQTTEEGLRAHFEAYGQLTDCVVVVNPQTKRSRCFGFVTYSSAEEADAAMA 62

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in yeast nucleolar protein 4 (Nop4p) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of Nop4p (also known as Nop77p), encoded by YPL043W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential nucleolar protein involved in processing and maturation of 27S pre-rRNA and biogenesis of 60S ribosomal subunits. Nop4p has four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1720432321 156 KNIWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVE 230
Cdd:cd12674     1 TTLFVRNLPFDVTLESLTDFFSDIGPVKHAVVVTDPETKKSRGYGFVSFSTHDDAEEALAKLKNRKLSGHILKLD 75

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNP-LL), and similar proteins. hnRNP-L is a higher eukaryotic specific subunit of human KMT3a (also known as HYPB or hSet2) complex required for histone H3 Lys-36 trimethylation activity. It plays both, nuclear and cytoplasmic, roles in mRNA export of intronless genes, IRES-mediated translation, mRNA stability, and splicing. hnRNP-LL plays a critical and unique role in the signal-induced regulation of CD45 and acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. It is closely related in domain structure and sequence to hnRNP-L, which contains three RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). The family also includes polypyrimidine tract binding protein homolog 3 (PTBPH3) found in plant. Although its biological roles remain unclear, PTBPH3 shows significant sequence similarity to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) that is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. Like PTB, PTBPH3 contains four RRMs.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAAD-LKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNarSPGAkcyGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISV 229
Cdd:cd12424     2 LMVYGLDPDKMNCDrLFNLLCLYGNVLKIKFLKS--KPGT---AMVQMGDPVAADRAIQNLNNVVLFGQKLQL 69

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in yeast meiotic activator RIM4 and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of RIM4, also termed regulator of IME2 protein 4, a putative RNA binding protein that is expressed at elevated levels early in meiosis. It functions as a meiotic activator required for both the IME1- and IME2-dependent pathways of meiotic gene expression, as well as early events of meiosis, such as meiotic division and recombination, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RIM4 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The family also includes a putative RNA-binding protein termed multicopy suppressor of sporulation protein Msa1. It is a putative RNA-binding protein encoded by a novel gene, msa1, from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Msa1 may be involved in the inhibition of sexual differentiation by controlling the expression of Ste11-regulated genes, possibly through the pheromone-signaling pathway. Like RIM4, Msa1 also contains two RRMs, both of which are essential for the function of Msa1.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAkcYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVEK 231
Cdd:cd12454     6 IFVGQLDPKTTDSELFRRFSKYGKIVDCKLIKRPEPVNA--FAFLRFESEEAAEAAVEEENHSEFLNKQIRVQK 77

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in vertebrate single-stranded DNA-binding protein MSSP-1; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of MSSP-1, also termed RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 1 (RBMS1), or suppressor of CDC2 with RNA-binding motif 2 (SCR2), a double- and single-stranded DNA binding protein that belongs to the c-myc single-strand binding proteins (MSSP) family. It specifically recognizes the sequence CT(A/T)(A/T)T, and stimulates DNA replication in the system using SV40 DNA. MSSP-1 is identical with Scr2, a human protein which complements the defect of cdc2 kinase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. MSSP-1 has been implied in regulating DNA replication, transcription, apoptosis induction, and cell-cycle movement, via the interaction with C-MYC, the product of protooncogene c-myc. MSSP-1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), both of which are responsible for the specific DNA binding activity as well as induction of apoptosis.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1720432321 157 NIWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQL 226
Cdd:cd12470     9 NLYIRGLPPNTTDQDLVKLCQPYGKIVSTKAILDKTTNKCKGYGFVDFDSPAAAQKAVSALKASGVQAQM 78

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in eukaryotic RNA-binding protein RBM24, RBM38 and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBM24 and RBM38 from vertebrate, SUPpressor family member SUP-12 from Caenorhabditis elegans and similar proteins. Both, RBM24 and RBM38, are preferentially expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues. They regulate myogenic differentiation by controlling the cell cycle in a p21-dependent or -independent manner. RBM24, also termed RNA-binding region-containing protein 6, interacts with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of myogenin mRNA and regulates its stability in C2C12 cells. RBM38, also termed CLL-associated antigen KW-5, or HSRNASEB, or RNA-binding region-containing protein 1(RNPC1), or ssDNA-binding protein SEB4, is a direct target of the p53 family. It is required for maintaining the stability of the basal and stress-induced p21 mRNA by binding to their 3'-UTRs. It also binds the AU-/U-rich elements in p63 3'-UTR and regulates p63 mRNA stability and activity. SUP-12 is a novel tissue-specific splicing factor that controls muscle-specific splicing of the ADF/cofilin pre-mRNA in C. elegans. All family members contain a conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain).

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSR 212
Cdd:cd12384     3 IFVGGLPYHTTDDSLREYFEQFGEIEEAVVITDRQTGKSRGYGFVTMADREAAER 57

hnRNP-L/PTB/hephaestus splicing factor family; Included in this family of heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins are PTB (polypyrimidine tract binding protein) and hnRNP-L. These proteins contain four RNA recognition motifs (rrm: pfam00067).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAAD-LKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNarSPGAkcyGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISVEkvkgdP 236
Cdd:TIGR01649 278 LMVSGLHQEKVNCDrLFNLFCVYGNVERVKFMKN--KKET---ALIEMADPYQAQLALTHLNGVKLFGKPLRVC-----P 347

                  ....
gi 1720432321 237 SKKE 240
Cdd:TIGR01649 348 SKQQ 351

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in vertebrate single-stranded DNA-binding protein MSSP-2; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of MSSP-2, also termed RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 2 (RBMS2), or suppressor of CDC2 with RNA-binding motif 3 (SCR3), a double- and single-stranded DNA binding protein that belongs to the c-myc single-strand binding proteins (MSSP) family. It specifically recognizes the sequence T(C/A)TT, and stimulates DNA replication in the system using SV40 DNA. MSSP-2 is identical with Scr3, a human protein which complements the defect of cdc2 kinase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. MSSP-2 has been implied in regulating DNA replication, transcription, apoptosis induction, and cell-cycle movement, via the interaction with C-MYC, the product of protooncogene c-myc. MSSP-2 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), both of which are responsible for the specific DNA binding activity as well as induction of apoptosis.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1720432321 157 NIWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQL 226
Cdd:cd12471     7 NLYIRGLHPGTTDQDLVKLCQPYGKIVSTKAILDKTTNKCKGYGFVDFDSPSAAQKAVTALKASGVQAQM 76

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A subfamily; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 in hnRNP A0, hnRNP A1, hnRNP A2/B1, hnRNP A3 and similar proteins. hnRNP A0 is a low abundance hnRNP protein that has been implicated in mRNA stability in mammalian cells. It has been identified as the substrate for MAPKAP-K2 and may be involved in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced post-transcriptional regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2). hnRNP A1 is an abundant eukaryotic nuclear RNA-binding protein that may modulate splice site selection in pre-mRNA splicing. hnRNP A2/B1 is an RNA trafficking response element-binding protein that interacts with the hnRNP A2 response element (A2RE). Many mRNAs, such as myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP), carboxyanhydrase II (CAII), microtubule-associated protein tau, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) are trafficked by hnRNP A2/B1. hnRNP A3 is also a RNA trafficking response element-binding protein that participates in the trafficking of A2RE-containing RNA. The hnRNP A subfamily is characterized by two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long glycine-rich region at the C-terminus.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVA 215
Cdd:cd12578     2 LFIGGLSYETTDDSLRNHFEQWGEITDVVVMKDPATKRSRGFGFVTYSSASEVDAAMN 59

RNA recognition motif 3 in fungal pre-messenger RNA splicing protein 24 (Prp24) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of Prp24, also termed U4/U6 snRNA-associated-splicing factor PRP24 (U4/U6 snRNP), an RNA-binding protein with four well conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). It facilitates U6 RNA base-pairing with U4 RNA during spliceosome assembly. Prp24 specifically binds free U6 RNA primarily with RRMs 1 and 2 and facilitates pairing of U6 RNA bases with U4 RNA bases. Additionally, it may also be involved in dissociation of the U4/U6 complex during spliceosome activation.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAK---CYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAhLHRTELHGQLISVEK 231
Cdd:cd12298     3 IRVRNLDFELDEEALRGIFEKFGEIESINIPKKQKNRKGRhnnGFAFVTFEDADSAESALQ-LNGTLLDNRKISVSL 78

MAEBL; Provisional

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1720432321    8 KEAEDDNISVTIQAEDAITLDFDGDDLLETGKNVKITDSEASKPKDVQDAIAQSPEKEAKDYEMNPNHKDGKK--EDSVK 85
Cdd:PTZ00121  1237 KDAEEAKKAEEERNNEEIRKFEEARMAHFARRQAAIKAEEARKADELKKAEEKKKADEAKKAEEKKKADEAKKkaEEAKK 1316

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1720432321   86 GEPVEKEARESAKKAESGDKEKDTLKKGPSSTGASGQAKSSSKESKDSKTSSKDDKGSTGSAGGSSGSSTKNIWVSGLSS 165
Cdd:PTZ00121  1317 ADEAKKKAEEAKKKADAAKKKAEEAKKAAEAAKAEAEAAADEAEAAEEKAEAAEKKKEEAKKKADAAKKKAEEKKKADEA 1396

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1720432321  166 NTKAADLKnlfgKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKcygivtmSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTElhgqlisvEKVKGDPSKKEMKKEN 245
Cdd:PTZ00121  1397 KKKAEEDK----KKADELKKAAAAKKKADEAK-------KKAEEKKKADEAKKKAE--------EAKKADEAKKKAEEAK 1457

                          250       260       270       280       290       300       310       320
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1720432321  246 DEKSSSRSAGDKKNASDRSAKTQASIKKEEKRSSEKSEKKESKDTKKIEKDEKNDD----GPSGQTSESLKKSEEKKRIS 321
Cdd:PTZ00121  1458 KAEEAKKKAEEAKKADEAKKKAEEAKKADEAKKKAEEAKKKADEAKKAAEAKKKADeakkAEEAKKADEAKKAEEAKKAD 1537

                          330       340       350       360       370       380       390
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1720432321  322 SKSPGHMVilnqTKGDHCRPSRRGRYEKGHGRSKEKERAslDKKRDKDYRRKEILpfEKMKEQRLREHLVRFERLKQ 398
Cdd:PTZ00121  1538 EAKKAEEK----KKADELKKAEELKKAEEKKKAEEAKKA--EEDKNMALRKAEEA--KKAEEARIEEVMKLYEEEKK 1606

RNA recognition motif 3 (RRM3) found in vertebrate Hu-antigen R (HuR); This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of HuR, also termed ELAV-like protein 1 (ELAV-1), the ubiquitously expressed Hu family member. It has a variety of biological functions mostly related to the regulation of cellular response to DNA damage and other types of stress. HuR has an anti-apoptotic function during early cell stress response. It binds to mRNAs and enhances the expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins, such as p21waf1, p53, and prothymosin alpha. HuR also has pro-apoptotic function by promoting apoptosis when cell death is unavoidable. Furthermore, HuR may be important in muscle differentiation, adipogenesis, suppression of inflammatory response and modulation of gene expression in response to chronic ethanol exposure and amino acid starvation. Like other Hu proteins, HuR contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an AU-rich RNA element (ARE). RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNARSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISV 229
Cdd:cd12653     5 IFIYNLGQDADEGILWQMFGPFGAVTNVKVIRDFNTNKCKGFGFVTMTNYEEAAMAIASLNGYRLGDKILQV 76

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T-cells 3 (SART3) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of SART3, also termed Tat-interacting protein of 110 kDa (Tip110), is an RNA-binding protein expressed in the nucleus of the majority of proliferating cells, including normal cells and malignant cells, but not in normal tissues except for the testes and fetal liver. It is involved in the regulation of mRNA splicing probably via its complex formation with RNA-binding protein with a serine-rich domain (RNPS1), a pre-mRNA-splicing factor. SART3 has also been identified as a nuclear Tat-interacting protein that regulates Tat transactivation activity through direct interaction and functions as an important cellular factor for HIV-1 gene expression and viral replication. In addition, SART3 is required for U6 snRNP targeting to Cajal bodies. It binds specifically and directly to the U6 snRNA, interacts transiently with the U6 and U4/U6 snRNPs, and promotes the reassembly of U4/U6 snRNPs after splicing in vitro. SART3 contains an N-terminal half-a-tetratricopeptide repeat (HAT)-rich domain, a nuclearlocalization signal (NLS) domain, and two C-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1720432321 158 IWVSGLSSNTKAADLKNLFGKYGKVLSAKVVTNaRSPGAKCYGIVTMSSSTEVSRCVAHLHRTELHGQLISV 229
Cdd:cd12392     5 LFVKGLPFSCTKEELEELFKQHGTVKDVRLVTY-RNGKPKGLAYVEYENEADASQAVLKTDGTEIKDHTISV 75