E3 Ubiquitin ligase; This domain family is found in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, and is typically between 150 and 163 amino acids in length. There is a single completely conserved residue E that may be functionally important. GIDE is an E3 ubiquitin ligase which is involved in inducing apoptosis.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568931809   92 QEHKMVWNRTTHlWNDYSKIIHQRTNTVPFDLvphEDGvAVSVRVLKPLDSVDLGLETVYEKFHPSVQS-----FTDAIG 166
Cdd:pfam12483   3 VETKRESRKRTR-WRRRSETLASNERSVPFYL---RDD-TGRVLVNVDPSGAEIELTVVYDRFEPSEGSlpsllFGFFSG 77

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568931809  167 HYisgERPKGIQETEEMLKVGATLTGIGELVLDNN-AVRLQPPKQGMQ-YYLSSQDFDSLLHRQESSVRLWKILVLVFGF 244
Cdd:pfam12483  78 DL---YLTLGYRYVERVLPPGTRLTVVGEAVSDEDgVLRIQKPEEKGQpFFISLKSEEELIESLASWARLLFYGSIGLGV 154

                  ....
gi 568931809  245 ATCA 248
Cdd:pfam12483 155 LGLV 158

E3 Ubiquitin ligase; This domain family is found in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, and is typically between 150 and 163 amino acids in length. There is a single completely conserved residue E that may be functionally important. GIDE is an E3 ubiquitin ligase which is involved in inducing apoptosis.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568931809   92 QEHKMVWNRTTHlWNDYSKIIHQRTNTVPFDLvphEDGvAVSVRVLKPLDSVDLGLETVYEKFHPSVQS-----FTDAIG 166
Cdd:pfam12483   3 VETKRESRKRTR-WRRRSETLASNERSVPFYL---RDD-TGRVLVNVDPSGAEIELTVVYDRFEPSEGSlpsllFGFFSG 77

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568931809  167 HYisgERPKGIQETEEMLKVGATLTGIGELVLDNN-AVRLQPPKQGMQ-YYLSSQDFDSLLHRQESSVRLWKILVLVFGF 244
Cdd:pfam12483  78 DL---YLTLGYRYVERVLPPGTRLTVVGEAVSDEDgVLRIQKPEEKGQpFFISLKSEEELIESLASWARLLFYGSIGLGV 154

                  ....
gi 568931809  245 ATCA 248
Cdd:pfam12483 155 LGLV 158

Ring finger; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain of c-Cbl and is likely to be a general function of this domain; Various RING fingers exhibit binding activity towards E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (Ubc' s)

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 568931809   297 CVVCLSNF-KSCVFLECGHVCsCRQCYLALPE--PKRCPIC 334
Cdd:smart00184   1 CPICLEEYlKDPVILPCGHTF-CRSCIRKWLEsgNNTCPIC 40

E3 Ubiquitin ligase; This domain family is found in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, and is typically between 150 and 163 amino acids in length. There is a single completely conserved residue E that may be functionally important. GIDE is an E3 ubiquitin ligase which is involved in inducing apoptosis.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568931809   92 QEHKMVWNRTTHlWNDYSKIIHQRTNTVPFDLvphEDGvAVSVRVLKPLDSVDLGLETVYEKFHPSVQS-----FTDAIG 166
Cdd:pfam12483   3 VETKRESRKRTR-WRRRSETLASNERSVPFYL---RDD-TGRVLVNVDPSGAEIELTVVYDRFEPSEGSlpsllFGFFSG 77

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568931809  167 HYisgERPKGIQETEEMLKVGATLTGIGELVLDNN-AVRLQPPKQGMQ-YYLSSQDFDSLLHRQESSVRLWKILVLVFGF 244
Cdd:pfam12483  78 DL---YLTLGYRYVERVLPPGTRLTVVGEAVSDEDgVLRIQKPEEKGQpFFISLKSEEELIESLASWARLLFYGSIGLGV 154

                  ....
gi 568931809  245 ATCA 248
Cdd:pfam12483 155 LGLV 158

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in neuralized-like protein NEURL1A, NEURL1B, and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Drosophila neuralized (D-neu) protein, and its two mammalian homologs, NEURL1A and NEURL1B. D-neu is a regulator of the developmentally important Notch signaling pathway. NEURL1A, also known as NEURL1, NEU, neuralized 1, or RING finger protein 67 (RNF67), is a mammalian homolog of D-neu. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that directly interacts with and monoubiquitinates cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 3 (CPEB3), an RNA binding protein and a translational regulator of local protein synthesis, which facilitates hippocampal plasticity and hippocampal-dependent memory storage. It also acts as a potential tumor suppressor that causes apoptosis and downregulates Notch target genes in medulloblastoma. NEURL1B, also known as neuralized-2 (NEUR2) or neuralized-like protein 3, is another mammalian homolog of D-neu protein. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with and ubiquitinates Delta. Thus, it plays a role in the endocytic pathways for Notch signaling by working cooperatively with another E3 ligase, Mind bomb-1 (Mib1), in Delta endocytosis to hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs)-positive vesicles. Members of this subfamily contain two neuralized homology regions (NHRs) responsible for Neural-ligand interactions and a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger required for ubiquitin ligase activity. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 568931809 294 KSACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALPEPK-RCPICRREITRVIPLY 345
Cdd:cd16647    1 GSECVICYERPVDTVLYRCGHMCMCYDCALQLKRRGgSCPICRAPIKDVIKIY 53

RING finger, HC subclass, found in caspases-8 and -10-associated RING finger protein CARP-1, CARP-2 and similar proteins; The CARP subfamily includes CARP-1 and CARP-2 proteins, both of which are E3 ubiquitin ligases that ubiquitinate apical caspases and target them for proteasome-mediated degradation. As a novel group of caspase regulators with a FYVE-type zinc finger domain, they do not localize to membranes in the cell and are involved in the negative regulation of apoptosis, specifically targeting two initiator caspases, caspase 8, and caspase 10. Moreover, they stabilize MDM2 by inhibiting MDM2 self-ubiquitination, as well as by targeting 14-3-3sigma for degradation. They work together with MDM2 to enhance p53 degradation, thereby inhibiting p53-mediated cell death. CARPs contain an N-terminal FYVE-like domain that can serve as a membrane-targeting or endosome localizing signal and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger domain.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 568931809 295 SACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALPEpkrCPICRREITRVI 342
Cdd:cd16500    1 DLCKICMDAAIDCVLLECGHMVTCTDCGKKLSE---CPICRQYVVRVV 45

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C2H2C4-type), found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MDM2, protein MDM4 and similar proteins; MDM2 (also known as HDM2) and MDM4 (also known as MDMX or HDMX) are the primary p53 tumor suppressor negative regulators. They have non-redundant roles in the regulation of p53. MDM2 mainly functions to control p53 stability, while MDM4 controls p53 transcriptional activity. Both MDM2 and MDM4 contain an N-terminal p53-binding domain, a RanBP2-type zinc finger (zf-RanBP2) domain near the central acidic region, and a C-terminal modified C2H2C4-type RING-HC finger. Mdm2 can form homo-oligomers through its RING domain and displays E3 ubiquitin ligase activity that catalyzes the attachment of ubiquitin to p53 as an essential step in the regulation of its levels in cells. Despite its RING domain and structural similarity with MDM2, MDM4 does not homo-oligomerize and lacks ubiquitin-ligase function, but inhibits the transcriptional activity of p53. In addition, both their RING domains are responsible for the hetero-oligomerization, which is crucial for the suppression of P53 activity during embryonic development and the recruitment of E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Moreover, MDM2 and MDM4 can be phosphorylated and destabilized in response to DNA damage stress. In response to ribosomal stress, MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation can be inhibited through the interaction with ribosomal proteins L5, L11, and L23. However, MDM4 is not bound to ribosomal proteins, suggesting its different response to regulation by small basic proteins such as ribosomal proteins and ARF.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFL--ECGHVCSCRQCYLALPE-PKRCPICRREITRVI 342
Cdd:cd16646    3 CVICLSRPRTAAIVhgKTGHQVACYTCAKKLKRrGKPCPVCRRPIQNVI 51

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana protein XB3 homolog 5 (XBAT35) and similar proteins; XBAT35, also known as ankyrin repeat domain and RING finger-containing protein XBAT35, or RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase XBAT35, has no E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity observed when associated with the E2 enzyme UBC8 in vitro. It contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLAL-PEPKRCPICRREITRVIPLY 345
Cdd:cd23129    5 CVVCMDAPRDAVCVPCGHVAGCMSCLKALmQSSPLCPICRAPVRQVIKVY 54

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in RING finger proteins, RNF26, RNF197 (CGRRF1), RNF156 (MGRN1), RNF157 and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to a group of RING finger proteins containing a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger, which is distinguished from typical C3HC4 RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain. Cell growth regulator with RING finger domain protein 1 (CGRRF1), also known as cell growth regulatory gene 19 protein (CGR19) or RING finger protein 197 (RNF197), functions as a novel biomarker to monitor endometrial sensitivity and response to insulin-sensitizing drugs, such as metformin, in the context of obesity. RNF26 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that temporally regulates virus-triggered type I interferon induction by increasing the stability of Mediator of IRF3 activation, MITA, also known as STING, through K11-linked polyubiquitination after viral infection and promoting degradation of IRF3, another important component required for virus-triggered interferon induction. Mahogunin ring finger-1 (MGRN1), also known as RING finger protein 156 (RNF156), is a cytosolic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that inhibits signaling through the G protein-coupled melanocortin receptors-1 (MC1R), -2 (MC2R) and -4 (MC4R) via ubiquitylation-dependent and -independent processes. It suppresses chaperone-associated misfolded protein aggregation and toxicity. RNF157 is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin ligase predominantly expressed in the brain. It is a homolog of the E3 ligase MGRN1. In cultured neurons, it promotes neuronal survival in an E3 ligase-dependent manner. In contrast, it supports growth and maintenance of dendrites independent of its E3 ligase activity. RNF157 interacts with and ubiquitinates the adaptor protein APBB1 (amyloid beta precursor protein-binding, family B, member 1 or Fe65), which regulates neuronal survival, but not dendritic growth downstream of RNF157. The nuclear localization of APBB1 together with its interaction partner RNA-binding protein SART3 (squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells 3 or Tip110) is crucial to trigger apoptosis.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALpEPKRCPICR 335
Cdd:cd16649    3 CVVCLENPASVLLLPCRHLCLCEVCAKGL-RGKTCPICR 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana MND1-interacting protein 1 (MIP1) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana MIP1, RING finger protein 4 (RF4) and RING finger protein 298 (RF298). MIP1 interacts with MND1, HOP2 and XRI1. RF4 and RF298 are putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may mediate E2-dependent protein ubiquitination. Members of this subfamily contain a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALPEP--KRCPICRREITRVI 342
Cdd:cd23128    6 CVMCMEEERSVVFLPCAHQVVCSGCNDLHEKKgmRECPSCRGEIQERI 53

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in neuralized-like protein 1A (NEURL1A) and similar proteins; NEURL1A, also known as NEURL1, NEU, neuralized 1, or RING finger protein 67 (RNF67), is a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila neuralized (D-neu) protein. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that directly interacts with and monoubiquitinates cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 3 (CPEB3), an RNA binding protein and a translational regulator of local protein synthesis, which facilitates hippocampal plasticity and hippocampal-dependent memory storage. It also acts as a potential tumor suppressor that causes apoptosis and downregulates Notch target genes in the medulloblastoma. NEURL1A contains two neuralized homology regions (NHRs) responsible for Neural-ligand interactions and a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger required for ubiquitin ligase activity. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALPEPKR--CPICRREITRVIPLYNS 347
Cdd:cd16785    7 CTICYENAVDTVIYTCGHMCLCYACGLRLKKMLNacCPICRRAIKDIIKTYRS 59

RING finger, HC subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP, baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 8 (BIRC8) and similar proteins; XIAP, also known as baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 4 (BIRC4), IAP-like protein (ILP), inhibitor of apoptosis protein 3 (IAP-3), or X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (X-linked IAP), is a potent suppressor of apoptosis that directly inhibits specific members of the caspase family of cysteine proteases, including caspase-3, -7, and -9. It promotes proteasomal degradation of caspase-3 and enhances its anti-apoptotic effect in Fas-induced cell death. The ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) activity of XIAP also exhibits in the ubiquitination of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac). The mitochondrial proteins, Smac/DIABLO and Omi/HtrA2, can inhibit the antiapoptotic activity of XIAP. XIAP has also been implicated in several intracellular signaling cascades involved in the cellular response to stress, such as the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) pathways. Moreover, XIAP can regulate copper homeostasis by interacting with MURR1. BIRC8, also known as inhibitor of apoptosis-like protein 2, IAP-like protein 2, ILP-2, or testis-specific inhibitor of apoptosis, is a tissue-specific homolog of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP. It has been implicated in the control of apoptosis in the testis by direct inhibition of caspase 9. Both XIAP and BIRC8 contain three N-terminal baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains, a ubiquitin-association (UBA) domain and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger at the carboxyl terminus.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALpepKRCPICRREITRVIPLYNS 347
Cdd:cd16714   17 CKICMDRNISIVFIPCGHLVTCKQCAEAL---DKCPICCTVITFKQKIFMS 64

RING finger, HC subclass, found in caspases-8 and -10-associated RING finger protein 2 (CARP-2) and similar proteins; CARP-2, also known as rififylin, caspase regulator CARP2, FYVE-RING finger protein Sakura (Fring), RING finger and FYVE-like domain-containing protein 1, RING finger protein 189 (RNF189), or RING finger protein 34-like, is an endosome-associated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that targets internalized receptor interacting kinase (RIP) for proteasome-mediated degradation. It acts as a negative regulator of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation. It also regulates the p53 signaling pathway by degrading 14-3-3sigma and stabilizing MDM2. As a caspase regulator, CARP2 does not localize to membranes in the cell and is involved in the negative regulation of apoptosis, specifically targeting two initiator caspases, caspase 8 and caspase 10. CARP2 contains an N-terminal FYVE-like domain and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger domain.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALPEpkrCPICRREITRVIPLY 345
Cdd:cd16707    5 CKICMDSPIDCVLLECGHMVTCTKCGKRMSE---CPICRQYVIRAVHVF 50

Prokaryotic RING finger family 4; RING finger family domain found sporadically in bacteria. The finger is fused to an N-terminal alpha-helical domain, ROT/Trove-like repeats and a C-terminal TerD domain. The architecture suggests a possible role in an RNA-processing complex.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 568931809  297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCsCRQCYLALpEPKRCPICRREITRVIP 343
Cdd:pfam14447   1 CVLCGRNGTVHALIPCGHLV-CRDCFDGS-DFSACPICRRRIDADDP 45

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING domain ligase RGLG1, RGLG2 and similar proteins from plant; RGLG1 is a ubiquitously expressed E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with UBC13 and, together with UBC13, catalyzes the formation of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which is involved in DNA damage repair. RGLG1 mediates the formation of canonical, K48-linked polyubiquitin chains that target proteins for degradation. It also regulates apical dominance by acting on the auxin transport proteins abundance. RGLG1 has overlapping functions with its closest sequelog, RGLG2. They both function as RING E3 ligases that interact with ethylene response factor 53 (ERF53) in the nucleus and negatively regulate the plant drought stress response. Members of this subfamily contain a Von Willebrand factor type A (vWA) domain and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFlECGHVcSCRQCYlalPEPKRCPICRREITRVIPLY 345
Cdd:cd16729    5 CPICLSNPKDMAF-GCGHQ-TCCECG---QSLTHCPICRQPITTRIKLY 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, and similar proteins; TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM7, also known as glycogenin-interacting protein (GNIP) or RING finger protein 90 (RNF90), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. Its phosphorylation and activation by MSK1 in response to direct activation by the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway can stimulate TRIM7 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in mediating Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the AP-1 coactivator RACO-1, leading to RACO-1 protein stabilization. Moreover, TRIM7 binds and activates glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis. TRIM11, also known as protein BIA1, or RING finger protein 92 (RNF92), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the development of the central nervous system. It is overexpressed in high-grade gliomas and promotes proliferation, invasion, migration and glial tumor growth. TRIM11 acts as a potential therapeutic target for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) by mediating the degradation of CCHS-associated polyalanine-expanded Phox2b. TRIM11 modulates the function of neurogenic transcription factor Pax6 through the ubiquitin-proteosome system, and thus plays an essential role for Pax6-dependent neurogenesis. It also binds to and destabilizes a key component of the activator-mediated cofactor complex (ARC105), humanin, a neuroprotective peptide against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults, and further regulates ARC105 function in transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling. Moreover, TRIM11 negatively regulates retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-mediated interferon-beta (IFNbeta) production and antiviral activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1). It may contribute to the endogenous restriction of retroviruses in cells. It enhances N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) entry by interfering with Ref1 restriction. It also suppresses the early steps of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 transduction, resulting in decreased reverse transcripts. TRIM27, also known as RING finger protein 76 (RNF76), RET finger protein (RFP), or zinc finger protein RFP, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in testis and in various tumor cell lines. Expression of TRIM27 is associated with prognosis of colon and endometrial cancers. TRIM27 was first identified as a fusion partner of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as a transcriptional repressor and associates with several proteins involved in transcriptional activity, such as enhancer of polycomb 1 (Epc1), a member of the Polycomb group proteins, and Mi-2beta, a main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (RB1). It also interacts with HDAC1, leading to downregulation of thioredoxin binding protein 2 (TBP-2), which inhibits the function of thioredoxin. Moreover, TRIM27 mediates Pax7-induced ubiquitination of MyoD in skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, it inhibits muscle differentiation by modulating serum response factor (SRF) and Epc1. TRIM27 promotes a non-canonical polyubiquitination of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that catalyzes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) to PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). It is an IKKepsilon-interacting protein that regulates IkappaB kinase (IKK) function and negatively regulates signaling involved in the antiviral response and inflammation. TRIM27 also forms a protein complex with MBD4 or MBD2 or MBD3, and thus plays an important role in the enhancement of transcriptional repression through MBD proteins in tumorigenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis. It is a component of an estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulatory complex that is involved in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription in MCF-7 cells.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGH--VCSC-RQCYLALPEPKRCPICRR 336
Cdd:cd16594    8 CPICLDYFTDPVTLDCGHsfCRACiARCWEEPETSASCPQCRE 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 213 (RNF213) and similar proteins; RNF213, also known as ALK lymphoma oligomerization partner on chromosome 17 or Moyamoya steno-occlusive disease-associated AAA+ and RING finger protein (mysterin), is an intracellular soluble protein that functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and AAA+ ATPase, which possibly contributes to vascular development through mechanical processes in the cell. It plays a unique role in endothelial cells for proper gene expression in response to inflammatory signals from the environment. Mutations in RNF213 may be associated with Moyamoya disease (MMD), an idiopathic cerebrovascular occlusive disorder prevalent in East Asia. It also acts as a nuclear marker for acanthomorph phylogeny. RNF213 contains two tandem enzymatically active AAA+ ATPase modules and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. It can form a huge ring-shaped oligomeric complex.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVcSCRQC-YLALPEPKRCPICRREITRVI 342
Cdd:cd16561    5 CSICLEDLNDPVKLPCDHV-FCEECiRQWLPGQMSCPLCRTELPDDF 50

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in mahogunin RING finger protein 1 (MGRN1) and similar proteins; MGRN1, also known as RING finger protein 156 (RNF156), is a cytosolic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that inhibits signaling through the G protein-coupled melanocortin receptors-1 (MC1R), -2 (MC2R) and -4 (MC4R) via ubiquitylation-dependent and -independent processes. It suppresses chaperone-associated misfolded protein aggregation and toxicity. MGRN1 interacts with cytosolic prion proteins (PrPs) that are linked with neurodegeneration. It also interacts with expanded polyglutamine proteins, and suppresses misfolded polyglutamine aggregation and cytotoxicity. Moreover, MGRN1 inhibits melanocortin receptor signaling by competition with Galphas, suggesting a novel pathway for melanocortin signaling from the cell surface to the nucleus. Furthermore, MGRN1 interacts with and ubiquitylates TSG101, a key component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-I, and regulates endosomal trafficking. A null mutation in the gene encoding MGRN1 causes spongiform neurodegeneration, suggesting a link between dysregulation of endosomal trafficking and spongiform neurodegeneration. MGRN1 contains a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger, a conserved PSAP motif necessary for interaction between MGRN1 and TSG101. In addition, MGRN1 harbors a functionally uncharacterized region, as known as the domain associated with RING2 (DAR2), N-terminal to the RING finger. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4 RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 568931809 295 SACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALP-EPKRCPICR 335
Cdd:cd16816    9 NECVVCLSDLRDTLILPCRHLCLCNSCADTLRyQANNCPICR 50

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in RING finger protein 157 (RNF157) and similar proteins; RNF157 is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin ligase predominantly expressed in brain. It is a homolog of the E3 ligase mahogunin ring finger-1 (MGRN1). In cultured neurons, it promotes neuronal survival in an E3 ligase-dependent manner. In contrast, it supports growth and maintenance of dendrites independent of its E3 ligase activity. RNF157 interacts with and ubiquitinates the adaptor protein APBB1 (amyloid beta precursor protein-binding, family B, member 1 or Fe65), which regulates neuronal survival, but not dendritic growth downstream of RNF157. The nuclear localization of APBB1 together with its interaction partner RNA-binding protein SART3 (squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells 3 or Tip110) is crucial to trigger apoptosis. RNF157 contains a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger, and a functionally uncharacterized region, known as domain associated with RING2 (DAR2), N-terminal to the RING finger. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4 RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 568931809 295 SACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALP-EPKRCPICR 335
Cdd:cd16817    5 AECVVCLSDVRDTLILPCRHLCLCNACADTLRyQANNCPICR 46

zinc-RING finger domain;

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 568931809  297 CVVCLSNFKS---CVFLECGHVCsCRQCYLALPEPKRCPICRR 336
Cdd:pfam14634   2 CNKCFKELSKtrpFYLTSCGHIF-CEECLTRLLQERQCPICKK 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in zinc finger protein 598 (ZNF598) and similar proteins; ZNF598 associates with eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) homologous protein from mammals (m4EHP) by binding to Grb10-interacting GYF protein 2 (GIGYF2). The m4EHP-GIGYF2 complex functions as a translational repressor and is essential for normal embryonic development of mammalian. ZNF598 harbors a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger at its N-terminus.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGH-VCScrQCYL---ALPEPKRCPICRREITRVI 342
Cdd:cd16615    3 CVICCEEIEYFAVGPCNHpVCY--KCSLrmrVLYKDKYCPICRTELDKVI 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in neuralized-like protein 3 (NEURL3) and similar proteins; NEURL3, also known as lung-inducible neuralized-related C3HC4 RING domain protein (LINCR), is a novel inflammation-induced E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase encoded by LINCR, a glucocorticoid-attenuated response gene induced in the lung during endotoxemia. It is expressed in alveolar epithelial type II cells, preferentially interacts with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH6, and generates polyubiquitin chains linked via non-canonical lysine residues. Overexpression of NEURL3 in the developing lung epithelium inhibits distal differentiation and induces cystic changes in the Notch signaling pathway. NEURL3 contains an N-terminal neuralized homology repeat (NHR) domain similar to the SPRY (SPla and the RYanodine receptor) domain and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQC-YLALPEPKRCPICRREITRV 341
Cdd:cd16552    4 CAICFHHTANTRLVPCGHSHFCGSCaWHIFRDTARCPVCRWQIEEV 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 185 (RNF185) and similar proteins; RNF185 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) that targets cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). It controls the degradation of CFTR and CFTR F508del allele in a RING- and proteasome-dependent manner, but does not control that of other classical ERAD model substrates. It also negatively regulates osteogenic differentiation by targeting dishevelled2 (Dvl2), a key mediator of the Wnt signaling pathway, for degradation. Moreover, RNF185 regulates selective mitochondrial autophagy through interaction with the Bcl-2 family protein BNIP1. It also plays an important role in cell adhesion and migration through the modulation of cell migration by ubiquitinating paxillin. RNF185 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVcSCRQC----YLALPEPKRCPICRREITR--VIPLY 345
Cdd:cd16744    3 CNICLDTAKDAVVSLCGHL-FCWPClhqwLETRPNRQVCPVCKAGISRdkVIPLY 56

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana protein BREAST CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 homolog (AtBRCA1) and similar proteins; AtBRCA1 plays a role in DNA repair and in cell-cycle control. It is required for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), both natural and induced by genotoxic stress, by homologous recombination (HR). AtBRCA1 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHvCSCRQCYL-ALPEPKRCPICRREITR 340
Cdd:cd23147    7 CPICLSLFKSAANLSCNH-CFCAGCIGeSLKLSAICPVCKIPATR 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in mind bomb MIB1, MIB2, and similar proteins; MIBs are large, multi-domain E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that promote ubiquitination of the cytoplasmic tails of Notch ligands. They are also responsible for TBK1 K63-linked ubiquitination and activation, promoting interferon production and controlling antiviral immunity. Moreover, MIBs selectively control responses to cytosolic RNA and regulate type I interferon transcription. Both MIB1 and MIB2 have similar domain architectures, which consist of two Mib-Herc2 domains flanking a ZZ zinc finger, a REP region including two tandem Mib repeats, an ANK region that spans ankyrin repeats, and a RNG region, where MIB1 and MIB2 contain three and two C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers, respectively. This model corresponds to the first RING-HC finger of MIB1 and MIB2, as well as the second RING-HC finger of MIB1.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVCSCRQCYLALpepKRCPICR 335
Cdd:cd16519    3 CRVCSDKKALVLFQPCGHVVACEECSLRM---KKCLQCK 38

second RING finger, HC subclass, found in mind bomb 2 (MIB2) and similar proteins; MIB2, also known as novel zinc finger protein (Novelzin), putative NF-kappa-B-activating protein 002N, skeletrophin, or zinc finger ZZ type with ankyrin repeat domain protein 1, is a large, multi-domain E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes ubiquitination of the cytoplasmic tails of Notch ligands. Especially, it promotes Delta ubiquitylation and endocytosis in Notch activation. Overexpression of MIB2, activates NF-kappaB and interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) reporter activity. Moreover, MIB2 acts as a novel component of the activated B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10 (BCL10) complex and controls BCL10-dependent NF-kappaB activation. It also functions as a founder myoblast-specific protein that regulates myoblast fusion and muscle stability. MIB2 contains an MZM region with two Mib-Herc2 domains flanking a ZZ zinc finger, a REP region including two tandem Mib repeats, an ANK region that spans ankyrin repeats, and a RNG region consisting of two C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers. This model corresponds to the second RING-HC finger.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFlECGHvCSCRQCYLALpepKRCPICRREITRVIPLY 345
Cdd:cd16728    7 CPICIDNHIKLVF-QCGH-GSCIECSSAL---KACPICRQAIRERIQIF 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 62 (TRIM62) and similar proteins; TRIM62, also known as Ductal Epithelium Associated Ring Chromosome 1 (DEAR1), is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that was identified as a dominant regulator of acinar morphogenesis in the mammary gland. It is implicated in the inflammatory response of immune cells by regulating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway, leading to increased activity of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor in primary macrophages. It is also involved in muscular protein homeostasis, especially during inflammation-induced atrophy, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) by activating and maintaining inflammation in myocytes. Moreover, TRIM62 facilitates K27-linked poly-ubiquitination of CARD9 and also regulates CARD9-mediated anti-fungal immunity and intestinal inflammation. It also functions as a chromosome 1p35 tumor suppressor and negatively regulates transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by binding to and promoting the ubiquitination of SMAD3, a major effector of TGFbeta-mediated EMT. TRIM62 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 568931809 297 CVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHVcSCRQC---YLALPEPKRCPICRR 336
Cdd:cd16608    9 CSICLSIYQDPVSLGCEHY-FCRQCiteHWSRSEHRDCPECRR 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF113A, RNF113B, and similar proteins; RNF113A, also known as zinc finger protein 183 (ZNF183), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that physically interacts with the E2 protein, UBE2U. A nonsense mutation in RNF113A is associated with an X-linked trichothiodystrophy (TTD). Its yeast ortholog Cwc24p is predicted to have a spliceosome function and acts in a complex with Cef1p to participate in pre-U3 snoRNA splicing, indirectly affecting pre-rRNA processing. It is also important for the U2 snRNP binding to primary transcripts and co-migrates with spliceosomes. Moreover, the ortholog of RNF113A in fruit flies may also act as a spliceosome and is hypothesized to be involved in splicing, namely within the central nervous system. The ortholog in Caenorhabditis elegans is involved in DNA repair of inter-strand crosslinks. RNF113B, also known as zinc finger protein 183-like 1, shows high sequence similarity with RNF113A. Both RNF113A and RNF113B contain a CCCH-type zinc finger, which is commonly found in RNA-binding proteins involved in splicing, and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, which is frequently found in E3 ubiquitin ligases.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 568931809 296 ACVVCLSNFKSCVFLECGHvCSCRQCYLA-LPEPKRCPICRREITRVIP 343
Cdd:cd16539    7 ACFICRKPFKNPVVTKCGH-YFCEKCALKhYRKSKKCFVCGKQTNGVFN 54