Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in mahogunin RING finger protein 1 (MGRN1), RING finger protein 157 (RNF157) and similar proteins; MGRN1, also known as RING finger protein 156 (RNF156), is a cytosolic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that inhibits signaling through the G protein-coupled melanocortin receptors-1 (MC1R), -2 (MC2R) and -4 (MC4R) via ubiquitylation-dependent and -independent processes. It suppresses chaperone-associated misfolded protein aggregation and toxicity. MGRN1 interacts with cytosolic prion proteins (PrPs) that are linked with neurodegeneration. It also interacts with expanded polyglutamine proteins, and suppresses misfolded polyglutamine aggregation and cytotoxicity. Moreover, MGRN1 inhibits melanocortin receptor signaling by competition with Galphas, suggesting a novel pathway for melanocortin signaling from the cell surface to the nucleus. MGRN1 also interacts with and ubiquitylates TSG101, a key component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-I, and regulates endosomal trafficking. A null mutation in the gene encoding MGRN1 causes spongiform neurodegeneration, suggesting a link between dysregulation of endosomal trafficking and spongiform neurodegeneration. RNF157 is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin ligase predominantly expressed in the brain. It is a homolog of the E3 ligase mahogunin ring finger-1 (MGRN1). In cultured neurons, it promotes neuronal survival in an E3 ligase-dependent manner. In contrast, it supports growth and maintenance of dendrites independent of its E3 ligase activity. RNF157 interacts with and ubiquitinates the adaptor protein APBB1 (amyloid beta precursor protein-binding, family B, member 1 or Fe65), which regulates neuronal survival, but not dendritic growth downstream of RNF157. The nuclear localization of APBB1 together with its interaction partner RNA-binding protein SART3 (squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells 3 or Tip110) is crucial to trigger apoptosis. Both MGRN1 and RNF157 contain a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger, and a functionally uncharacterized region, known as domain associated with RING2 (DAR2), N-terminal to the RING finger. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4 RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 18397483 300 TECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICR 341
Cdd:cd16789   1 SECVICLSDPRDTAVLPCRHLCLCSDCAEVLRYQSNKCPICR 42

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in mahogunin RING finger protein 1 (MGRN1), RING finger protein 157 (RNF157) and similar proteins; MGRN1, also known as RING finger protein 156 (RNF156), is a cytosolic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that inhibits signaling through the G protein-coupled melanocortin receptors-1 (MC1R), -2 (MC2R) and -4 (MC4R) via ubiquitylation-dependent and -independent processes. It suppresses chaperone-associated misfolded protein aggregation and toxicity. MGRN1 interacts with cytosolic prion proteins (PrPs) that are linked with neurodegeneration. It also interacts with expanded polyglutamine proteins, and suppresses misfolded polyglutamine aggregation and cytotoxicity. Moreover, MGRN1 inhibits melanocortin receptor signaling by competition with Galphas, suggesting a novel pathway for melanocortin signaling from the cell surface to the nucleus. MGRN1 also interacts with and ubiquitylates TSG101, a key component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-I, and regulates endosomal trafficking. A null mutation in the gene encoding MGRN1 causes spongiform neurodegeneration, suggesting a link between dysregulation of endosomal trafficking and spongiform neurodegeneration. RNF157 is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin ligase predominantly expressed in the brain. It is a homolog of the E3 ligase mahogunin ring finger-1 (MGRN1). In cultured neurons, it promotes neuronal survival in an E3 ligase-dependent manner. In contrast, it supports growth and maintenance of dendrites independent of its E3 ligase activity. RNF157 interacts with and ubiquitinates the adaptor protein APBB1 (amyloid beta precursor protein-binding, family B, member 1 or Fe65), which regulates neuronal survival, but not dendritic growth downstream of RNF157. The nuclear localization of APBB1 together with its interaction partner RNA-binding protein SART3 (squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells 3 or Tip110) is crucial to trigger apoptosis. Both MGRN1 and RNF157 contain a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger, and a functionally uncharacterized region, known as domain associated with RING2 (DAR2), N-terminal to the RING finger. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4 RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 18397483 300 TECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICR 341
Cdd:cd16789   1 SECVICLSDPRDTAVLPCRHLCLCSDCAEVLRYQSNKCPICR 42

RING-finger-containing ubiquitin ligase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 18397483 251 VLEKDNDGSFKVKVVKQILWIEGVRYELRELYGSTTQGAASGLD-----ESGSGTECVICM---TEAKDTAVLPCRHLCM 322
Cdd:COG5540 270 FLTQSKGSRFNIILEIQINFDVGFYSSSEAIPTTTTKGSLKPLSieravEADKGVECAICMsnfIKNDRLRVLPCDHRFH 349

                        90       100
                ....*....|....*....|..
gi 18397483 323 CSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICRQPI 344
Cdd:COG5540 350 VGCVDKWLLGYSNKCPVCRTAI 371

N1R/p28-like protein; Provisional

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 18397483  261 KVKVVKQIL-WIEGVRYELRELYgsttqgaasgldESGSGTECVICMTEAKDT-------AVLP-CRHLcMCSDCAKELR 331
Cdd:PHA02929 147 KGKNYKKFLkTIPSVLSEYEKLY------------NRSKDKECAICMEKVYDKeiknmyfGILSnCNHV-FCIECIDIWK 213

                         90
                 ....*....|..
gi 18397483  332 LQSNKCPICRQP 343
Cdd:PHA02929 214 KEKNTCPVCRTP 225

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in mahogunin RING finger protein 1 (MGRN1), RING finger protein 157 (RNF157) and similar proteins; MGRN1, also known as RING finger protein 156 (RNF156), is a cytosolic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that inhibits signaling through the G protein-coupled melanocortin receptors-1 (MC1R), -2 (MC2R) and -4 (MC4R) via ubiquitylation-dependent and -independent processes. It suppresses chaperone-associated misfolded protein aggregation and toxicity. MGRN1 interacts with cytosolic prion proteins (PrPs) that are linked with neurodegeneration. It also interacts with expanded polyglutamine proteins, and suppresses misfolded polyglutamine aggregation and cytotoxicity. Moreover, MGRN1 inhibits melanocortin receptor signaling by competition with Galphas, suggesting a novel pathway for melanocortin signaling from the cell surface to the nucleus. MGRN1 also interacts with and ubiquitylates TSG101, a key component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-I, and regulates endosomal trafficking. A null mutation in the gene encoding MGRN1 causes spongiform neurodegeneration, suggesting a link between dysregulation of endosomal trafficking and spongiform neurodegeneration. RNF157 is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin ligase predominantly expressed in the brain. It is a homolog of the E3 ligase mahogunin ring finger-1 (MGRN1). In cultured neurons, it promotes neuronal survival in an E3 ligase-dependent manner. In contrast, it supports growth and maintenance of dendrites independent of its E3 ligase activity. RNF157 interacts with and ubiquitinates the adaptor protein APBB1 (amyloid beta precursor protein-binding, family B, member 1 or Fe65), which regulates neuronal survival, but not dendritic growth downstream of RNF157. The nuclear localization of APBB1 together with its interaction partner RNA-binding protein SART3 (squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells 3 or Tip110) is crucial to trigger apoptosis. Both MGRN1 and RNF157 contain a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger, and a functionally uncharacterized region, known as domain associated with RING2 (DAR2), N-terminal to the RING finger. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4 RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 18397483 300 TECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICR 341
Cdd:cd16789   1 SECVICLSDPRDTAVLPCRHLCLCSDCAEVLRYQSNKCPICR 42

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in RING finger protein 157 (RNF157) and similar proteins; RNF157 is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin ligase predominantly expressed in brain. It is a homolog of the E3 ligase mahogunin ring finger-1 (MGRN1). In cultured neurons, it promotes neuronal survival in an E3 ligase-dependent manner. In contrast, it supports growth and maintenance of dendrites independent of its E3 ligase activity. RNF157 interacts with and ubiquitinates the adaptor protein APBB1 (amyloid beta precursor protein-binding, family B, member 1 or Fe65), which regulates neuronal survival, but not dendritic growth downstream of RNF157. The nuclear localization of APBB1 together with its interaction partner RNA-binding protein SART3 (squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells 3 or Tip110) is crucial to trigger apoptosis. RNF157 contains a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger, and a functionally uncharacterized region, known as domain associated with RING2 (DAR2), N-terminal to the RING finger. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4 RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 18397483 296 SGSGTECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICRQPIEELLEIK 351
Cdd:cd16817   1 SDNSAECVVCLSDVRDTLILPCRHLCLCNACADTLRYQANNCPICRLPFRALLQIR 56

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in neuralized-like protein NEURL1A, NEURL1B, and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Drosophila neuralized (D-neu) protein, and its two mammalian homologs, NEURL1A and NEURL1B. D-neu is a regulator of the developmentally important Notch signaling pathway. NEURL1A, also known as NEURL1, NEU, neuralized 1, or RING finger protein 67 (RNF67), is a mammalian homolog of D-neu. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that directly interacts with and monoubiquitinates cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 3 (CPEB3), an RNA binding protein and a translational regulator of local protein synthesis, which facilitates hippocampal plasticity and hippocampal-dependent memory storage. It also acts as a potential tumor suppressor that causes apoptosis and downregulates Notch target genes in medulloblastoma. NEURL1B, also known as neuralized-2 (NEUR2) or neuralized-like protein 3, is another mammalian homolog of D-neu protein. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with and ubiquitinates Delta. Thus, it plays a role in the endocytic pathways for Notch signaling by working cooperatively with another E3 ligase, Mind bomb-1 (Mib1), in Delta endocytosis to hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs)-positive vesicles. Members of this subfamily contain two neuralized homology regions (NHRs) responsible for Neural-ligand interactions and a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger required for ubiquitin ligase activity. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 18397483 299 GTECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICRQPIEELLEI 350
Cdd:cd16647   1 GSECVICYERPVDTVLYRCGHMCMCYDCALQLKRRGGSCPICRAPIKDVIKI 52

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in RING finger proteins, RNF26, RNF197 (CGRRF1), RNF156 (MGRN1), RNF157 and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to a group of RING finger proteins containing a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger, which is distinguished from typical C3HC4 RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain. Cell growth regulator with RING finger domain protein 1 (CGRRF1), also known as cell growth regulatory gene 19 protein (CGR19) or RING finger protein 197 (RNF197), functions as a novel biomarker to monitor endometrial sensitivity and response to insulin-sensitizing drugs, such as metformin, in the context of obesity. RNF26 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that temporally regulates virus-triggered type I interferon induction by increasing the stability of Mediator of IRF3 activation, MITA, also known as STING, through K11-linked polyubiquitination after viral infection and promoting degradation of IRF3, another important component required for virus-triggered interferon induction. Mahogunin ring finger-1 (MGRN1), also known as RING finger protein 156 (RNF156), is a cytosolic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that inhibits signaling through the G protein-coupled melanocortin receptors-1 (MC1R), -2 (MC2R) and -4 (MC4R) via ubiquitylation-dependent and -independent processes. It suppresses chaperone-associated misfolded protein aggregation and toxicity. RNF157 is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin ligase predominantly expressed in the brain. It is a homolog of the E3 ligase MGRN1. In cultured neurons, it promotes neuronal survival in an E3 ligase-dependent manner. In contrast, it supports growth and maintenance of dendrites independent of its E3 ligase activity. RNF157 interacts with and ubiquitinates the adaptor protein APBB1 (amyloid beta precursor protein-binding, family B, member 1 or Fe65), which regulates neuronal survival, but not dendritic growth downstream of RNF157. The nuclear localization of APBB1 together with its interaction partner RNA-binding protein SART3 (squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells 3 or Tip110) is crucial to trigger apoptosis.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 18397483 301 ECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLQsnKCPICR 341
Cdd:cd16649   2 LCVVCLENPASVLLLPCRHLCLCEVCAKGLRGK--TCPICR 40

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in neuralized-like protein 1B (NEURL1B); NEURL1B, also known as neuralized-2 (NEUR2) or neuralized-like protein 3, is a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila neuralized (D-neu) protein. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with and ubiquitinates Delta. Thus, it plays a role in the endocytic pathways for Notch signaling through working cooperatively with another E3 ligase, Mind bomb-1 (Mib1), in Delta endocytosis to hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs)-positive vesicles. NEURL1B contains two neuralized homology regions (NHRs) responsible for Neural-ligand interactions and a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger required for ubiquitin ligase activity. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 18397483 301 ECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLQSNK-CPICRQPIEELLEI 350
Cdd:cd16786   4 ECTVCFDSEVDTVIYTCGHMCLCNSCGLKLKRQINAcCPICRRVIKDVIKI 54

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C2H2C4-type), found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MDM2, protein MDM4 and similar proteins; MDM2 (also known as HDM2) and MDM4 (also known as MDMX or HDMX) are the primary p53 tumor suppressor negative regulators. They have non-redundant roles in the regulation of p53. MDM2 mainly functions to control p53 stability, while MDM4 controls p53 transcriptional activity. Both MDM2 and MDM4 contain an N-terminal p53-binding domain, a RanBP2-type zinc finger (zf-RanBP2) domain near the central acidic region, and a C-terminal modified C2H2C4-type RING-HC finger. Mdm2 can form homo-oligomers through its RING domain and displays E3 ubiquitin ligase activity that catalyzes the attachment of ubiquitin to p53 as an essential step in the regulation of its levels in cells. Despite its RING domain and structural similarity with MDM2, MDM4 does not homo-oligomerize and lacks ubiquitin-ligase function, but inhibits the transcriptional activity of p53. In addition, both their RING domains are responsible for the hetero-oligomerization, which is crucial for the suppression of P53 activity during embryonic development and the recruitment of E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Moreover, MDM2 and MDM4 can be phosphorylated and destabilized in response to DNA damage stress. In response to ribosomal stress, MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation can be inhibited through the interaction with ribosomal proteins L5, L11, and L23. However, MDM4 is not bound to ribosomal proteins, suggesting its different response to regulation by small basic proteins such as ribosomal proteins and ARF.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 18397483 302 CVICMTEAKDTAVLPCR--HLCMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICRQPIEELLE 349
Cdd:cd16646   3 CVICLSRPRTAAIVHGKtgHQVACYTCAKKLKRRGKPCPVCRRPIQNVIK 52

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in cell growth regulator with RING finger domain protein 1 (CGRRF1) and similar proteins; CGRRF1, also known as cell growth regulatory gene 19 protein (CGR19) or RING finger protein 197 (RNF197), functions as a novel biomarker to monitor endometrial sensitivity and response to insulin-sensitizing drugs, such as metformin, in the context of obesity. CGRRF1 contains a C-terminal modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger, which is distinguished from typical C3HC4 RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 18397483 300 TECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRlqsnKCPICR 341
Cdd:cd16787   1 KDCVVCQNAPVNRVLLPCRHACVCDECFKRLQ----RCPMCR 38

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in neuralized-like protein 1A (NEURL1A) and similar proteins; NEURL1A, also known as NEURL1, NEU, neuralized 1, or RING finger protein 67 (RNF67), is a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila neuralized (D-neu) protein. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that directly interacts with and monoubiquitinates cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 3 (CPEB3), an RNA binding protein and a translational regulator of local protein synthesis, which facilitates hippocampal plasticity and hippocampal-dependent memory storage. It also acts as a potential tumor suppressor that causes apoptosis and downregulates Notch target genes in the medulloblastoma. NEURL1A contains two neuralized homology regions (NHRs) responsible for Neural-ligand interactions and a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger required for ubiquitin ligase activity. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 18397483 301 ECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLQSNK-CPICRQPIEELLE 349
Cdd:cd16785   6 ECTICYENAVDTVIYTCGHMCLCYACGLRLKKMLNAcCPICRRAIKDIIK 55

RING finger, HC subclass, found in neuralized-like protein 3 (NEURL3) and similar proteins; NEURL3, also known as lung-inducible neuralized-related C3HC4 RING domain protein (LINCR), is a novel inflammation-induced E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase encoded by LINCR, a glucocorticoid-attenuated response gene induced in the lung during endotoxemia. It is expressed in alveolar epithelial type II cells, preferentially interacts with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH6, and generates polyubiquitin chains linked via non-canonical lysine residues. Overexpression of NEURL3 in the developing lung epithelium inhibits distal differentiation and induces cystic changes in the Notch signaling pathway. NEURL3 contains an N-terminal neuralized homology repeat (NHR) domain similar to the SPRY (SPla and the RYanodine receptor) domain and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 18397483 299 GTECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICRQPIEEL 347
Cdd:cd16552   1 GEECAICFHHTANTRLVPCGHSHFCGSCAWHIFRDTARCPVCRWQIEEV 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in zinc finger protein 598 (ZNF598) and similar proteins; ZNF598 associates with eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) homologous protein from mammals (m4EHP) by binding to Grb10-interacting GYF protein 2 (GIGYF2). The m4EHP-GIGYF2 complex functions as a translational repressor and is essential for normal embryonic development of mammalian. ZNF598 harbors a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger at its N-terminus.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 18397483 301 ECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLcMCSDCAKELR--LQSNKCPICRQPIEELL 348
Cdd:cd16615   2 TCVICCEEIEYFAVGPCNHP-VCYKCSLRMRvlYKDKYCPICRTELDKVI 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in apoptosis protein c-IAP1, c-IAP2, livin, and similar proteins; The cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein c-IAPs function as ubiquitin E3 ligases that mediate the ubiquitination of substrates involved in apoptosis, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling, and oncogenesis. Unlike other IAPs, such as XIAP, c-IAPs exhibit minimal binding to caspases and may not play an important role in the inhibition of these proteases. c-IAP1, also known as baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein BIRC2, IAP-2, RING finger protein 48, or TNFR2-TRAF-signaling complex protein 2, is a potent regulator of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family and NF-kappaB signaling pathways in the cytoplasm. It can also regulate E2F1 transcription factor-mediated control of cyclin transcription in the nucleus. c-IAP2, also known as BIRC3, IAP-1, apoptosis inhibitor 2 (API2), or IAP homolog C, also influences ubiquitin-dependent pathways that modulate innate immune signalling by activation of NF-kappaB. c-IAPs contain three N-terminal baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains that enable interactions with proteins, a ubiquitin-association (UBA) domain that is responsible for the binding of polyubiquitin (polyUb), a caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) that serves as a protein interaction surface, and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger at the carboxyl terminus that is required for ubiquitin ligase activity. Livin, also known as baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 7 (BIRC7), kidney inhibitor of apoptosis protein (KIAP), melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis protein (ML-IAP), or RING finger protein 50, was identified as the melanoma IAP. It plays crucial roles in apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cell cycle control. Its anti-apoptotic activity is regulated by the inhibition of caspase-3, -7, and -9. Its E3 ubiquitin-ligase-like activity promotes degradation of Smac/DIABLO, a critical endogenous regulator of all IAPs. Unlike other family members, mammalian livin contains a single BIR domain and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. The UBA domain can be detected in non-mammalian homologs of livin.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 18397483 302 CVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRlqsnKCPICRQPI 344
Cdd:cd16713  10 CKVCMDKEVSIVFIPCGHLVVCTECAPSLR----KCPICRATI 48

Ring finger domain;

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 18397483   300 TECVIC---MTEAKDTAVLPCRHlCMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICR 341
Cdd:pfam13639   1 DECPICleeFEEGDKVVVLPCGH-HFHRECLDKWLRSSNTCPLCR 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana SP1-like protein 2 (SPL2) and similar proteins; SPL2, also known as RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase SPL2, acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates E2-dependent protein ubiquitination. SPL2 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 18397483 299 GTECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLQSN-KCPICRQ 342
Cdd:cd23145   3 GELCVVCLLRRRRVAFIECGHRVCCELCARRVTREANpRCPVCRQ 47

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C4C4-type), found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae amino acid sensor-independent protein Asi1p, Asi3p and similar proteins; Asi1p and Asi3p are inner nuclear membrane proteins that act as negative regulators of SPS (Ssy1-Ptr3-Ssy5)-sensor signaling in yeast. Together with Asi2p, they assemble into an Asi complex that functions in the SPS amino acid sensing pathway involved in degradation of Stp1 and Stp2 transcription factors. Both Asi1p and Asi3p contain five membrane-spanning domains, as well as highly conserved RING fingers at their extreme C termini, which are C4C4-type RING finger motifs whose overall folding is similar to that of the C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 18397483 299 GTECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLQS-NKCPICRQPIE 345
Cdd:cd16616   1 DLSCVICKSNPRNIVLWPCRCLALCDDCRLSLAMRGfHTCVCCRREVK 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (Equine herpesvirus 1/EHV-1) regulatory protein and similar proteins; EHV-1 regulatory protein belongs to the Vmw110 (IPC0) protein family. It contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and binds zinc stably.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 18397483 301 ECVICMTEAKDTA-VLPCRHLcMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICRQPIEELL 348
Cdd:cd23130   2 VCPICLDDPEDEAiTLPCLHQ-FCYTCILRWLQTSPTCPLCKTPVTSII 49

RING-finger-containing ubiquitin ligase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 18397483 251 VLEKDNDGSFKVKVVKQILWIEGVRYELRELYGSTTQGAASGLD-----ESGSGTECVICM---TEAKDTAVLPCRHLCM 322
Cdd:COG5540 270 FLTQSKGSRFNIILEIQINFDVGFYSSSEAIPTTTTKGSLKPLSieravEADKGVECAICMsnfIKNDRLRVLPCDHRFH 349

                        90       100
                ....*....|....*....|..
gi 18397483 323 CSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICRQPI 344
Cdd:COG5540 350 VGCVDKWLLGYSNKCPVCRTAI 371

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 141 (RNF141) and similar proteins; RNF141, also known as zinc finger protein 230 (ZNF230), is a RING finger protein present primarily in the nuclei of spermatogonia, the acrosome, and the tail of spermatozoa. It may have a broad function during early development of vertebrates. It plays an important role in spermatogenesis, including spermatogenic cell proliferation and sperm maturation, as well as motility and fertilization. It also exhibits DNA binding activity. RNF141/ZNF230 gene mutations may be associated with azoospermia. RNF141 contains a C3HC4-type RING finger domain that may function as an activator module in transcription.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 18397483 300 TECVICMtEAKDTAVLPCRHLcMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICR 341
Cdd:cd16545   1 EECCICM-DRKADLILPCAHS-YCQKCIDKWSDRHRTCPICR 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RNA-binding proteins of the evolutionarily-conserved MEX-3 family; MEX-3 phosphoproteins are found in vertebrates. They are mediators of post-transcriptional regulation in different organisms, and have been implicated in many core biological processes, including embryonic development, epithelial homeostasis, immune responses, metabolism, and cancer. They contain two K homology (KH) domains that provide RNA-binding capacity, and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. They shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm via the CRM1-dependent export pathway. The RNA-binding protein MEX-3 from nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is the founding member of the MEX-3 family. Due to the lack of a RING-HC finger, it is not included here.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 18397483 301 ECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLQSN-KCPICRQPIEELLEIK 351
Cdd:cd16518   2 DCVVCFESEVVAALVPCGHNLFCMECANRICEKSDpECPVCHTPVTQAIRIF 53

RING finger, HC subclass, found in helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) and similar proteins; HLTF, also known as DNA-binding protein/plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 regulator, HIP116, RING finger protein 80, SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 3, or sucrose nonfermenting protein 2-like 3, is a yeast RAD5 homolog found in mammals. It has both E3 ubiquitin ligase and DNA helicase activities, and plays a pivotal role in the template-switching pathway of DNA damage tolerance. It is involved in Lys-63-linked poly-ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at Lys-164 and in the regulation of DNA damage tolerance. It shows double-stranded DNA translocase activity with 3'-5' polarity, thereby facilitating regression of the replication fork. HLTF contains an N-terminal HIRAN (HIP116 and RAD5 N-terminal) domain, a SWI/SNF helicase domain that is divided into N- and C-terminal parts by an insertion of a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger involved in the poly-ubiquitination of PCNA.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 18397483 297 GSGTECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLcMCSDC-AKELRLQSNKCPICRQPIEE 346
Cdd:cd16509   1 GSDEECAICLDSLTNPVITPCAHV-FCRRCiCEVIQREKAKCPMCRAPLSA 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in caspases-8 and -10-associated RING finger protein 1 (CARP1) and similar proteins; CARP1, also known as caspase regulator CARP1, FYVE-RING finger protein Momo, RING finger homologous to inhibitor of apoptosis protein (RFI), RING finger protein 34 (RNF34), or RING finger protein RIFF, is a nuclear protein that functions as a specific E3 ubiquitin ligase for the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha, a master regulator of energy metabolism and adaptive thermogenesis in the brown fat cell which negatively regulates brown fat cell metabolism. It is preferentially expressed in esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancers, suggesting a possible association with the development of digestive tract cancers. It regulates the p53 signaling pathway by degrading 14-3-3 sigma and stabilizing MDM2. CARP1 does not localize to membranes in the cell and is involved in the negative regulation of apoptosis, specifically targeting two initiator caspases, caspase 8 and caspase 10. CARP1 contains an N-terminal FYVE-like domain and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 18397483 302 CVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELrlqsNKCPICRQ 342
Cdd:cd16706   7 CRICMDAVIDCVLLECGHMVTCTKCGKRM----SECPICRQ 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 213 (RNF213) and similar proteins; RNF213, also known as ALK lymphoma oligomerization partner on chromosome 17 or Moyamoya steno-occlusive disease-associated AAA+ and RING finger protein (mysterin), is an intracellular soluble protein that functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and AAA+ ATPase, which possibly contributes to vascular development through mechanical processes in the cell. It plays a unique role in endothelial cells for proper gene expression in response to inflammatory signals from the environment. Mutations in RNF213 may be associated with Moyamoya disease (MMD), an idiopathic cerebrovascular occlusive disorder prevalent in East Asia. It also acts as a nuclear marker for acanthomorph phylogeny. RNF213 contains two tandem enzymatically active AAA+ ATPase modules and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. It can form a huge ring-shaped oligomeric complex.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 18397483 301 ECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLcMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICRQPIEE 346
Cdd:cd16561   4 ECSICLEDLNDPVKLPCDHV-FCEECIRQWLPGQMSCPLCRTELPD 48

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 111 (RNF111) and similar proteins; RNF111, also known as Arkadia, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that targets intracellular effectors and modulators of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)/Nodal-related signaling for polyubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. It acts as an amplifier of Nodal signals, and enhances the dorsalizing activity of limiting amounts of Xnr1, a Nodal homolog, and requires Nodal signaling for its function. The loss of RNF111 results in early embryonic lethality, with defects attributed to compromised Nodal signaling. RNF111 also regulates tumor metastasis by modulation of the TGF-beta pathway. Its ubiquitination can be modulated by the four and a half LIM-only protein 2 (FHL2) that activates TGF-beta signal transduction. Furthermore, RNF111 interacts with the clathrin-adaptor 2 (AP2) complex and regulates endocytosis of certain cell surface receptors, leading to modulation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and possibly other signaling pathways. In addition, RNF111 has been identified as a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-binding protein with clustered SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs) that together form a SUMO-binding domain (SBD). It thus functions as a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) that directly links nonproteolytic ubiquitylation and SUMOylation in the DNA damage response, as well as triggers degradation of signal-induced polysumoylated proteins, such as the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML). The N-terminal half of RNF111 harbors three SIMs. Its C-terminal half show high sequence similarity with RING finger protein 165 (RNF165), where it contains two serine rich domains, two nuclear localization signals, an NRG-TIER domain, and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that is required for polyubiqutination and proteasome-dependent degradation of phosphorylated forms of Smad2/3 and three major negative regulators of TGF-beta signaling, Smad7, SnoN and c-Ski.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 18397483 295 ESGSGTECVICMT---EAKDTAVLPCRHLcMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICRQPIEELL 348
Cdd:cd16681   6 EEDTEEKCTICLSileEGEDVRRLPCMHL-FHQVCVDQWLITNKKCPICRVDIEAQL 61

Ring finger; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain of c-Cbl and is likely to be a general function of this domain; Various RING fingers exhibit binding activity towards E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (Ubc' s)

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 18397483    302 CVICMTE-AKDTAVLPCRHLcMCSDCAKE-LRLQSNKCPIC 340
Cdd:smart00184   1 CPICLEEyLKDPVILPCGHT-FCRSCIRKwLESGNNTCPIC 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM65 and similar proteins; TRIM65 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with the innate immune receptor MDA5, enhancing its ability to stimulate interferon-beta signaling. It functions as a potential oncogenic protein that negatively regulates p53 through ubiquitination, providing insight into the development of novel approaches targeting TRIM65 for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment, and also overcoming chemotherapy resistance. Moreover, TRIM65 negatively regulates microRNA-driven suppression of mRNA translation by targeting TNRC6 proteins for ubiquitination and degradation. TRIM65 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 18397483 302 CVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHlCMCSDCAKELRLQSN----KCPICRQPIEE 346
Cdd:cd16609   6 CSICLGLYQDPVTLPCQH-SFCRACIEDHWRQKDegsfSCPECRAPFPE 53

RING finger, HC subclass, found in myosin regulatory light chain interacting protein (MYLIP) and similar proteins; MYLIP, also known as inducible degrader of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor (IDOL), or MIR, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC), LDLR, VLDLR, and LRP8. Its activity depends on E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes of the UBE2D family. MYLIP stimulates clathrin-independent endocytosis and acts as a sterol-dependent inhibitor of cellular cholesterol uptake by binding directly to the cytoplasmic tail of the LDLR and promoting its ubiquitination via the UBE2D1/E1 complex. The ubiquitinated LDLR then enters the multivesicular body (MVB) protein-sorting pathway and is shuttled to the lysosome for degradation. Moreover, MYLIP has been identified as a novel ERM-like protein that affects cytoskeleton interactions regulating cell motility, such as neurite outgrowth. The ERM proteins includes ezrin, radixin, and moesin, which are cytoskeletal effector proteins linking actin to membrane-bound proteins at the cell surface. MYLIP contains an ERM-homology domain and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 18397483 302 CVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLqsnkCPICRQPIE 345
Cdd:cd16523   5 CMVCCEEEINSAFCPCGHMVCCESCAAQLQS----CPVCRSRVE 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (Cbl) proteins; The Cbl adaptor protein family contains a small class of RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases with oncogenic activity, which is represented by three mammalian members, c-Cbl, Cbl-b and Cbl-c, as well as two invertebrate Cbl-family proteins, D-Cbl in Drosophila and Sli-1 in C. elegans. Cbl proteins function as potent negative regulators of various signaling cascades in a wide range of cell types. They play roles in ubiquitinating activated tyrosine kinases and targeting them for degradation. D-Cbl associates with the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and overexpression of D-Cbl in the eye of Drosophila embryos inhibits EGFR-dependent photoreceptor cell development. Sli-1 is a negative regulator of the Let-23 receptor tyrosine kinase, an EGFR homolog, in vulva development. Cbl proteins in this subfamily consist of a highly conserved N-terminal half that includes a tyrosine-kinase-binding domain (TKB, also known as the phosphotyrosine binding PTB domain, composed of a four helix-bundle, a Ca2+ binding EF-hand and a highly variant SH2 domain) and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, both of which are required for Cbl-mediated downregulation of RTKs, and a divergent C-terminal region.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 18397483 302 CVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLcMCSDCAKELRLQ-SNKCPICR 341
Cdd:cd16502   4 CKICAENDKDVRIEPCGHL-LCTPCLTSWQDSdGQTCPFCR 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RNA-binding protein MEX3D; MEX3D, also known as RING finger and KH domain-containing protein 1 (RKHD1), RING finger protein 193 (RNF193), or TINO, is an RNA-binding phosphoprotein that controls the stability of the transcripts coding for the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2, and negatively regulates BCL-2 in HeLa cells. MEX3D contains two K homology (KH) domains that provide RNA-binding capacity, and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Like other MEX-3 family proteins, MEX3D shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm via the CRM1-dependent export pathway.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 18397483 298 SGTECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLQSN-KCPICRQPIEELLEI 350
Cdd:cd16723   9 SARECVVCFESEVIAALVPCGHNLFCMECAIRICGKSEpECPACHTPATQAIHI 62

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RNA-binding protein MEX3A; MEX3A, also known as RING finger and KH domain-containing protein 4 (RKHD4), is an RNA-binding phosphoprotein that localizes in P-bodies and stress granules, which are two structures involved in the storage and turnover of mRNAs. It has been implicated in the regulation of tumorigenesis. It controls the polarity and stemness of intestinal epithelial cells through the post-transcriptional regulation of the homeobox transcription factor CDX2, which plays a crucial role in intestinal cell fate specification, both during normal development and in tumorigenic processes involving intestinal reprogramming. Moreover, it exhibits a transforming activity when overexpressed in gastric epithelial cells. MEX3A contains two K homology (KH) domains that provide RNA-binding capacity, and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Like other MEX-3 family proteins, MEX3A shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm via the CRM1-dependent export pathway.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 18397483 298 SGTECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKEL-RLQSNKCPICRQPIEELLEI 350
Cdd:cd16720   1 GGRDCMVCFESEVTAALVPCGHNLFCMECAVRIcERNEPECPVCHALATQAIRI 54

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger and transmembrane domain-containing protein 2(RNFT2); RNFT2, also known as transmembrane protein 118 (TMEM118), is a multi-pass membrane protein containing a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Its biological role remains unclear.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 18397483 290 ASGLDESGSGTECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLcMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICRQPIEELL 348
Cdd:cd16742   4 ATSQQCSEAGDICAICQAEFREPLILICQHV-FCEECLCLWFDRERTCPLCRSVVVETL 61

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RNA-binding protein MEX3B; MEX3B, also known as RING finger and KH domain-containing protein 3 (RKHD3), or RING finger protein 195 (RNF195), is an RNA-binding phosphoprotein that localizes in P-bodies and stress granules, which are two structures involved in the storage and turnover of mRNAs. It regulates the spatial organization of the Rap1 pathway that orchestrates Sertoli cell functions. It has a 3' long conserved untranslated region (3'LCU)-mediated fine-tuning system for mRNA regulation in early vertebrate development such as anteroposterior (AP) patterning and signal transduction. MEX3B contains two K homology (KH) domains that provide RNA-binding capacity, and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Like other MEX-3 family proteins, MEX3B shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm via the CRM1-dependent export pathway.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 18397483 301 ECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRLQSN-KCPICRQPIEELLEI 350
Cdd:cd16721   6 DCSICFESEVIAALVPCGHNLFCMECANRICEKNEpQCPVCHAAVTQAIRI 56

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C2H2C4-type), found in protein MDM4 and similar proteins; MDM4, also known as double minute 4 protein (Hdm4), MDM2-like p53-binding protein, protein MDMX, HDMX, or p53-binding protein MDM4, exerts its oncogenic activity predominantly by binding p53 tumor suppressor and blocking its transcriptional activity. MDM4 is phosphorylated and destabilized in response to DNA damage stress. It can also be specifically dephosphorylated by directly interacting with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), which may increase its stability and thus inhibit p53 activity. Meanwhile, MDM4 has a p53-independent role in tumorigenesis and cell growth regulation. MDM4 contains an N-terminal p53-binding domain and a C-terminal modified C2H2C4-type RING-HC finger responsible for its hetero-oligomerization, which is crucial for the suppression of P53 activity during embryonic development and the recruitment of E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. MDM4 also harbors a RanBP2-type zinc finger (zf-RanBP2) domain near the central acidic region.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 18397483 302 CVICMTEAKDTAVLPCR--HLCMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICRQPIEELLEIKM 352
Cdd:cd16784   6 CSLCQKRPRNGNIVHGRtaHLVTCFHCARRLKKAGAPCPVCKKEIQMVIKIFI 58

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein unkempt (UNK), unkempt-like (UNKL), and similar proteins; UNK, also known as zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 5, is a metazoan-specific zinc finger protein enriched in embryonic brains. It may play a broad regulatory role during the formation of the central nervous system (CNS). It is a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein required for early neuronal morphology. UNK is a neurogenic component of the mTOR pathway, and functions as a negative regulator of the timing of photoreceptor differentiation. It also specifically binds to Brg/Brm-associated factor BAF60b and promotes its ubiquitination in a Rac1-dependent manner. UNKL, also known as zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 5-like, is a putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may participate in a protein complex showing an E3 ligase activity regulated by RAC1. Both UNK and UNKL contain several tandem CCCH-type zinc fingers at the N-terminus, and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger at its C-terminus.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 18397483 300 TECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKelrlQSNKCPIC 340
Cdd:cd16614   1 KKCMKCEERNRSVAVLPCQHYVLCEQCAE----TATECPYC 37

RING finger, HC subclass, found in really interesting new gene proteins RING1, RING2 and similar proteins; RING1, also known as polycomb complex protein RING1, RING finger protein 1 (RNF1), or RING finger protein 1A (RING1A), is a transcriptional repressor that is associated with the Polycomb group (PcG) protein complex involved in stable repression of gene activity. RING2, also known as huntingtin-interacting protein 2-interacting protein 3, HIP2-interacting protein 3, protein DinG, RING finger protein 1B (RING1B), RING finger protein 2 (RNF2), or RING finger protein BAP-1, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with both nucleosomal DNA and an acidic patch on histone H4 to achieve the specific monoubiquitination of K119 on histone H2A (H2AK119ub), thereby playing a central role in histone code and gene regulation. Both RING1 and RING2 are core components of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) that functions as an E3-ubuiquitin ligase transferring the mono-ubuiquitin mark to the C-terminal tail of Histone H2A at K118/K119. PRC1 is also capable of chromatin compaction, a function not requiring histone tails, and this activity appears important in gene silencing. RING2 acts as the main E3 ubiquitin ligase on histone H2A of the PRC1 complex, while RING1 may rather act as a modulator of RNF2/RING2 activity. Members of this family contain a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 18397483 300 TECVICMTEAKDT-AVLPCRHLcMCSDC-AKELRLQSNKCPICRQPI 344
Cdd:cd16531   2 LMCPICLGIIKNTmTVKECLHR-FCAECiEKALRLGNKECPTCRKHL 47

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase 1 (TUL1) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae TUL1, Schizosaccharomyces pombe DSC E3 ubiquitin ligase complex subunit 1 (DSC1), and Arabidopsis thaliana protein FLYING SAUCER 2 (FLY2). TUL1 is the catalytic component of DSC E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that tag proteins present in Golgi, endosome and vacuole membranes and function in protein homeostasis under non-stress conditions, and support a role in protein quality control. It mediates ubiquitination of vacuolar proteins such as CPS1, PPN1, PEP12 and other proteins containing exposed hydrophilic residues within their transmembrane domains, leading to their sorting into internal vesicles in late endosomes. TUL1 also targets the unpalmitoylated endosomal SNARE TLG1 to the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway. DSC1, also known as defective for SREBP cleavage protein 1, is the catalytic component of the DSC E3 ubiquitin ligase complex required for the sre1 transcriptional activator proteolytic cleavage to release the soluble transcription factor from the membrane in low oxygen or sterol conditions. FLY2 acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may be involved in xylem development. Members of this subfamily contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 18397483 296 SGSGTECVICMTE---------AKDTAVLPCRHL--CMCSDCAKELRLQsnkCPICRQP 343
Cdd:cd23117   1 ENGSVDCVICMSDielpstnsvRRDYMVTPCNHIfhTNCLERWMDIKLE---CPTCRRP 56

N1R/p28-like protein; Provisional

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 18397483  261 KVKVVKQIL-WIEGVRYELRELYgsttqgaasgldESGSGTECVICMTEAKDT-------AVLP-CRHLcMCSDCAKELR 331
Cdd:PHA02929 147 KGKNYKKFLkTIPSVLSEYEKLY------------NRSKDKECAICMEKVYDKeiknmyfGILSnCNHV-FCIECIDIWK 213

                         90
                 ....*....|..
gi 18397483  332 LQSNKCPICRQP 343
Cdd:PHA02929 214 KEKNTCPVCRTP 225

H2 subclass of RING (RING-H2) fingers and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). This family corresponds to the H2 subclass of RING (RING-H2) finger proteins that are characterized by containing C3H2C3-type canonical RING-H2 fingers or noncanonical RING-H2 finger variants, including C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type modified RING-H2 fingers. The canonical RING-H2 finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-H-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C, X is any amino acid and the number of X residues varies in different fingers. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-H2 finger can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serves as a scaffold for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 18397483 302 CVICMTEAKD---TAVLPCRHlCMCSDCAKE-LRLQSNKCPICR 341
Cdd:cd16448   1 CVICLEEFEEgdvVRLLPCGH-VFHLACILRwLESGNNTCPLCR 43

RING-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 18397483 301 ECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHL--CMCSDCAKELRlQSNKCPICRQ 342
Cdd:COG5574 217 KCFLCLEEPEVPSCTPCGHLfcLSCLLISWTKK-KYEFCPLCRA 259

first RING finger, HC subclass, found in mind bomb 1 (MIB1) and similar proteins; MIB1, also known as DAPK-interacting protein 1 (DIP-1) or zinc finger ZZ type with ankyrin repeat domain protein 2, is a large, multi-domain E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes ubiquitination of the cytoplasmic tails of Notch ligands, and thus plays an essential role in controlling metazoan development by Notch signaling. It is also involved in Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling, and has been implicated in innate immunity, neuronal function, genomic stability, and cell death. MIB1 contains an MZM region with two Mib-Herc2 domains flanking a ZZ zinc finger, a REP region including two tandem Mib repeats, an ANK region that spans ankyrin repeats, and a RNG region consisting of three C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers. This model corresponds to the first RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 18397483 301 ECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLCMCSDCAKELRlqsnKCPICR 341
Cdd:cd16724   2 ECMVCSDMKRDTLFGPCGHIATCSLCSPRVK----KCLICK 38

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger);

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 18397483   301 ECVICMTEAKDTAVL-PCRHLcMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPIC 340
Cdd:pfam13923   1 MCPICMDMLKDPSTTtPCGHV-FCQDCILRALEASNECPLC 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM9, TRIM67, and similar proteins; Tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM9 and TRIM67 belong to the C-I subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, consisting of three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a COS (carboxyl-terminal subgroup one signature) box, a fibronectin type III (FN3) domain, and a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM9 (the human ortholog of rat Spring), also known as RING finger protein 91 (RNF91), is a brain-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase collaborating with an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBCH5b. TRIM9 plays an important role in the regulation of neuronal functions and participates in neurodegenerative disorders through its ligase activity. TRIM67, also known as TRIM9-like protein (TNL), is a protein selectively expressed in the cerebellum. It interacts with PRG-1, an important molecule in the control of hippocampal excitability dependent on presynaptic LPA2 receptor signaling, and 80K-H, also known as glucosidase II beta, a protein kinase C substrate.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 18397483 302 CVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHlCMCSDCAKELRLqsnKCPICRQ 342
Cdd:cd16576   6 CPVCGSLFTEPVILPCSH-NLCLGCALNIQL---TCPICHK 42

RING finger, HC subclass, found in promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and similar proteins; Protein PML, also known as RING finger protein 71 (RNF71) or tripartite motif-containing protein 19 (TRIM19), is predominantly a nuclear protein with a broad intrinsic antiviral activity. It is the eponymous component of PML nuclear bodies (PML NBs) and has been implicated in a wide variety of cell processes, including DNA damage signaling, apoptosis, and transcription. PML interferes with the replication of many unrelated viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), human foamy virus (HFV), poliovirus, influenza virus, rabies virus, EMCV, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). It also selectively interacts with misfolded proteins through distinct substrate recognition sites and conjugates these proteins with the small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) through its SUMO ligase activity. PML belongs to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as an uncharacterized region positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 18397483 302 CVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHlCMCSDCAKELRLQSN-----KCPICRQP 343
Cdd:cd16579   7 CPGCKAEYKCPKLLPCLH-TVCSGCLEALAEQASettefQCPICKAS 52

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF113A, RNF113B, and similar proteins; RNF113A, also known as zinc finger protein 183 (ZNF183), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that physically interacts with the E2 protein, UBE2U. A nonsense mutation in RNF113A is associated with an X-linked trichothiodystrophy (TTD). Its yeast ortholog Cwc24p is predicted to have a spliceosome function and acts in a complex with Cef1p to participate in pre-U3 snoRNA splicing, indirectly affecting pre-rRNA processing. It is also important for the U2 snRNP binding to primary transcripts and co-migrates with spliceosomes. Moreover, the ortholog of RNF113A in fruit flies may also act as a spliceosome and is hypothesized to be involved in splicing, namely within the central nervous system. The ortholog in Caenorhabditis elegans is involved in DNA repair of inter-strand crosslinks. RNF113B, also known as zinc finger protein 183-like 1, shows high sequence similarity with RNF113A. Both RNF113A and RNF113B contain a CCCH-type zinc finger, which is commonly found in RNA-binding proteins involved in splicing, and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, which is frequently found in E3 ubiquitin ligases.

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gi 18397483 302 CVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHlCMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICRQPIE 345
Cdd:cd16539   8 CFICRKPFKNPVVTKCGH-YFCEKCALKHYRKSKKCFVCGKQTN 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Deltex3 (DTX3), Deltex-3-like (DTX3L) and similar proteins; This subfamily contains Deltex3 (DTX3) and Deltex-3-like (DTX3L), both of which are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases belonging to the Deltex (DTX) family. DTX3, also known as RING finger protein 154 (RNF154), has a biological function that remains unclear. DTX3L, also known as B-lymphoma- and BAL-associated protein (BBAP) or Rhysin-2 (Rhysin2), regulates endosomal sorting of the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 from endosomes to lysosomes. It also regulates subcellular localization of its partner protein, B aggressive lymphoma (BAL), by a dynamic nucleocytoplasmic trafficking mechanism. In contrast to other DTXs, both DTX3 and DTX3L contain a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and a previously unidentified C-terminal domain. DTX3L can associate with DTX1 through its unique N termini and further enhance self-ubiquitination.

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gi 18397483 300 TECVICMTEAKDTAVLP-CRHlCMCSDCAKELRLQSNKCPICR 341
Cdd:cd16506   1 DTCPICLDEIQNKKTLEkCKH-SFCEDCIDRALQVKPVCPVCG 42

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 5 (RNF5) and similar proteins; RNF5, also known as protein G16 or Ram1, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase anchored to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It acts at early stages of cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) biosynthesis and functions as a target for therapeutic modalities to antagonize mutant CFTR proteins in CF patients carrying the F508del allele. It also regulates the turnover of specific G protein-coupled receptors by ubiquitinating JNK-associated membrane protein (JAMP) and preventing proteasome recruitment. RNF5 limits basal levels of autophagy and influences susceptibility to bacterial infection through the regulation of ATG4B stability. It is also involved in the degradation of Pendrin, a transmembrane chloride/anion exchanger highly expressed in thyroid, kidney, and inner ear. RNF5 plays an important role in cell adhesion and migration. It can modulate cell migration by ubiquitinating paxillin. Furthermore, RNF5 interacts with virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA) at mitochondria in a viral infection-dependent manner, and further targets VISA at K362 and K461 for K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation after viral infection. It also negatively regulates virus-triggered signaling by targeting MITA, also known as STING, for ubiquitination and degradation at the mitochondria. In addition, RNF5 determines breast cancer response to ER stress-inducing chemotherapies through the regulation of the L-glutamine carrier proteins SLC1A5 and SLC38A2 (SLC1A5/38A2). It also has been implicated in muscle organization and in recognition and processing of misfolded proteins. RNF5 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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gi 18397483 301 ECVICMTEAKDTAVLPCRHLcMCSDCAK---ELRLQSNKCPICRQPI 344
Cdd:cd16743   2 ECNICLETARDAVVSLCGHL-FCWPCLHqwlETRPERQECPVCKAGI 47