Ca2+-binding protein, EF-hand superfamily [Signal transduction mechanisms];

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600  68 AEQFPKKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVHY-----LQDHEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVkiSEQQAEKI 142
Cdd:COG5126   31 FRRLWATLFSEADTDGDGRISREEFVAGmeslfEATVEPFARAAFDLLDTDGDGKISADEFRRLLTALGV--SEEEADEL 108

                         90       100       110
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 966990600 143 LKRIrtghfwgpvtymDKNGTMTIDWNE----WRDYH 175
Cdd:COG5126  109 FARL------------DTDGDGKISFEEfvaaVRDYY 133

Mitochondrial carrier protein;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600  308 ETLRIHERLVAGSLAGAIAQSSIYPMEVLKTRMAL---RKTGQYSGMLDCARRILAREGVAAFYKGYVPNMLGIIPYAGI 384
Cdd:pfam00153   1 SELSFLASLLAGGIAGAIAVTVTYPLDVVKTRLQVqggSGKSKGRGILDCFKKIYKEEGIRGLYKGLLPNLLRVAPAAAI 80

                          90
                  ....*....|....*.
gi 966990600  385 DLAVYETLKNaWLQRY 400
Cdd:pfam00153  81 YFGTYETLKR-LLLKK 95

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in homologs of mammalian apoptosis-linked gene 2 protein (ALG-2); The family includes some homologs of mammalian apoptosis-linked gene 2 protein (ALG-2) mainly found in lower eukaryotes, such as a parasitic protist Leishmarua major and a cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. These homologs contains five EF-hand motifs. Due to the presence of unfavorable residues at the Ca2+-coordinating positions, their non-canonical EF4 and EF5 hands may not bind Ca2+. Two Dictyostelium PEF proteins are the prototypes of this family. They may bind to cytoskeletal proteins and/or signal-transducing proteins localized to detergent-resistant membranes named lipid rafts, and occur as monomers or weak homo- or heterodimers like ALG-2. They can serve as a mediator for Ca2+ signaling-related Dictyostehum programmed cell death (PCD).

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 966990600  73 KKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVH---YLQDhekkLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKR 145
Cdd:cd16185   39 EKLIRMFDRDGNGTIDFEEFAAlhqFLSN----MQNGFEQRDTSRSGRLDANEVHEALAASGFQLDPPAFQALFRK 110

calmodulin; Provisional

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600  39 DQMASF-----LGKQDGRAEATEKR-PTILLVVG--PAEQFPKKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVHYLQ------DHEKKLR 104
Cdd:PTZ00184   8 EQIAEFkeafsLFDKDGDGTITTKElGTVMRSLGqnPTEAELQDMINEVDADGNGTIDFPEFLTLMArkmkdtDSEEEIK 87

                         90       100       110       120
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600 105 LVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILK 144
Cdd:PTZ00184  88 EAFKVFDRDGNGFISAAELRHVMTNLGEKLTDEEVDEMIR 127

Mitochondrial carrier protein;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600  308 ETLRIHERLVAGSLAGAIAQSSIYPMEVLKTRMAL---RKTGQYSGMLDCARRILAREGVAAFYKGYVPNMLGIIPYAGI 384
Cdd:pfam00153   1 SELSFLASLLAGGIAGAIAVTVTYPLDVVKTRLQVqggSGKSKGRGILDCFKKIYKEEGIRGLYKGLLPNLLRVAPAAAI 80

                          90
                  ....*....|....*.
gi 966990600  385 DLAVYETLKNaWLQRY 400
Cdd:pfam00153  81 YFGTYETLKR-LLLKK 95

Mitochondrial carrier protein;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600  406 DPGVFVLLACGTMSSTCGQLASYPLALVRTRMQAQASIEGAPEVTMSSLFKQILRTEGAFGLYRGLAPNFMKVIPAVSIS 485
Cdd:pfam00153   2 ELSFLASLLAGGIAGAIAVTVTYPLDVVKTRLQVQGGSGKSKGRGILDCFKKIYKEEGIRGLYKGLLPNLLRVAPAAAIY 81

                          90
                  ....*....|..
gi 966990600  486 YVVYENLKITLG 497
Cdd:pfam00153  82 FGTYETLKRLLL 93

ADP/ATP transporter on adenylate translocase; Provisional

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600 222 LVAGGGAGAVSRTCTAPLD----RLKVLMQVHASRSNNmGIIGGFTQMIREGGARSLWRGNGINVLKIAPESAIKFMAYE 297
Cdd:PTZ00169 117 ILSGGLAGASSLLIVYPLDfartRLASDIGKGGDREFT-GLFDCLMKISKQTGFLSLYQGFGVSVQGIIVYRGAYFGLYD 195

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600 298 QIKRLV-GSDQETLRIHERLVAGS---LAGAIAqssiYPMEVLKTRMAL---RKTG---QYSGMLDCARRILAREGVAAF 367
Cdd:PTZ00169 196 SAKALLfGNDKNTNILYKWAVAQTvtiLAGLIS----YPFDTVRRRMMMmsgRKAKseiQYTGTLDCWKKILKNEGLGGF 271

                 ....*....
gi 966990600 368 YKGYVPNML 376
Cdd:PTZ00169 272 FKGAWANVL 280

EF-hand domain pair;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 966990600  100 EKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLR--DLGVKISEQQAEKILKrirtghfwgpvtYMDKNGTMTIDWNE 170
Cdd:pfam13499   1 EEKLKEAFKLLDSDGDGYLDVEELKKLLRklEEGEPLSDEEVEELFK------------EFDLDKDGRISFEE 61

The penta-EF hand (PEF) family; The penta-EF hand (PEF) family contains a group of five EF-hand calcium-binding proteins, including several classical calpain large catalytic subunits (CAPN1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14), two calpain small subunits (CAPNS1 and CAPNS2), as well as non-calpain PEF proteins, ALG-2 (apoptosis-linked gene 2, also termed programmed cell death protein 6, PDCD6), peflin, sorcin, and grancalcin. Based on the sequence similarity of EF1 hand, ALG-2 and peflin have been classified into group I PEF proteins. Calcium-dependent protease calpain subfamily members, sorcin and grancalcin, are group II PEF proteins. Calpains (EC 3.4.22.17) are calcium-activated intracellular cysteine proteases that play important roles in the degradation or functional modulation in a variety of substrates. They have been implicated in a number of physiological processes such as cell cycle progression, remodeling of cytoskeletal-cell membrane attachments, signal transduction, gene expression and apoptosis. ALG-2 is a pro-apoptotic factor that forms a homodimer in the cell or a heterodimer with its closest paralog peflin through their EF5s. Peflin is a 30-kD PEF protein with a longer N-terminal hydrophobic domain than any other member of the PEF family, and it contains nine nonapeptide (A/PPGGPYGGP) repeats. It exists only as a heterodimer with ALG-2. The dissociation of heterodimer occurs in the presence of Ca2+. ALG-2 interacts with various proteins in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Sorcin (for soluble resistance-related calcium binding protein) is a soluble resistance-related calcium-binding protein that participates in the regulation of calcium homeostasis in cells. Grancalcin is a cytosolic Ca2+-binding protein specifically expressed in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. It plays a key role in leukocyte-specific functions that are responsible for host defense. Grancalcin can form a heterodimer together with sorcin. Members in this family contain five EF-hand motifs attached to an N-terminal region of variable length containing one or more short Gly/Pro-rich sequences. These proteins form homodimers or heterodimers through pairing between the 5th EF-hands from the two molecules. Unlike calmodulin, the PEF domains do not undergo major conformational changes upon binding Ca2+.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600  45 LGKQDGRAEATEKRPTILLVVGPAEQFP------KKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFvHYLQDHEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRI 118
Cdd:cd15897    9 VAGDDGEISATELQQALSNVGWTHFDLGfsletcRSMIAMMDRDHSGKLNFSEF-KGLWNYIKAWQEIFRTYDTDGSGTI 87

                         90       100       110       120
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 966990600 119 DAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKRirtghfwgpvtYMDKNGTMTID 167
Cdd:cd15897   88 DSNELRQALSGAGYRLSEQTYDIIIRR-----------YDRGRGNIDFD 125

Penta-EF hand, calcium binding motifs, found in calcium-dependent protease small subunit CAPNS1 and CAPNS2; CAPNS1, also termed calpain small subunit 1 (CSS1), or calcium-activated neutral proteinase small subunit (CANP small subunit), or calcium-dependent protease small subunit (CDPS), or calpain regulatory subunit, is a common 28-kDa regulatory calpain subunit encoded by the calpain small 1 (Capns1, also known as Capn4) gene. It acts as a binding partner to form a heterodimer with the 80 kDa calpain large catalytic subunit and is required in maintaining the activity of calpain. CAPNS1 plays a significant role in tumor progression of human cancer, and functions as a potential therapeutic target in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), glioma, and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). It may be involved in regulating migration and cell survival through binding to the SH3 domain of Ras GTPase-activating protein (RasGAP). It may also modulate Akt/FoxO3A signaling and apoptosis through PP2A. CAPNS1 contains an N-terminal glycine rich domain and a C-terminal PEF-hand domain. CAPNS2, also termed calpain small subunit 2 (CSS2), is a novel tissue-specific 30 kDa calpain small subunit that lacks two oligo-Gly stretches characteristic of the N-terminal Gly-rich domain of CAPNS1. CAPNS2 acts as a chaperone for the calpain large subunit, and appears to be the functional equivalent of CAPNS1. However, CAPNS2 binds the large subunit much more weakly than CAPNS1 and it does not undergo the autolytic conversion typical of CAPNS1.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600  73 KKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFvHYLQDHEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKRirtghfw 152
Cdd:cd16188   46 RSMVAVMDSDTTGKLGFEEF-KYLWNNIKKWQGIYKQFDTDRSGTIGSQELPGAFEAAGFHLNEQLYQMIIRR------- 117

                         90
                 ....*....|....*
gi 966990600 153 gpvtYMDKNGTMTID 167
Cdd:cd16188  118 ----YSDEDGNMDFD 128

EF-hand motif found in eukaryotic phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC, EC 3.1.4.11) isozymes; PI-PLC isozymes are signaling enzymes that hydrolyze the membrane phospholipids phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate two important second messengers in eukaryotic signal transduction cascades, Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). InsP3 triggers inflow of calcium from intracellular stores, while DAG, together with calcium, activates protein kinase C, which goes on to phosphorylate other molecules, leading to altered cellular activity. Calcium is required for the catalysis. This family corresponds to the four EF-hand motifs containing PI-PLC isozymes, including PI-PLC-beta (1-4), -gamma (1-2), -delta (1,3,4), -epsilon (1), -zeta (1), eta (1-2). Lower eukaryotes such as yeast and slime molds contain only delta-type isozymes. In contrast, other types of isoforms present in higher eukaryotes. This family also includes 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase 1 (PLC1) from fungi. Some homologs from plants contain only two atypical EF-hand motifs and they are not included. All PI-PLC isozymes except sperm-specific PI-PLC-zeta share a core set of domains, including an N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, four atypical EF-hand motifs, a PLC catalytic core, and a single C2 domain. PI-PLC-zeta lacks the PH domain. The PLC catalytic core domain is a TIM barrel with two highly conserved regions (X and Y) split by a highly degenerate linker sequence. Most of EF-hand motifs found in PI-PLCs consist of a helix-loop-helix structure, but lack residues critical to metal binding. Moreover, the EF-hand region of most of PI-PLCs may have an important regulatory function, but it has yet to be identified. However, PI-PLC-zeta is a key exception. It is responsible for Ca2+ oscillations in fertilized oocytes and exhibits a high sensitivity to Ca2+ mediated through its EF-hand domain. In addition, PI-PLC-eta2 shows a canonical EF-loop directing Ca2+-sensitivity and thus can amplify transient Ca2+ signals. Also it appears that PI-PLC-delta1 can regulate the binding of PH domain to PIP2 in a Ca2+-dependent manner through its functionally important EF-hand domains. PI-PLCs can be activated by a variety of extracellular ligands, such as growth factors, hormones, cytokines and lipids. Their activation has been implicated in tumorigenesis and/or metastasis linked to migration, proliferation, growth, inflammation, angiogenesis and actin cytoskeleton reorganization. PI-PLC-beta isozymes are activated by G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) through different mechanisms. However, PI-PLC-gamma isozymes are activated by receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), such as Rho and Ras GTPases. In contrast, PI-PLC-epsilon are activated by both GPCR and RTK. PI-PLC-delta1 and PLC-eta 1 are activated by GPCR-mediated calcium mobilization. The activation mechanism for PI-PLC-zeta remains unclear.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600  73 KKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVH-YLQDHEKK-LRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRD-LGVKISEQQAEKILKRirtg 149
Cdd:cd15898   39 KKLFKEVDTNGDGTLTFDEFEElYKSLTERPeLEPIFKKYAGTNRDYMTLEEFIRFLREeQGENVSEEECEELIEK---- 114

                         90
                 ....*....|....*...
gi 966990600 150 hfwgpVTYMDKNGTMTID 167
Cdd:cd15898  115 -----YEPERENRQLSFE 127

EF-hand, calcium binding motif; A diverse superfamily of calcium sensors and calcium signal modulators; most examples in this alignment model have 2 active canonical EF hands. Ca2+ binding induces a conformational change in the EF-hand motif, leading to the activation or inactivation of target proteins. EF-hands tend to occur in pairs or higher copy numbers.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 966990600  80 DKDLDGQLDFEEFVHYLQDH-----EKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQ 125
Cdd:cd00051   10 DKDGDGTISADELKAALKSLgeglsEEEIDEMIREVDKDGDGKIDFEEFLE 60

mitochondrial carrier protein; Provisional

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600 220 RHLVAGGGAGAVSRTCTAPLDRLKVLMQVHASRSnnmgiiggFTQMireggaRSLWRGNGINVLKIAPESAIKFMAYEQI 299
Cdd:PTZ00168   5 HNLVTGALSGVIVDAVLYPIDSIKTNIQAKKSFS--------FSDI------KKLYSGILPTLVGTVPASAFFYCFYELS 70

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600 300 KRLVGSDQETL-RIHERLVAGSLAGAIAQSSIYPMEVLKTRMalrktgQYSG---MLDCARRILAREGVAAFY-KGYVPN 374
Cdd:PTZ00168  71 KKLLTEYRENIsKTNLYLISTSIAEITACIVRLPFEIVKQNM------QVSGnisVLKTIYEITQREGLPSFLgKSYFVM 144

                        170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600 375 MLGIIPYAGIDLAVYETLKNAWLQRYAVNSADPGVFVLLACGTMSSTCGQLASYPLALVRTR--MQAQASIEGAPEVTms 452
Cdd:PTZ00168 145 IVREIPFDCIQYFLWETLKEKAKKDFGKFSKKYPSITSAICGGLAGGIAGFLTTPVDVIKSRqiIYGKSYIETVTEIA-- 222

                        250
                 ....*....|....*...
gi 966990600 453 slfkqilrTEGAFGLYRG 470
Cdd:PTZ00168 223 --------EEGYLTFYKG 232

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in apoptosis-linked gene 2 protein (ALG-2) and similar proteins; ALG-2, also termed programmed cell death protein 6 (PDCD6), or probable calcium-binding protein ALG-2, is one of the prototypic members of the penta EF-hand protein family. It is a widely expressed calcium-binding modulator protein associated with cell proliferation and death, as well as cell survival. ALG-2 acts as a pro-apoptotic factor participating in T cell receptor-, Fas-, and glucocorticoid-induced programmed cell death, and also serves as a useful molecular marker for the prognosis of cancers. Moreover, ALG-2 functions as a calcium ion sensor at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites, and modulates ER-stress-stimulated cell death and neuronal apoptosis during organ formation. Furthermore, ALG-2 can mediate the pro-apoptotic activity of cisplatin or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) through the down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) expression. It also inhibits angiogenesis through PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K pathway by interacting of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). In addition, nuclear ALG-2 may participate in the post-transcriptional regulation of Inositol Trisphosphate Receptor Type 1 (IP3R1) pre-mRNA at least in part by interacting with CHERP (Ca2+ homeostasis endoplasmic reticulum protein) calcium-dependently. ALG-2 contains five serially repeated EF-hand motifs and interacts with various proteins, including ALG-2-interacting protein X (Alix), Fas, annexin XI, death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPk1), Tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101), Sec31A, phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3), the P-body component PATL1, and endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-III-related protein IST1, in a calcium-dependent manner. It forms a homodimer in the cell or a heterodimer with its closest paralog peflin. Among the PEF proteins, ALG-2 can bind three Ca2+ ions through its EF1, EF3, and EF5 hands, where it is unique in that its EF5 hand binds Ca2+ ion in a canonical coordination.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 966990600  80 DKDLDGQLDFEEFV---HYLQDHEKklrlVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKRI-RTGH 150
Cdd:cd16183   47 DRDNSGTINFQEFAalwKYITDWQN----CFRSFDRDNSGNIDKNELKQALTSFGYRLSDQFYDILVRKFdRQGR 117

EF-hand motif found in eukaryotic phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC, EC 3.1.4.11) isozymes; PI-PLC isozymes are signaling enzymes that hydrolyze the membrane phospholipids phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate two important second messengers in eukaryotic signal transduction cascades, Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). InsP3 triggers inflow of calcium from intracellular stores, while DAG, together with calcium, activates protein kinase C, which goes on to phosphorylate other molecules, leading to altered cellular activity. Calcium is required for the catalysis. This family corresponds to the four EF-hand motifs containing PI-PLC isozymes, including PI-PLC-beta (1-4), -gamma (1-2), -delta (1,3,4), -epsilon (1), -zeta (1), eta (1-2). Lower eukaryotes such as yeast and slime molds contain only delta-type isozymes. In contrast, other types of isoforms present in higher eukaryotes. This family also includes 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase 1 (PLC1) from fungi. Some homologs from plants contain only two atypical EF-hand motifs and they are not included. All PI-PLC isozymes except sperm-specific PI-PLC-zeta share a core set of domains, including an N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, four atypical EF-hand motifs, a PLC catalytic core, and a single C2 domain. PI-PLC-zeta lacks the PH domain. The PLC catalytic core domain is a TIM barrel with two highly conserved regions (X and Y) split by a highly degenerate linker sequence. Most of EF-hand motifs found in PI-PLCs consist of a helix-loop-helix structure, but lack residues critical to metal binding. Moreover, the EF-hand region of most of PI-PLCs may have an important regulatory function, but it has yet to be identified. However, PI-PLC-zeta is a key exception. It is responsible for Ca2+ oscillations in fertilized oocytes and exhibits a high sensitivity to Ca2+ mediated through its EF-hand domain. In addition, PI-PLC-eta2 shows a canonical EF-loop directing Ca2+-sensitivity and thus can amplify transient Ca2+ signals. Also it appears that PI-PLC-delta1 can regulate the binding of PH domain to PIP2 in a Ca2+-dependent manner through its functionally important EF-hand domains. PI-PLCs can be activated by a variety of extracellular ligands, such as growth factors, hormones, cytokines and lipids. Their activation has been implicated in tumorigenesis and/or metastasis linked to migration, proliferation, growth, inflammation, angiogenesis and actin cytoskeleton reorganization. PI-PLC-beta isozymes are activated by G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) through different mechanisms. However, PI-PLC-gamma isozymes are activated by receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), such as Rho and Ras GTPases. In contrast, PI-PLC-epsilon are activated by both GPCR and RTK. PI-PLC-delta1 and PLC-eta 1 are activated by GPCR-mediated calcium mobilization. The activation mechanism for PI-PLC-zeta remains unclear.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600 102 KLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKrirtghfwgpvtYMDKNGTMTIDWNEWRD-YHLLHpv 180
Cdd:cd15898    1 WLRRQWIKADKDGDGKLSLKEIKKLLKRLNIRVSEKELKKLFK------------EVDTNGDGTLTFDEFEElYKSLT-- 66

                         90
                 ....*....|.
gi 966990600 181 eNIPEIILYWK 191
Cdd:cd15898   67 -ERPELEPIFK 76

Penta-EF hand, calcium binding motifs, found in sorcin; Sorcin, also termed 22 kDa Ca2+-binding protein, CP-22, or V19, is a soluble resistance-related calcium-binding protein that is expressed in normal mammalian tissues, such as the liver, lungs and heart. The up-regulation of sorcin is correlated with a number of cancer types, including colorectal, gastric and breast cancer. It may represent a therapeutic target for reversing tumor multidrug resistance (MDR). Sorcin participates in the regulation of calcium homeostasis in cells and is necessary for the activation of mitosis and cytokinesis. It enhances metastasis and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer. Moreover, sorcin has been implicated in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ cycling and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. It displays the anti-apoptotic properties via the modulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling in cardiac myocytes. It can target and activate the sarcolemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1) in cardiac muscle. Meanwhile, sorcin modulates cardiac L-type Ca2+ current by functional interaction with the alpha1C subunit. It also associates with calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIdeltaC (CaMKIIdelta(C)) and further modulates ryanodine receptor (RyR) function in cardiac myocytes. Furthermore, sorcin may act as a Ca2+ sensor for glucose-induced nuclear translocation and the activation of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP)-dependent genes. As a mitochondrial chaperone TRAP1 interactor, sorcin involves in mitochondrial metabolism through the TRAP1 pathway. In addition, sorcin may regulate the inhibition of type I interferon response in cells through interacting with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1. Sorcin contains a flexible glycine and proline-rich N-terminal extension and five EF-hand motifs that associate with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. It may harbor three potential Ca2+ binding sites through its EF1, EF2 and EF3 hands. However, binding of only two Ca2+/monomer suffices to trigger the conformational change that exposes hydrophobic regions and leads to interaction with the respective targets. Sorcin forms homodimers through the association of the unpaired EF5 hand. Among the PEF proteins, sorcin is unique in that it contains potential phosphorylation sites by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and it can form a tetramer at slightly acid pH values although remaining a stable dimer at neutral pH.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600  80 DKDLDGQLDFEEFvhylqdheKKLRLV-------FKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKRIRTGhfw 152
Cdd:cd16187   50 DRDMSGTMGFNEF--------KELWAVlngwrqhFISFDSDRSGTVDPQELQKALTTMGFRLSPQAVNSIAKRYSTN--- 118

                 ....*..
gi 966990600 153 GPVTYMD 159
Cdd:cd16187  119 GKITFDD 125

Penta-EF hand, calcium binding motifs, found in sorcin, grancalcin, and similar proteins; The family corresponds to the second group of penta-EF hand (PEF) proteins that includes sorcin, grancalcin, and similar proteins. Sorcin, also termed 22 kDa Ca2+-binding protein, CP-22, or V19, is a soluble resistance-related calcium-binding protein that is expressed in normal mammalian tissues, such as the liver, lungs and heart. It contains a flexible glycine and proline-rich N-terminal extension and five EF-hand motifs that associate with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. It may harbor three potential Ca2+ binding sites through its EF1, EF2 and EF3 hands. However, binding of only two Ca2+/monomer suffices to trigger the conformational change that exposes hydrophobic regions and leads to interaction with the respective targets. Sorcin forms homodimers through the association of the unpaired EF5 hand. Among the PEF proteins, sorcin is unique in that it contains potential phosphorylation sites by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and it can form a tetramer at slightly acid pH values although remaining a stable dimer at neutral pH. Grancalcin (GCA) is a cytosolic Ca2+-binding protein specifically expressed in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. It can strongly interact with sorcin to form a heterodimer and further modulate the function of sorcin. GCA exists as homodimers in solution. It contains five EF-hand motifs attached to an N-terminal region of an approximately 50 residue-long segment rich in glycines and prolines. In contrast with sorcin, GCA binds two Ca2+ ions through its EF1 and EF3 hands.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 966990600  80 DKDLDGQLDFEEFvhylqdheKKL-------RLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKRIRTGHF 151
Cdd:cd16181   50 DRDHSGKMGFNEF--------KELwaalnqwKTTFMQYDRDRSGTVEPQELQQAIRSFGYNLSPQALNVIVKRYSKNGR 120

EF-hand motif found in phosphoinositide phospholipase C delta (PI-PLC-delta); PI-PLC-delta isozymes represent a class of metazoan PI-PLCs that are some of the most sensitive to calcium among all PLCs. Their activation is modulated by intracellular calcium ion concentration, phospholipids, polyamines, and other proteins, such as RhoAGAP. Like other PI-PLC isozymes, PI-PLC-delta isozymes contain a core set of domains, including an N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, four atypical EF-hand motifs, a PLC catalytic core, and a single C-terminal C2 domain. The PLC catalytic core domain is a TIM barrel with two highly conserved regions (X and Y) split by a highly degenerate linker sequence. There are three PI-PLC-delta isozymes (1, 3 and 4). PI-PLC-delta1 is relatively well characterized. It is activated by high calcium levels generated by other PI-PLC family members, and therefore functions as a calcium amplifier within the cell. Different PI-PLC-delta isozymes have different tissue distribution and different subcellular locations. PI-PLC-delta1 is mostly a cytoplasmic protein, PI-PLC-delta3 is located in the membrane, and PI-PLC-delta4 is predominantly detected in the cell nucleus. PI-PLC-delta isozymes is evolutionarily conserved even in non-mammalian species, such as yeast, slime molds and plants.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 966990600  69 EQFpkkivQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVHYLQD-----HEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDL 130
Cdd:cd16202    4 DQF-----RKADKNGDGKLSFKECKKLLKKlnvkvDKDYAKKLFQEADTSGEDVLDEEEFVQFYNRL 65

Penta-EF hand, calcium binding motifs, found in calpain-9 (CAPN9); CAPN9, also termed digestive tract-specific calpain, or new calpain 4 (nCL-4), or protein CG36, is a calpain large subunit predominantly expressed in gastrointestinal tract. It plays a physiological role in the suppression of tumorigenesis. It acts as an important biomolecule link for the regression of colorectal cancer via intracellular calcium homeostasis. CAPN9 may also play a critical role in lumen formation. Moreover, CAPN9, together with CAPN8, forms an active protease complex, G-calpain, in which both proteins are essential for stability and activity. The G-Calpain has been implicated in gastric mucosal defense. Furthermore, down-regulation of calpain 9 has been linked to hypertensive heart and kidney disease in salt-sensitive Dahl rats. CAPN9 contains a short N-terminal anchor helix, followed by a calpain cysteine protease (CysPc) domain, a C2-domain-like (C2L) domain, and a C-terminal Ca2+-binding penta-EF-hand (PEF) domain.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 966990600  73 KKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFvHYLQDHEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKRIRTGHF 151
Cdd:cd16192   46 KNIISLMDTSGNGKLGFSEF-KVFWDKLKKWIGLFLKYDADRSGTMSSYELRSALKAAGFQLNNQLLQLIVLRYADDYL 123

Calcium-activated neutral; CAPN3, also termed calcium-activated neutral proteinase 3 (CANP 3), or calpain L3, or calpain p94, or muscle-specific calcium-activated neutral protease 3, or new calpain 1 (nCL-1), is a calpain large subunit that is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, or lens. The skeletal muscle-specific CAPN3 are pathologically associated with limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A). Its autolytic activity can be positively regulated by calmodulin (CaM), a known transducer of the calcium signal. CAPN3 is also involved in human melanoma tumorigenesis and progression. It impairs cell proliferation and stimulates oxidative stress-mediated cell death in melanoma cells. Moreover, it plays an important role in sarcomere remodeling and mitochondrial protein turnover. Furthermore, the phosphorylated skeletal muscle-specific CAPN3 acts as a myofibril structural component and may participate in myofibril-based signaling pathways. In the eye, the lens-specific CAPN3, together with CAPN2, is responsible for proteolytic cleavages of alpha and beta-crystallin. Overactivated alpha and beta-crystallin can lead to cataract formation. CAPN3 exists as a homodimer, rather than a heterodimer with the calpain small subunit. It may also form heterodimers with other calpain large subunits. CAPN3 contains a long N-terminal region, followed by a calpain cysteine protease (CysPc) domain, a C2-domain-like (C2L) domain, and a C-terminal Ca2+-binding penta-EF-hand (PEF) domain. Ca2+ binding at EF5 of the CAPN3 PEF domain is a distinct feature not observed in other calpain isoforms.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 966990600  80 DKDLDGQLDFEEFVHyLQDHEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKRirtghfwgpvtYMD 159
Cdd:cd16190   53 DTDGSGKLNLQEFRH-LWNKIKQWQKIFKRYDTDKSGTINSYEMRNAVNDAGFRLNNQLYDIITMR-----------YAD 120

                         90
                 ....*....|..
gi 966990600 160 KNgtMTIDWNEW 171
Cdd:cd16190  121 KH--MNIDFDSF 130

EF-hand, calcium binding motif; A diverse superfamily of calcium sensors and calcium signal modulators; most examples in this alignment model have 2 active canonical EF hands. Ca2+ binding induces a conformational change in the EF-hand motif, leading to the activation or inactivation of target proteins. EF-hands tend to occur in pairs or higher copy numbers.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 966990600  63 LVVGPAEQFPKKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVHYLQ 97
Cdd:cd00051   29 LGEGLSEEEIDEMIREVDKDGDGKIDFEEFLELMA 63