C-terminal, alpha helical domain of the Glutathione S-transferase family; Glutathione S-transferase (GST) family, C-terminal alpha helical domain; a large, diverse group of cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. In addition, GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This family, also referred to as soluble GSTs, is the largest family of GSH transferases and is only distantly related to the mitochondrial GSTs (GSTK). Soluble GSTs bear no structural similarity to microsomal GSTs (MAPEG family) and display additional activities unique to their group, such as catalyzing thiolysis, reduction and isomerization of certain compounds. The GST fold contains an N-terminal thioredoxin-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. GSH binds to the N-terminal domain while the hydrophobic substrate occupies a pocket in the C-terminal domain. Based on sequence similarity, different classes of GSTs have been identified, which display varying tissue distribution, substrate specificities and additional specific activities. In humans, GSTs display polymorphisms which may influence individual susceptibility to diseases such as cancer, arthritis, allergy and sclerosis. Some GST family members with non-GST functions include glutaredoxin 2, the CLIC subfamily of anion channels, prion protein Ure2p, crystallins, metaxins, stringent starvation protein A, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370482141 100 LIPKITGEEVSAEKMEHAVEEVKNSLQLFEEYFLQDKMFITGNQISLADLVAVVEMMQPMAANYNVFLNSSKLAEWRMQV 179
Cdd:cd03183    29 LLPLFGGTPVSPEKVKKAEENLEESLDLLENKFLKDKPFLAGDEISIADLSAICEIMQPEAAGYDVFEGRPKLAAWRKRV 108

                          90
                  ....*....|....*....
gi 1370482141 180 ElNIGSGLFREAHDRLMQL 198
Cdd:cd03183   109 K-EAGNPLFDEAHKVIYKL 126

C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Class Theta Glutathione S-transferases; Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Class Theta subfamily; composed of eukaryotic class Theta GSTs and bacterial dichloromethane (DCM) dehalogenase. GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. The GST fold contains an N-terminal thioredoxin-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. GSH binds to the N-terminal domain while the hydrophobic substrate occupies a pocket in the C-terminal domain. Mammalian class Theta GSTs show poor GSH conjugating activity towards the standard substrates, CDNB and ethacrynic acid, differentiating them from other mammalian GSTs. GSTT1-1 shows similar cataytic activity as bacterial DCM dehalogenase, catalyzing the GSH-dependent hydrolytic dehalogenation of dihalomethanes. This is an essential process in methylotrophic bacteria to enable them to use chloromethane and DCM as sole carbon and energy sources. The presence of polymorphisms in human GSTT1-1 and its relationship to the onset of diseases including cancer is the subject of many studies. Human GSTT2-2 exhibits a highly specific sulfatase activity, catalyzing the cleavage of sulfate ions from aralkyl sufate esters, but not from the aryl or alkyl sulfate esters.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370482141 100 LIPKITGEEVSAEKMEHAVEEVKNSLQLFEEYFLQDKMFITGNQISLADLVAVVEMMQPMAANYNVFLNSSKLAEWRMQV 179
Cdd:cd03183    29 LLPLFGGTPVSPEKVKKAEENLEESLDLLENKFLKDKPFLAGDEISIADLSAICEIMQPEAAGYDVFEGRPKLAAWRKRV 108

                          90
                  ....*....|....*....
gi 1370482141 180 ElNIGSGLFREAHDRLMQL 198
Cdd:cd03183   109 K-EAGNPLFDEAHKVIYKL 126

Glutathione S-transferase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370482141   7 LELYMDLLSAPCRAVYIFSKKHDIQFNFQFVDLLKGHHHSKGYIDINPLRKLPSLKDGKFILSESR--QEY--------- 75
Cdd:COG0625     2 MKLYGSPPSPNSRRVRIALEEKGLPYELVPVDLAKGEQKSPEFLALNPLGKVPVLVDDGLVLTESLaiLEYlaerypepp 81

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370482141  76 ---RDLAGQ------VALECSLLFPPLPNPGQLLIPkitgeEVSAEKMEHAVEEVKNSLQLFEEYfLQDKMFITGNQISL 146
Cdd:COG0625    82 llpADPAARarvrqwLAWADGDLHPALRNLLERLAP-----EKDPAAIARARAELARLLAVLEAR-LAGGPYLAGDRFSI 155

                  ....*..
gi 1370482141 147 ADLVAVV 153
Cdd:COG0625   156 ADIALAP 162

Glutathione S-transferase, N-terminal domain; Function: conjugation of reduced glutathione to a variety of targets. Also included in the alignment, but not GSTs: S-crystallins from squid (similarity to GST previously noted); eukaryotic elongation factors 1-gamma (not known to have GST activity and similarity not previously recognized); HSP26 family of stress-related proteins including auxin-regulated proteins in plants and stringent starvation proteins in E. coli (not known to have GST activity and similarity not previously recognized). The glutathione molecule binds in a cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains - the catalytically important residues are proposed to reside in the N-terminal domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1370482141  29 DIQFNFQFVDLLKGHHHSKGYIDINPLRKLPSLKDGKFILSESR 72
Cdd:pfam02798  25 GVEYEIVPLDFGAGPEKSPELLKLNPLGKVPALEDGGKKLTESR 68

C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Class Theta Glutathione S-transferases; Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Class Theta subfamily; composed of eukaryotic class Theta GSTs and bacterial dichloromethane (DCM) dehalogenase. GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. The GST fold contains an N-terminal thioredoxin-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. GSH binds to the N-terminal domain while the hydrophobic substrate occupies a pocket in the C-terminal domain. Mammalian class Theta GSTs show poor GSH conjugating activity towards the standard substrates, CDNB and ethacrynic acid, differentiating them from other mammalian GSTs. GSTT1-1 shows similar cataytic activity as bacterial DCM dehalogenase, catalyzing the GSH-dependent hydrolytic dehalogenation of dihalomethanes. This is an essential process in methylotrophic bacteria to enable them to use chloromethane and DCM as sole carbon and energy sources. The presence of polymorphisms in human GSTT1-1 and its relationship to the onset of diseases including cancer is the subject of many studies. Human GSTT2-2 exhibits a highly specific sulfatase activity, catalyzing the cleavage of sulfate ions from aralkyl sufate esters, but not from the aryl or alkyl sulfate esters.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370482141 100 LIPKITGEEVSAEKMEHAVEEVKNSLQLFEEYFLQDKMFITGNQISLADLVAVVEMMQPMAANYNVFLNSSKLAEWRMQV 179
Cdd:cd03183    29 LLPLFGGTPVSPEKVKKAEENLEESLDLLENKFLKDKPFLAGDEISIADLSAICEIMQPEAAGYDVFEGRPKLAAWRKRV 108

                          90
                  ....*....|....*....
gi 1370482141 180 ElNIGSGLFREAHDRLMQL 198
Cdd:cd03183   109 K-EAGNPLFDEAHKVIYKL 126

GST_N family, Class Delta and Epsilon subfamily; GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The GST fold contains an N-terminal TRX-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. The class Delta and Epsilon subfamily is made up primarily of insect GSTs, which play major roles in insecticide resistance by facilitating reductive dehydrochlorination of insecticides or conjugating them with GSH to produce water-soluble metabolites that are easily excreted. They are also implicated in protection against cellular damage by oxidative stress.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1370482141   7 LELYMDLLSAPCRAVYIFSKKHDIQFNFQFVDLLKGHHHSKGYIDINPLRKLPSLKDGKFILSESR 72
Cdd:cd03045     1 IDLYYLPGSPPCRAVLLTAKALGLELNLKEVNLMKGEHLKPEFLKLNPQHTVPTLVDNGFVLWESH 66

glutathione S-transferase

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370482141   5 MALELYMDLLSAPCRAVYIFSKKhDIQFNFQFVDLLKGHHHSKGYIDINPLRKLPSLKDGKFILSESR-------QEYR- 76
Cdd:PLN02395    1 MVLKVYGPAFASPKRALVTLIEK-GVEFETVPVDLMKGEHKQPEYLALQPFGVVPVIVDGDYKIFESRaimryyaEKYRs 79

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370482141  77 ---DLAGQ-----------VALECSLLFPPLPNPG-QLLIPKITGEEVSAEKMEHAVEEVKNSLQLFEEYFLQDKmFITG 141
Cdd:PLN02395   80 qgpDLLGKtieergqveqwLDVEATSYHPPLLNLTlHILFASKMGFPADEKVIKESEEKLAKVLDVYEARLSKSK-YLAG 158

                  ....*...
gi 1370482141 142 NQISLADL 149
Cdd:PLN02395  159 DFVSLADL 166

GST_N family, Class Phi subfamily; composed of plant-specific class Phi GSTs and related fungal and bacterial proteins. GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. The GST fold contains an N-terminal TRX-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. The class Phi GST subfamily has experience extensive gene duplication. The Arabidopsis and Oryza genomes contain 13 and 16 Phi GSTs, respectively. They are primarily responsible for herbicide detoxification together with class Tau GSTs, showing class specificity in substrate preference. Phi enzymes are highly reactive toward chloroacetanilide and thiocarbamate herbicides. Some Phi GSTs have other functions including transport of flavonoid pigments to the vacuole, shoot regeneration and GSH peroxidase activity.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1370482141   6 ALELYMDLLSAPCRAVYIFSKKHDIQFNFQFVDLLKGHHHSKGYIDINPLRKLPSLKDGKFILSESR 72
Cdd:cd03053     1 VLKLYGAAMSTCVRRVLLCLEEKGVDYELVPVDLTKGEHKSPEHLARNPFGQIPALEDGDLKLFESR 67

GST_N family, Class Zeta subfamily; GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. The GST fold contains an N-terminal TRX-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. Class Zeta GSTs, also known as maleylacetoacetate (MAA) isomerases, catalyze the isomerization of MAA to fumarylacetoacetate, the penultimate step in tyrosine/phenylalanine catabolism, using GSH as a cofactor. They show little GSH-conjugating activity towards traditional GST substrates but display modest GSH peroxidase activity. They are also implicated in the detoxification of the carcinogen dichloroacetic acid by catalyzing its dechlorination to glyoxylic acid.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1370482141  30 IQFNFQFVDLLKGHHHSKGYIDINPLRKLPSLKDGKFILSES 71
Cdd:cd03042    24 LDYEYVPVNLLKGEQLSPAYRALNPQGLVPTLVIDGLVLTQS 65

Glutathione S-transferase, N-terminal domain; Function: conjugation of reduced glutathione to a variety of targets. Also included in the alignment, but not GSTs: S-crystallins from squid (similarity to GST previously noted); eukaryotic elongation factors 1-gamma (not known to have GST activity and similarity not previously recognized); HSP26 family of stress-related proteins including auxin-regulated proteins in plants and stringent starvation proteins in E. coli (not known to have GST activity and similarity not previously recognized). The glutathione molecule binds in a cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains - the catalytically important residues are proposed to reside in the N-terminal domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1370482141  29 DIQFNFQFVDLLKGHHHSKGYIDINPLRKLPSLKDGKFILSESR 72
Cdd:pfam02798  25 GVEYEIVPLDFGAGPEKSPELLKLNPLGKVPALEDGGKKLTESR 68

Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of the Gamma subunit of Elongation Factor 1B and similar proteins; Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Gamma subunit of Elongation Factor 1B (EF1Bgamma) subfamily; EF1Bgamma is part of the eukaryotic translation elongation factor-1 (EF1) complex which plays a central role in the elongation cycle during protein biosynthesis. EF1 consists of two functionally distinct units, EF1A and EF1B. EF1A catalyzes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal A site concomitant with the hydrolysis of GTP. The resulting inactive EF1A:GDP complex is recycled to the active GTP form by the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor EF1B, a complex composed of at least two subunits, alpha and gamma. Metazoan EFB1 contain a third subunit, beta. The EF1B gamma subunit contains a GST fold consisting of an N-terminal thioredoxin-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain. The GST-like domain of EF1Bgamma is believed to mediate the dimerization of the EF1 complex, which in yeast is a dimer of the heterotrimer EF1A:EF1Balpha:EF1Bgamma. In addition to its role in protein biosynthesis, EF1Bgamma may also display other functions. The recombinant rice protein has been shown to possess GSH conjugating activity. The yeast EF1Bgamma binds to membranes in a calcium dependent manner and is also part of a complex that binds to the msrA (methionine sulfoxide reductase) promoter suggesting a function in the regulation of its gene expression. Also included in this subfamily is the GST_C-like domain at the N-terminus of human valyl-tRNA synthetase (ValRS) and its homologs. Metazoan ValRS forms a stable complex with Elongation Factor-1H (EF-1H), and together, they catalyze consecutive steps in protein biosynthesis, tRNA aminoacylation and its transfer to EF.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1370482141 115 EHAVEEVKNSLQLFEEYfLQDKMFITGNQISLADLVAVV 153
Cdd:cd03181    39 DKAKEDLKRALGVLEEH-LLTRTYLVGERITLADIFVAS 76

GST_N family, Saccharomyces cerevisiae GTT1-like subfamily; composed of predominantly uncharacterized proteins with similarity to the S. cerevisiae GST protein, GTT1, and the Schizosaccharomyces pombe GST-III. GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The GST fold contains an N-terminal TRX-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. GTT1, a homodimer, exhibits GST activity with standard substrates and associates with the endoplasmic reticulum. Its expression is induced after diauxic shift and remains high throughout the stationary phase. S. pombe GST-III is implicated in the detoxification of various metals.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1370482141  29 DIQFNFQFVDLLKGHHHSKGYIDINPLRKLPSLKDGKFILSES 71
Cdd:cd03046    22 GLPYELVLYDRGPGEQAPPEYLAINPLGKVPVLVDGDLVLTES 64