seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor superfamily; This hierarchical evolutionary model represents the seven-transmembrane (7TM) receptors, often referred to as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which transmit physiological signals from the outside of the cell to the inside via G proteins. GPCRs constitute the largest known superfamily of transmembrane receptors across the three kingdoms of life that respond to a wide variety of extracellular stimuli including peptides, lipids, neurotransmitters, amino acids, hormones, and sensory stimuli such as light, smell and taste. All GPCRs share a common structural architecture comprising of seven-transmembrane (TM) alpha-helices interconnected by three extracellular and three intracellular loops. A general feature of GPCR signaling is agonist-induced conformational changes in the receptors, leading to activation of the heterotrimeric G proteins, which consist of the guanine nucleotide-binding G-alpha subunit and the dimeric G-beta-gamma subunits. The activated G proteins then bind to and activate numerous downstream effector proteins, which generate second messengers that mediate a broad range of cellular and physiological processes. However, some 7TM receptors, such as the type 1 microbial rhodopsins, do not activate G proteins. Based on sequence similarity, GPCRs can be divided into six major classes: class A (the rhodopsin-like family), class B (the Methuselah-like, adhesion and secretin-like receptor family), class C (the metabotropic glutamate receptor family), class D (the fungal mating pheromone receptors), class E (the cAMP receptor family), and class F (the frizzled/smoothened receptor family). Nearly 800 human GPCR genes have been identified and are involved essentially in all major physiological processes. Approximately 40% of clinically marketed drugs mediate their effects through modulation of GPCR function for the treatment of a variety of human diseases including bacterial infections.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  923 AGAPSVPLVIGCAVSCMALLTLLAIYAAFWRFIKSERSIILLNFCLSILASNILILVGQSRVLSKGVCTMTAAFLHFFFL 1002
Cdd:cd15988      1 TGSPSVPLMIGCAVSCMALLILLAIYAAFWRFIRSERSIILLNFCLSILASNILILVGQSQTLSKGVCTMTAAFLHFFFL 80

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1003 SSFCWVLTEAWQSYLAVIGRMRTRLVRKRFLCLGWGLPALVVAVSVGFTRTKGYGTSSYCWLSLEGGLLYAFVGPAAVIV 1082
Cdd:cd15988     81 SSFCWVLTEAWQSYLAVIGRMRTRLVRKRFLCLGWGLPALVVAVSVGFTRTKGYGTASYCWLSLEGGLLYAFVGPAAVIV 160

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1083 LVNMLIGIIVFNKLMARDGVSDKSKKQRAG---------------------------------ASLWSSCVVLPLLALTW 1129
Cdd:cd15988    161 LVNMLIGIIVFNKLMSRDGISDKSKKQRAGseaepcsslllkcskcgvvssaamssatassamASLWSSCVVLPLLALTW 240

                          250       260       270       280       290
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1783383493 1130 MSAVLAMTDRRSVLFQALFAVFNSAQGFVITAVHCFLRREVQDVVKCQMGV 1180
Cdd:cd15988    241 MSAVLAMTDRRSILFQVLFAVFNSVQGFVIITVHCFLRREVQDVVKCQMGG 291

GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain; The GAIN a domain of alpha-helices and beta-strands that is found in cell-adhesion GPCRs and precedes the GPS motif where the autoproteolysis occurs, family, pfam01825. The full GAIN domain, comprises the GPS and the GAIN, in cell-adhesion GPCRs, and is the functional unit for autoproteolysis. The GPS motif at the end of the GAIN domain is an ancient domain that exists in primitive ancestor organizms, and the full GAIN + GPS is conserved in all cell-adhesion GPCRs and all PKD1-related proteins.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  605 GMSQVVRSLQELLARRTYYSGDLLFSVDILRNVTDTFKRATYVPSADDVQRFFQVVSFMVDSENKDKWDDAQQVSPGSVH 684
Cdd:pfam16489    1 GAKELARELRNATRHGPLYGGDVLTAVELLSQLFDLLATQDATLSNAFLENFVQTVSNLLDPENRESWEDLQQTERGTAA 80

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  685 --LLRVVEDFIHLVGDALKAFQSSLIVTDNLVISIQRE--PISAVSSDITFPMRGRRGmkdwvrHSEDRLFLPKEVLSLS 760
Cdd:pfam16489   81 tkLLRTLEEYALLLAQNMKYLTPFTIVTPNIVLSVDRLdtHNFKGARFPRFPMKGERP------KDEDSVKLPPKAFKPP 154

G-protein-coupled receptor proteolytic site domain; Present in latrophilin/CL-1, sea urchin REJ and polycystin.

                            10        20        30        40        50
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1783383493   864 TDPHCASWDYSRadtnsGDWNTESCQTLETQAAHTRCQCQHLSTFAVLAQPPKD 917
Cdd:smart00303    1 FNPICVFWDESS-----GEWSTRGCELLETNGTHTTCSCNHLTTFAVLMDVPPI 49

Thrombospondin type 1 repeats; Type 1 repeats in thrombospondin-1 bind and activate TGF-beta.

                            10        20        30        40        50
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1783383493   469 WGPWNAWSLCSKTCDTGWQRRFRMC--QASGTQGYPCEGTGEEVKPCSEKRCP 519
Cdd:smart00209    1 WSEWSEWSPCSVTCGGGVQTRTRSCcsPPPQNGGGPCTGEDVETRACNEQPCP 53

Domain present in hormone receptors;

                            10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1783383493   522 HEMCRDEYVMLMTWKRAAAGEIIYNKCPPNASG-----SASRRCLLSAQgvayWGL--PSFARCISHEYRYL 586
Cdd:smart00008    2 DLGCPATWDGIICWPQTPAGQLVEVPCPKYFSGfsyktGASRNCTENGG----WSPpfPNYSNCTSNDYEEL 69

brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2, a group VII adhesion GPCR, member of the class B2 family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors; Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitors (BAI1-3) constitute the group VII of cell-adhesion receptors that have been implicated in vascularization of glioblastomas. They belong to the B2 subfamily of class B GPCRs, are predominantly expressed in the brain, and are only present in vertebrates. Three BAIs, like all adhesion receptors, are characterized by the presence of large N-terminal extracellular domains containing multiple adhesion motifs, which play critical roles in cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix interactions, that are coupled to a class B seven-transmembrane domain. For example, BAI1 N-terminus contain an integrin-binding RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif in addition to five thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs), which are known to regulate the anti-angiogenic activity of thrombospondin-1, whereas BAI2 and BAI3 have four TSRs, but do not possess RGD motifs. The TSRs are functionally involved in cell attachment, activation of latent TGF-beta, inhibition of angiogenesis and endothelial cell migration. The TSRs of BAI1 mediates direct binding to phosphatidylserine, which enables both recognition and internalization of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Thus, BAI1 functions as a phosphatidylserine receptor that forms a trimeric complex with ELMO and Dock180, leading to activation of Rac-GTPase which promotes the binding and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. BAI3 can also interact with the ELMO-Dock180 complex to activate the Rac pathway and can also bind to secreted C1ql proteins of the C1Q complement family via its N-terminal TSRs. BAI3 and its ligands C1QL1 are highly expressed during synaptogenesis and are involved in synapse specificity. Moreover, BAI2 acts as a transcription repressor to regulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression through interaction with GA-binding protein gamma (GABP). The N-terminal extracellular domains of all three BAIs also contain an evolutionarily conserved GPCR-autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain, which undergoes autoproteolytic processing at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) motif to generate N- and C-terminal fragments (NTF and CTF), a putative hormone-binding domain (HBD), and multiple N-glycosylation sites. The C-terminus of each BAI subtype ends with a conserved Gln-Thr-Glu-Val (QTEV) motif known to interact with PDZ domain-containing proteins, but only BAI1 possesses a proline-rich region, which may be involved in protein-protein interactions.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  923 AGAPSVPLVIGCAVSCMALLTLLAIYAAFWRFIKSERSIILLNFCLSILASNILILVGQSRVLSKGVCTMTAAFLHFFFL 1002
Cdd:cd15988      1 TGSPSVPLMIGCAVSCMALLILLAIYAAFWRFIRSERSIILLNFCLSILASNILILVGQSQTLSKGVCTMTAAFLHFFFL 80

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1003 SSFCWVLTEAWQSYLAVIGRMRTRLVRKRFLCLGWGLPALVVAVSVGFTRTKGYGTSSYCWLSLEGGLLYAFVGPAAVIV 1082
Cdd:cd15988     81 SSFCWVLTEAWQSYLAVIGRMRTRLVRKRFLCLGWGLPALVVAVSVGFTRTKGYGTASYCWLSLEGGLLYAFVGPAAVIV 160

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1083 LVNMLIGIIVFNKLMARDGVSDKSKKQRAG---------------------------------ASLWSSCVVLPLLALTW 1129
Cdd:cd15988    161 LVNMLIGIIVFNKLMSRDGISDKSKKQRAGseaepcsslllkcskcgvvssaamssatassamASLWSSCVVLPLLALTW 240

                          250       260       270       280       290
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1783383493 1130 MSAVLAMTDRRSVLFQALFAVFNSAQGFVITAVHCFLRREVQDVVKCQMGV 1180
Cdd:cd15988    241 MSAVLAMTDRRSILFQVLFAVFNSVQGFVIITVHCFLRREVQDVVKCQMGG 291

7 transmembrane receptor (Secretin family); This family is known as Family B, the secretin-receptor family or family 2 of the G-protein-coupled receptors (GCPRs). They have been described in many animal species, but not in plants, fungi or prokaryotes. Three distinct sub-families are recognized. Subfamily B1 contains classical hormone receptors, such as receptors for secretin and glucagon, that are all involved in cAMP-mediated signalling pathways. Subfamily B2 contains receptors with long extracellular N-termini, such as the leukocyte cell-surface antigen CD97; calcium-independent receptors for latrotoxin, and brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitors amongst others. Subfamily B3 includes Methuselah and other Drosophila proteins. Other than the typical seven-transmembrane region, characteriztic structural features include an amino-terminal extracellular domain involved in ligand binding, and an intracellular loop (IC3) required for specific G-protein coupling.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  923 AGAPSVPLVIGCAVSCMALLTLLAIYAAFwRFIKSERSIILLNFCLSILASNILILVGQSRVLSKG--------VCTMTA 994
Cdd:pfam00002    1 ALSLKVIYTVGYSLSLVALLLAIAIFLLF-RKLHCTRNYIHLNLFASFILRALLFLVGDAVLFNKQdldhcswvGCKVVA 79

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  995 AFLHFFFLSSFCWVLTEAWQSYLA-VIGRMRTRLVRKRFLCLGWGLPALVVAVSVGFTrTKGYGTSSYCWLSLEGGLLYA 1073
Cdd:pfam00002   80 VFLHYFFLANFFWMLVEGLYLYTLlVEVFFSERKYFWWYLLIGWGVPALVVGIWAGVD-PKGYGEDDGCWLSNENGLWWI 158

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1074 FVGPAAVIVLVNMLIGIIVFNKLMARDGVSDKSKKQRAGASLW--SSCVVLPLLALTWMSAVLAMTDRR--SVLFQALFA 1149
Cdd:pfam00002  159 IRGPILLIILVNFIIFINIVRILVQKLRETNMGKSDLKQYRRLakSTLLLLPLLGITWVFGLFAFNPENtlRVVFLYLFL 238

                          250
                   ....*....|
gi 1783383493 1150 VFNSAQGFVI 1159
Cdd:pfam00002  239 ILNSFQGFFV 248

Thrombospondin type 1 repeats; Type 1 repeats in thrombospondin-1 bind and activate TGF-beta.

                            10        20        30        40        50
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1783383493   358 WEEWGSWSLCSRSCGRGSRSRMRTCV--PPQHGGKACEGPELQTKLCSMAACP 408
Cdd:smart00209    1 WSEWSEWSPCSVTCGGGVQTRTRSCCspPPQNGGGPCTGEDVETRACNEQPCP 53

GPCR proteolysis site, GPS, motif; The GPS motif is found in GPCRs, and is the site for auto-proteolysis, so is thus named, GPS. The GPS motif is a conserved sequence of ~40 amino acids containing canonical cysteine and tryptophan residues, and is the most highly conserved part of the domain. In most, if not all, cell-adhesion GPCRs these undergo autoproteolysis in the GPS between a conserved aliphatic residue (usually a leucine) and a threonine, serine, or cysteine residue. In higher eukaryotes this motif is found embedded in the C-terminal beta-stranded part of a GAIN domain - GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN). The GAIN-GPS domain adopts a fold in which the GPS motif, at the C-terminus, forms five beta-strands that are tightly integrated into the overall GAIN domain. The GPS motif, evolutionarily conserved from tetrahymena to mammals, is the only extracellular domain shared by all human cell-adhesion GPCRs and PKD proteins, and is the locus of multiple human disease mutations. The GAIN-GPS domain is both necessary and sufficient functionally for autoproteolysis, suggesting an autoproteolytic mechanism whereby the overall GAIN domain fine-tunes the chemical environment in the GPS to catalyze peptide bond hydrolysis. In the cell-adhesion GPCRs and PKD proteins, the GPS motif is always located at the end of their long N-terminal extracellular regions, immediately before the first transmembrane helix of the respective protein.

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1783383493  866 PHCASWDYSraDTNSGDWNTESCQTLETQAAHTRCQCQHLSTFAVL 911
Cdd:pfam01825    1 PQCVFWDFT--NSTTGRWSTEGCTTVSLNDTHTVCSCNHLTSFAVL 44

Thrombospondin type 1 repeats; Type 1 repeats in thrombospondin-1 bind and activate TGF-beta.

                            10        20        30        40        50
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1783383493   469 WGPWNAWSLCSKTCDTGWQRRFRMC--QASGTQGYPCEGTGEEVKPCSEKRCP 519
Cdd:smart00209    1 WSEWSEWSPCSVTCGGGVQTRTRSCcsPPPQNGGGPCTGEDVETRACNEQPCP 53

Thrombospondin type 1 domain;

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1783383493  305 EWSPWSVCSLTCGQGLQVRTRSCVS-SPYGTLCSGPLRETRPCN 347
Cdd:pfam00090    2 PWSPWSPCSVTCGKGIQVRQRTCKSpFPGGEPCTGDDIETQACK 45

Domain present in hormone receptors;

                            10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1783383493   522 HEMCRDEYVMLMTWKRAAAGEIIYNKCPPNASG-----SASRRCLLSAQgvayWGL--PSFARCISHEYRYL 586
Cdd:smart00008    2 DLGCPATWDGIICWPQTPAGQLVEVPCPKYFSGfsyktGASRNCTENGG----WSPpfPNYSNCTSNDYEEL 69

Thrombospondin type 1 domain;

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1783383493  470 GPWNAWSLCSKTCDTGWQRRFRMCQASGTQGYPCEGTGEEVKPCSEKRC 518
Cdd:pfam00090    1 SPWSPWSPCSVTCGKGIQVRQRTCKSPFPGGEPCTGDDIETQACKMDKC 49

sporozoite surface protein 2 (SSP2); Provisional

                           10        20        30        40        50        60
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1783383493  350 ATCpvhGVWEEWgswSLCSRSCGRGSRSRMRtcvPPQHGGkaCEgPELQTKlCSMAACPVE 410
Cdd:PTZ00441   238 ASC---GPWDEW---TPCSVTCGKGTHSRSR---PILHEG--CT-THMVEE-CEEEECPVE 285

brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2, a group VII adhesion GPCR, member of the class B2 family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors; Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitors (BAI1-3) constitute the group VII of cell-adhesion receptors that have been implicated in vascularization of glioblastomas. They belong to the B2 subfamily of class B GPCRs, are predominantly expressed in the brain, and are only present in vertebrates. Three BAIs, like all adhesion receptors, are characterized by the presence of large N-terminal extracellular domains containing multiple adhesion motifs, which play critical roles in cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix interactions, that are coupled to a class B seven-transmembrane domain. For example, BAI1 N-terminus contain an integrin-binding RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif in addition to five thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs), which are known to regulate the anti-angiogenic activity of thrombospondin-1, whereas BAI2 and BAI3 have four TSRs, but do not possess RGD motifs. The TSRs are functionally involved in cell attachment, activation of latent TGF-beta, inhibition of angiogenesis and endothelial cell migration. The TSRs of BAI1 mediates direct binding to phosphatidylserine, which enables both recognition and internalization of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Thus, BAI1 functions as a phosphatidylserine receptor that forms a trimeric complex with ELMO and Dock180, leading to activation of Rac-GTPase which promotes the binding and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. BAI3 can also interact with the ELMO-Dock180 complex to activate the Rac pathway and can also bind to secreted C1ql proteins of the C1Q complement family via its N-terminal TSRs. BAI3 and its ligands C1QL1 are highly expressed during synaptogenesis and are involved in synapse specificity. Moreover, BAI2 acts as a transcription repressor to regulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression through interaction with GA-binding protein gamma (GABP). The N-terminal extracellular domains of all three BAIs also contain an evolutionarily conserved GPCR-autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain, which undergoes autoproteolytic processing at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) motif to generate N- and C-terminal fragments (NTF and CTF), a putative hormone-binding domain (HBD), and multiple N-glycosylation sites. The C-terminus of each BAI subtype ends with a conserved Gln-Thr-Glu-Val (QTEV) motif known to interact with PDZ domain-containing proteins, but only BAI1 possesses a proline-rich region, which may be involved in protein-protein interactions.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  923 AGAPSVPLVIGCAVSCMALLTLLAIYAAFWRFIKSERSIILLNFCLSILASNILILVGQSRVLSKGVCTMTAAFLHFFFL 1002
Cdd:cd15988      1 TGSPSVPLMIGCAVSCMALLILLAIYAAFWRFIRSERSIILLNFCLSILASNILILVGQSQTLSKGVCTMTAAFLHFFFL 80

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1003 SSFCWVLTEAWQSYLAVIGRMRTRLVRKRFLCLGWGLPALVVAVSVGFTRTKGYGTSSYCWLSLEGGLLYAFVGPAAVIV 1082
Cdd:cd15988     81 SSFCWVLTEAWQSYLAVIGRMRTRLVRKRFLCLGWGLPALVVAVSVGFTRTKGYGTASYCWLSLEGGLLYAFVGPAAVIV 160

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1083 LVNMLIGIIVFNKLMARDGVSDKSKKQRAG---------------------------------ASLWSSCVVLPLLALTW 1129
Cdd:cd15988    161 LVNMLIGIIVFNKLMSRDGISDKSKKQRAGseaepcsslllkcskcgvvssaamssatassamASLWSSCVVLPLLALTW 240

                          250       260       270       280       290
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1783383493 1130 MSAVLAMTDRRSVLFQALFAVFNSAQGFVITAVHCFLRREVQDVVKCQMGV 1180
Cdd:cd15988    241 MSAVLAMTDRRSILFQVLFAVFNSVQGFVIITVHCFLRREVQDVVKCQMGG 291

brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1, a group VII adhesion GPCR, member of the class B2 family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors; Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitors (BAI1-3) constitute the group VII of cell-adhesion receptors that have been implicated in vascularization of glioblastomas. They belong to the B2 subfamily of class B GPCRs, are predominantly expressed in the brain, and are only present in vertebrates. Three BAIs, like all adhesion receptors, are characterized by the presence of large N-terminal extracellular domains containing multiple adhesion motifs, which play critical roles in cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix interactions, that are coupled to a class B seven-transmembrane domain. For example, BAI1 N-terminus contain an integrin-binding RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif in addition to five thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs), which are known to regulate the anti-angiogenic activity of thrombospondin-1, whereas BAI2 and BAI3 have four TSRs, but do not possess RGD motifs. The TSRs are functionally involved in cell attachment, activation of latent TGF-beta, inhibition of angiogenesis and endothelial cell migration. The TSRs of BAI1 mediates direct binding to phosphatidylserine, which enables both recognition and internalization of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Thus, BAI1 functions as a phosphatidylserine receptor that forms a trimeric complex with ELMO and Dock180, leading to activation of Rac-GTPase which promotes the binding and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. BAI3 can also interact with the ELMO-Dock180 complex to activate the Rac pathway and can also bind to secreted C1ql proteins of the C1Q complement family via its N-terminal TSRs. BAI3 and its ligands C1QL1 are highly expressed during synaptogenesis and are involved in synapse specificity. Moreover, BAI2 acts as a transcription repressor to regulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression through interaction with GA-binding protein gamma (GABP). The N-terminal extracellular domains of all three BAIs also contain an evolutionarily conserved GPCR-autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain, which undergoes autoproteolytic processing at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) motif to generate N- and C-terminal fragments (NTF and CTF), a putative hormone-binding domain (HBD), and multiple N-glycosylation sites. The C-terminus of each BAI subtype ends with a conserved Gln-Thr-Glu-Val (QTEV) motif known to interact with PDZ domain-containing proteins, but only BAI1 possesses a proline-rich region, which may be involved in protein-protein interactions.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  920 LELAGAPSVPLVIGCAVSCMALLTLLAIYAAFWRFIKSERSIILLNFCLSILASNILILVGQSRVLSKGVCTMTAAFLHF 999
Cdd:cd15990      1 MEKALLPSVTLIVGCGVSSLTLLLLIIIYVSVWRYIRSERSVILINFCLSIISSNALILIGQTQTRNKVVCTLVAAFLHF 80

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1000 FFLSSFCWVLTEAWQSYLAVIGRMRTRLVRKRFLCLGWGLPALVVAVSVGFTRTKGYGTSSYCWLSLEGGLLYAFVGPAA 1079
Cdd:cd15990     81 FFLSSFCWVLTEAWQSYMAVTGRLRNRIIRKRFLCLGWGLPALVVAISVGFTKAKGYGTVNYCWLSLEGGLLYAFVGPAA 160

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1080 VIVLVNMLIGIIVFNKLMARDGVSDKSKKQRAGASLWSSCVVLPLLALTWMSAVLAMTDRRSVLFQALFAVFNSAQGFVI 1159
Cdd:cd15990    161 AVVLVNMVIGILVFNKLVSKDGITDKKLKERAGASLWSSCVVLPLLALTWMSAVLAITDRRSALFQILFAVFDSLEGFVI 240

                          250       260
                   ....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1783383493 1160 TAVHCFLRREVQDVVKCQMgVCRADE 1185
Cdd:cd15990    241 VMVHCILRREVQDAVKCRV-VDRQEE 265

Adhesion GPCR B N-terminal region; This region is found at the N-terminus of various adhesion G-protein coupled receptor B proteins. This region contains 10 cysteine residues that probably form disulphide bonds.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493   26 SACSALASGVLYGAFSLQDLFPTIASGCSWTLENPDPTKYSLYLRFNRQEQVCTHFAPRLLPLDHYLVNFTclrpgpeea 105
Cdd:pfam19188    1 DPCSTLVQGVLYGSFSLRDLFPTNASGCSWTLENPDPTKYTLYLKFTKPTQSCLPFSPRLLQFDHYLENTT--------- 71

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  106 taraESEVGRPeeeeeeaaAAASGLELCGGSGPFTFLHFDKNFVQLCLSAEPSEAPRLLAPAALAFRFVEVLLINNNNSS 185
Cdd:pfam19188   72 ----RTYLGRE--------SFDEVVELCDASSPFSFLEFDKNFVQLCLLAEPRGDPESVVPGPSGDFKVEVLVINNENPS 139

                          170       180       190
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1783383493  186 QFTCGVLCRWSEECGRAA--GRACGFAQPGCSCPGEAG 221
Cdd:pfam19188  140 QFTCGVLCRWLEECLSAStsSRPCGIMQTPCICPGTVP 177

adhesion receptors, subfamily B2 of the class B family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors; The B2 subfamily of class B GPCRs consists of cell-adhesion receptors with 33 members in humans and vertebrates. The adhesion receptors are characterized by the presence of large N-terminal extracellular domains containing a variety of structural motifs, which play critical roles in cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix interactions, linked to a class B seven-transmembrane domain. These include, for example, EGF (epidermal growth factor)-like domains in CD97, Celsr1 (cadherin family member), Celsr2, Celsr3, EMR1 (EGF-module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1), EMR2, EMR3, and Flamingo; two laminin A G-type repeats and nine cadherin domains in Flamingo and its human orthologs Celsr1, Celsr2 and Celsr3; olfactomedin-like domains in the latrotoxin receptors; and five or four thrombospondin type 1 repeats in BAI1 (brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1), BAI2 and BAI3. Furthermore, almost all adhesion receptors, except GPR123, contain an evolutionarily conserved GPCR- autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain that undergoes autoproteolytic processing at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) motif located immediately N-terminal to the first transmembrane region, to generate N- and C-terminal fragments (NTF and CTF), which may serve important biological functions.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  932 IGCAVSCMALLTLLAIYAAFWRFIKSERSIILLNFCLSILASNILILVGQSRVLSKGVCTMTAAFLHFFFLSSFCWVLTE 1011
Cdd:cd15040     10 IGCGLSLLGLLLTIITYILFRKLRKRKPTKILLNLCLALLLANLLFLFGINSTDNPVLCTAVAALLHYFLLASFMWMLVE 89

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1012 AWQSYLAVIGRMRT--RLVRKRFLCLGWGLPALVVAVSVGFTRTKGYGTSSYCWLSLEGGLLYAFVGPAAVIVLVNMLIG 1089
Cdd:cd15040     90 ALLLYLRLVKVFGTypRHFILKYALIGWGLPLIIVIITLAVDPDSYGNSSGYCWLSNGNGLYYAFLGPVLLIILVNLVIF 169

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1090 IIVFNKLMARDGVSDKSKKQRAGASLWSSCVVLPLLALTWMSAVLAMTDRRSVlFQALFAVFNSAQGFVITAVHCFLRRE 1169
Cdd:cd15040    170 VLVLRKLLRLSAKRNKKKRKKTKAQLRAAVSLFFLLGLTWIFGILAIFGARVV-FQYLFAIFNSLQGFFIFIFHCLRNKE 248

                   ...
gi 1783383493 1170 VQD 1172
Cdd:cd15040    249 VRK 251

class B family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors; The class B of seven-transmembrane GPCRs is classified into three major subfamilies: subfamily B1 (secretin-like receptor family), B2 (adhesion family), and B3 (Methuselah-like family). The class B receptors have been identified in all the vertebrates, from fishes to mammals, as well as invertebrates including Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, but are not present in plants, fungi or prokaryotes. The B1 subfamily comprises receptors for polypeptide hormones of 27-141 amino-acid residues such as secretin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide (GLP), calcitonin gene-related peptide, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and corticotropin-releasing factor. These receptors contain the large N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD), which plays a critical role in hormone recognition by binding to the C-terminal portion of the peptide. On the other hand, the N-terminal segment of the hormone induces receptor activation by interacting with the receptor transmembrane domains and connecting extracellular loops, triggering intracellular signaling pathways. All members of the subfamily B1 receptors preferentially couple to G proteins of G(s) family, which positively stimulate adenylate cyclase, leading to increased intracellular cAMP formation and calcium influx. The subfamily B2 consists of cell-adhesion receptors with 33 members in humans and vertebrates. The adhesion receptors are characterized by the presence of large N-terminal extracellular domains containing a variety of structural motifs, which play critical roles in cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix interactions, linked to a class B seven-transmembrane domain. These include, for example, EGF (epidermal growth factor)-like domains in CD97, Celsr1 (cadherin family member), Celsr2, Celsr3, EMR1 (EGF-module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1), EMR2, EMR3, and Flamingo; two laminin A G-type repeats and nine cadherin domains in Flamingo and its human orthologs Celsr1, Celsr2 and Celsr3; olfactomedin-like domains in the latrotoxin receptors; and five or four thrombospondin type 1 repeats in BAI1 (brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1), BAI2 and BAI3. Almost all adhesion receptors, except GPR123, contain an evolutionarily conserved GPCR- autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain that undergoes autoproteolytic processing at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) motif located immediately N-terminal to the first transmembrane region, to generate N- and C-terminal fragments (NTF and CTF), which may serve important biological functions. Furthermore, the subfamily B3 includes Methuselah (Mth) protein, which was originally identified in Drosophila as a GPCR affecting stress resistance and aging, and its closely related proteins.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  931 VIGCAVSCMALLTLLAIYAAFWRFIKSeRSIILLNFCLSILASNILILVGQSRVLSKG--VCTMTAAFLHFFFLSSFCWV 1008
Cdd:cd13952      9 YIGCSLSLVGLLLTIITYLLFPKLRNL-RGKILINLCLSLLLAQLLFLIGQLLTSSDRpvLCKALAILLHYFLLASFFWM 87

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1009 LTEAWQSYLAVIGRMRTRLvRKRFL---CLGWGLPALVVAVSVGFTRT----KGYGTSSYCWLSLEGGLLYAFVGPAAVI 1081
Cdd:cd13952     88 LVEAFDLYRTFVKVFGSSE-RRRFLkysLYGWGLPLLIVIITAIVDFSlygpSPGYGGEYCWLSNGNALLWAFYGPVLLI 166

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1082 VLVNMLIGIIVFNKLMARDGVSDK-SKKQRAGASLWSSCVVLPLLALTWMSAVLAMTDRRSVLFQALFAVFNSAQGFVIT 1160
Cdd:cd13952    167 LLVNLVFFILTVRILLRKLRETPKqSERKSDRKQLRAYLKLFPLMGLTWIFGILAPFVGGSLVFWYLFDILNSLQGFFIF 246

                          250
                   ....*....|.
gi 1783383493 1161 AVHCFLRREVQ 1171
Cdd:cd13952    247 LIFCLKNKEVR 257

GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain; The GAIN a domain of alpha-helices and beta-strands that is found in cell-adhesion GPCRs and precedes the GPS motif where the autoproteolysis occurs, family, pfam01825. The full GAIN domain, comprises the GPS and the GAIN, in cell-adhesion GPCRs, and is the functional unit for autoproteolysis. The GPS motif at the end of the GAIN domain is an ancient domain that exists in primitive ancestor organizms, and the full GAIN + GPS is conserved in all cell-adhesion GPCRs and all PKD1-related proteins.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  605 GMSQVVRSLQELLARRTYYSGDLLFSVDILRNVTDTFKRATYVPSADDVQRFFQVVSFMVDSENKDKWDDAQQVSPGSVH 684
Cdd:pfam16489    1 GAKELARELRNATRHGPLYGGDVLTAVELLSQLFDLLATQDATLSNAFLENFVQTVSNLLDPENRESWEDLQQTERGTAA 80

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  685 --LLRVVEDFIHLVGDALKAFQSSLIVTDNLVISIQRE--PISAVSSDITFPMRGRRGmkdwvrHSEDRLFLPKEVLSLS 760
Cdd:pfam16489   81 tkLLRTLEEYALLLAQNMKYLTPFTIVTPNIVLSVDRLdtHNFKGARFPRFPMKGERP------KDEDSVKLPPKAFKPP 154

cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptors, group IV adhesion GPCRs, member of the class B2 family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors; The group IV adhesion GPCRs include the cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptors (CELSRs) and their Drosophila homolog Flamingo (also known as Starry night). These receptors are also classified as that belongs to the EGF-TM7 group of subfamily B2 adhesion GPCRs, because they contain EGF-like domains. Functionally, the group IV receptors act as key regulators of many physiological processes such as endocrine cell differentiation, neuronal migration, dendrite growth, axon, guidance, lymphatic vessel and valve formation, and planar cell polarity (PCP) during embryonic development. The adhesion receptors are characterized by the presence of large N-terminal extracellular domains containing multiple adhesion motifs, which play critical roles in cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix interactions, that are coupled to a class B seven-transmembrane domain. In the case of CELSR/Flamingo/Starry night, their extracellular domains comprise nine cadherin repeats linked to a series of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like and laminin globular (G)-like domains. The cadherin repeats contain sequence motifs that mediate calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion by homophilic interactions. Moreover, almost all adhesion receptors, except GPR123, contain an evolutionarily conserved GPCR- autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain that undergoes autoproteolytic processing at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) motif located immediately N-terminal to the first transmembrane region, to generate N- and C-terminal fragments (NTF and CTF), which may serve important biological functions. Three mammalian orthologs of Flamingo, Celsr1-3, are widely expressed in the nervous system from embryonic development until the adult stage. Each Celsr exhibits different expression patterns in the developing brain, suggesting that they serve distinct functions. Mutations of CELSR1 cause neural tube defects in the nervous system, while mutations of CELSR2 are associated with coronary heart disease. Moreover, CELSR1 and several other PCP signaling molecules, such as dishevelled, prickle, frizzled, have been shown to be upregulated in B lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Celsr3 is expressed in both the developing and adult mouse brain. It has been functionally implicated in proper neuron migration and axon guidance in the CNS.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  932 IGCAVSCMALLTLLAIYAAFwRFIKSERSIILLNFCLSILASNILILVGQSRVLSKGVCTMTAAFLHFFFLSSFCWVLTE 1011
Cdd:cd15441     10 IGIGISLVLLVIAFLVLSCL-RGLQSNSNSIHKNLVACLLLAELLFLLGINQTENLFPCKLIAILLHYFYLSAFSWLLVE 88

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1012 AWQSYlavigRMRT--RLVRK---RF-LCLGWGLPALVVAVSVGFtRTKGYGTSSYCWLSLEGGLLYAFVGPAAVIVLVN 1085
Cdd:cd15441     89 SLHLY-----RMLTepRDINHghmRFyYLLGYGIPAIIVGLSVGL-RPDGYGNPDFCWLSVNETLIWSFAGPIAFVIVIT 162

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1086 MLIGIIVFNKLMARDGVSDKSKKQRAGasLWSSCVVLPLLALTWMSAVLAMTDrRSVLFQALFAVFNSAQGFVITAVHCF 1165
Cdd:cd15441    163 LIIFILALRASCTLKRHVLEKASVRTD--LRSSFLLLPLLGATWVFGLLAVNE-DSELLHYLFAGLNFLQGLFIFLFYCI 239

                   ....*
gi 1783383493 1166 LRREV 1170
Cdd:cd15441    240 FNKKV 244

epidermal growth factor-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptors, member of the class B2 family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors; group II adhesion GPCRs, including the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-module-containing, mucin-like hormone receptor (EMR1-4) and the leukocyte cell-surface antigen CD97, are primarily expressed in cells of the immune system. All EGF-TM7 receptors, which belong to the B2 subfamily of adhesion GPCRs, are members of group II, except for ETL (EGF-TM7-latrophilin related protein), which is classified into group I. Members of the EGF-TM7 receptors are characterized by the presence of varying number of N-terminal EGF-like domains, which play critical roles in ligand recognition and cell adhesion, linked by a stalk region to a class B seven-transmembrane domain. In the case of EMR2, alternative splicing results in four isoforms possessing either two (EGF1,2), three (EGF1,2,5), four (EGF1,2,3,5) or five (EGF1,2,3,4,5) EGF-like domains. Moreover, almost all adhesion receptors, except GPR123, contain an evolutionarily conserved GPCR-autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain that undergoes autoproteolytic processing at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) motif located immediately N-terminal to the first transmembrane region, to generate N- and C-terminal fragments (NTF and CTF), which may serve important biological functions. EMR2 shares strong sequence homology with CD97, differing by only six amino acids. CD97 is widely expressed on lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes and smooth muscle cells as well as in a variety of human tumors including colorectal, gastric, esophageal pancreatic, and thyroid carcinoma. However, unlike CD97, EMR2 is not found in those of CD97-positive tumor cells and is not expressed on lymphocytes but instead on monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes. CD97 has three known ligands: CD55, decay-accelerating factor for regulation of complement system; chondroitin sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan found in the extracellular matrix; and the integrin alpha5beta1, which play a role in angiogenesis. Although EMR2 does not effectively interact with CD55, the fourth EGF-like domain of this receptor binds to chondroitin sulfate to mediate cell attachment.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  932 IGCAVS--CM--ALLTLLaiyaaFWRFIKSERSIILLNFCLSILASNILILVGQSRVLSKGVCTMTAAFLHFFFLSSFCW 1007
Cdd:cd15439     10 VGLIISllCLflAILTFL-----LCRSIRNTSTSLHLQLSLCLFLADLLFLVGIDRTDNKVLCSIIAGFLHYLFLACFAW 84

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1008 VLTEAWQSYLAV-----IGRMRTRLVRKRFLCL-GWGLPALVVAVSVGfTRTKGYGTSSYCWLSLEGGLLYAFVGPAAVI 1081
Cdd:cd15439     85 MFLEAVHLFLTVrnlkvVNYFSSHRFKKRFMYPvGYGLPAVIVAISAA-VNPQGYGTPKHCWLSMEKGFIWSFLGPVCVI 163

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1082 VLVNMLIGIIVF----NKLMARDgvSDKSKKQRAGASLWSSCVVLPLLALTWMSAVLAMTDRRSVLfQALFAVFNSAQGF 1157
Cdd:cd15439    164 IVINLVLFCLTLwilrEKLSSLN--AEVSTLKNTRLLTFKAIAQLFILGCTWILGLFQVGPVATVM-AYLFTITNSLQGV 240

                          250
                   ....*....|....*
gi 1783383493 1158 VITAVHCFLRREVQD 1172
Cdd:cd15439    241 FIFLVHCLLNRQVRE 255

orphan GPR116 and related proteins, group IV adhesion GPCRs, member of the class B2 family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors; group VI adhesion GPCRs consist of orphan receptors GPR110, GPR111, GPR113, GPR115, GPR116, and closely related proteins. The adhesion receptors are characterized by the presence of large N-terminal extracellular domains containing multiple adhesion motifs, which play critical roles in ligand recognition as well as cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix interactions, linked by a stalk region to a class B seven-transmembrane domain. GPR110 possesses a SEA box in the N-terminal has been identified as an oncogene over-expressed in lung and prostate cancer. GPR113 contains a hormone binding domain and one EGF (epidermal grown factor) domain. GPR112 has extremely long N-terminus (about 2,400 amino acids) containing a number of Ser/Thr-rich glycosylation sites and a pentraxin (PTX) domain. GPR116 has two C2-set immunoglobulin-like repeats, which is found in the members of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface proteins, and a SEA (sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase, and a grin)-box, which is present in the extracellular domain of the transmembrane mucin (MUC) family and known to enhance O-glycosylation. In addition, almost all adhesion receptors, except GPR123, contain an evolutionarily conserved GPCR-autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain that undergoes autoproteolytic processing at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) motif located immediately N-terminal to the first transmembrane region, to generate N- and C-terminal fragments (NTF and CTF), which may serve important biological functions. However, several adhesion GPCRs, including GPR 111, GPR115, and CELSR1, are predicted to be non-cleavable at the GAIN domain because of the lack of a consensus catalytic triad sequence (His-Leu-Ser/Thr) within their GPS.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493  932 IGCAVSCMALLTLLAIYAAFWRFIKSE-----RSIILLNFCLSILASNILILVG---QSRVLSKGVCTMTAAFLHFFFLS 1003
Cdd:cd15932     10 VGLGISILSLVLCLIIEALVWKSVTKNktsymRHVCLVNIALSLLIADIWFIIGaaiSTPPNPSPACTAATFFIHFFYLA 89

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1004 SFCWVLTeawqsyLAVIGRMRTRLV-----RKRFL----CLGWGLPALVVAVSVGFTR-TKGYGTSSYCWLSL-EGGLLY 1072
Cdd:cd15932     90 LFFWMLT------LGLLLFYRLVLVfhdmsKSTMMaiafSLGYGCPLIIAIITVAATApQGGYTRKGVCWLNWdKTKALL 163

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783383493 1073 AFVGPAAVIVLVNMLIGIIVFNKLMaRDGVSDKSKKQRAGASLW-SSCVVL--PLLALTWMSAVLAMTDRRSVLFQALFA 1149
Cdd:cd15932    164 AFVIPALAIVVVNFIILIVVIFKLL-RPSVGERPSKDEKNALVQiGKSVAIltPLLGLTWGFGLGTMIDPKSLAFHIIFA 242

                          250       260
                   ....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1783383493 1150 VFNSAQGFVITAVHCFLRREVQDVVK 1175
Cdd:cd15932    243 ILNSFQGFFILVFGTLLDSKVREALL 268