second RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 32 (RNF32) and similar proteins; RNF32 is mainly expressed in testis spermatogenesis, most likely in spermatocytes and/or in spermatids, suggesting a possible role in sperm formation. RNF32 contains two C3H2C3-type RING-H2 fingers separated by an IQ domain of unknown function. Although the biological function of RNF32 remains unclear, proteins with double RING-H2 fingers may act as scaffolds for binding several proteins that function in the same pathway. This model corresponds to the second RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 297139739 292 ECSICLAPLSAAGGQRVGAGRRSREMALLSCSHVFHHACLLALEEFSVGDRppfHACPLCRSCY 355
Cdd:cd16678    1 DCPICLTPLQSSGDSSDAKRVSSRPTVLLSCSHVFHATCLEAFEEFSVGEE---LVCPVCRSHY 61

second RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 32 (RNF32) and similar proteins; RNF32 is mainly expressed in testis spermatogenesis, most likely in spermatocytes and/or in spermatids, suggesting a possible role in sperm formation. RNF32 contains two C3H2C3-type RING-H2 fingers separated by an IQ domain of unknown function. Although the biological function of RNF32 remains unclear, proteins with double RING-H2 fingers may act as scaffolds for binding several proteins that function in the same pathway. This model corresponds to the second RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 297139739 292 ECSICLAPLSAAGGQRVGAGRRSREMALLSCSHVFHHACLLALEEFSVGDRppfHACPLCRSCY 355
Cdd:cd16678    1 DCPICLTPLQSSGDSSDAKRVSSRPTVLLSCSHVFHATCLEAFEEFSVGEE---LVCPVCRSHY 61

Ring finger; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain of c-Cbl and is likely to be a general function of this domain; Various RING fingers exhibit binding activity towards E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (Ubc' s)

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 297139739   127 CPICKEEFELRPqVLLSCSHVFHKACLQAFEKfTNKKTCPLC 168
Cdd:smart00184   1 CPICLEEYLKDP-VILPCGHTFCRSCIRKWLE-SGNNTCPIC 40

IQ (isoleucine-glutamine) motif containing D (IQCD); IQCD, also called dynein regulatory complex protein 10 (DRC10), belongs to the IQ motif-containing protein family which contains a C-terminal conserved IQ motif domain and two coiled-coil domains. The IQ motif ([ILV]QxxxRxxxx[RK]), where x stands for any amino-acid residue, interacts with calmodulin (CaM) in a calcium-independent manner and is present in proteins with a wide diversity of biological functions. The IQCD protein was found to primarily accumulate in the acrosome area of round and elongating spermatids of the testis during late stage of spermiogenesis and was then localized to the acrosome and tail regions of mature spermatozoa. The expression of IQCD follows the trajectory of acrosome development during spermatogenesis. IQCD is associated with neuroblastoma and neurodegenerative diseases, and is reported to interact with the nuclear retinoid X receptor in the presence of 9-cis-retinoic acid, thereby activating the transcriptional activity of the receptor.

                         10        20
                 ....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 297139739 186 RIKCVTRIQAYWRGCVVRKWYRNLRK 211
Cdd:cd23767    8 MNRAATLIQALWRGYKVRKELKKKKK 33

RING-finger-containing ubiquitin ligase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 297139739 248 FAEIDQCLAINRSVLQQLEEKCGHEITEEEWEKIQVQALRRETH--ECSICLAplSAAGGQRVGAgrrsremalLSCSHV 325
Cdd:COG5540  279 FNIILEIQINFDVGFYSSSEAIPTTTTKGSLKPLSIERAVEADKgvECAICMS--NFIKNDRLRV---------LPCDHR 347

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 297139739 326 FHHACllaLEEFSVGDRppfHACPLCRS 353
Cdd:COG5540  348 FHVGC---VDKWLLGYS---NKCPVCRT 369

N1R/p28-like protein; Provisional

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRP------QVLLSCSHVFHKACLQAFEKftNKKTCPLCRK 170
Cdd:PHA02929 177 CAICMEKVYDKEiknmyfGILSNCNHVFCIECIDIWKK--EKNTCPVCRT 224

second RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 32 (RNF32) and similar proteins; RNF32 is mainly expressed in testis spermatogenesis, most likely in spermatocytes and/or in spermatids, suggesting a possible role in sperm formation. RNF32 contains two C3H2C3-type RING-H2 fingers separated by an IQ domain of unknown function. Although the biological function of RNF32 remains unclear, proteins with double RING-H2 fingers may act as scaffolds for binding several proteins that function in the same pathway. This model corresponds to the second RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 297139739 292 ECSICLAPLSAAGGQRVGAGRRSREMALLSCSHVFHHACLLALEEFSVGDRppfHACPLCRSCY 355
Cdd:cd16678    1 DCPICLTPLQSSGDSSDAKRVSSRPTVLLSCSHVFHATCLEAFEEFSVGEE---LVCPVCRSHY 61

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 32 (RNF32) and similar proteins; RNF32 is mainly expressed in testis spermatogenesis, most likely in spermatocytes and/or in spermatids, suggesting a possible role in sperm formation. RNF32 contains two C3H2C3-type RING-H2 fingers separated by an IQ domain of unknown function. Although the biological function of RNF32 remains unclear, proteins with double RING-H2 fingers may act as scaffolds for binding several proteins that function in the same pathway.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 297139739 292 ECSICLAPLSAaggqrvgagrrsREMALLSCSHVFHHACLLALEEFSVGDrppFHACPLCR 352
Cdd:cd16471    1 ECPICLCAFKG------------RKCTLLSCSHVFHEACLSAFEKFIESK---NQKCPLCR 46

H2 subclass of RING (RING-H2) fingers and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). This family corresponds to the H2 subclass of RING (RING-H2) finger proteins that are characterized by containing C3H2C3-type canonical RING-H2 fingers or noncanonical RING-H2 finger variants, including C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type modified RING-H2 fingers. The canonical RING-H2 finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-H-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C, X is any amino acid and the number of X residues varies in different fingers. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-H2 finger can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serves as a scaffold for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELR-PQVLLSCSHVFHKACLQAFEKFTNkKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16448    1 CVICLEEFEEGdVVRLLPCGHVFHLACILRWLESGN-NTCPLCR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Deltex1 (DTX1), Deltex2 (DTX2), Deltex4 (DTX4), and similar proteins; This subfamily contains the vertebrate homologs of Drosophila melanogaster Deltex, specifically DTX1, DTX2, and DTX4, and other similar proteins mainly from eumetazoa. The vertebrate homologs of Deltex are involved in Notch signaling and neurogenesis. Mammalian DTX1 is most closely related to the Drosophila Deltex. Both of them bind to SH3-domain containing protein Grb2 and further inhibit E2A. DTX1 functions as a Notch downstream transcription regulator. It interacts with the transcription coactivator p300 and inhibits transcription activation mediated by the neural specific transcription factor MASH1. It is also a transcription target of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and participates in T cell anergy and Foxp3 protein level maintenance in vivo. Moreover, DTX1 promotes protein kinase C theta degradation and sustains Casitas B-lineage lymphoma expression. DTX4, also known as RING finger protein 155, shares the highest degree of sequence similarity with DTX1. So it likely interacts with the intracellular domain of Notch as well. Like DTX1 and DTX4, DTX2 is expressed in thymocytes. It interacts with the intracellular domain of Notch receptors and acts as a negative regulator of Notch signals in T cells. However, the endogenous levels of DTX1 and DTX2 is not important for regulating Notch signals during thymocyte development. In contrast to other DTXs, DTX3 does not contain two Notch-binding WWE domains at the N-terminus, but rather a short unique N-terminal domain. It does not interact with the intracellular domain of Notch. In addition, it has a different class of RING finger (C3HC4 type or RING-HC subclass), compared with the other DTXs which harbor a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger. Thus DTX3 is not included in this subfamily. Drosophila melanogaster Deltex also does not belong to this subfamily.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 297139739 292 ECSICLAPLSAAGGQRVGAGRRSREMALLS-CSHVFHHACLLALEEFSVGDRPpfHACPLCRSCY 355
Cdd:cd16459    1 DCPICCEPLCVASGYEESKLEGSKVVVRLKkCSHMYHKACLVAMYSNGAKDGS--LQCPTCKTIY 63

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 115 (RNF115) and similar proteins; RNF115, also known as Rab7-interacting ring finger protein (Rabring 7), or zinc finger protein 364 (ZNF364), or breast cancer-associated gene 2 (BCA2), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is an endogenous inhibitor of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and its inhibition increases the efficacy of metformin in breast cancer cells. It also functions as a co-factor in the restriction imposed by tetherin on HIV-1, and targets HIV-1 Gag for lysosomal degradation, impairing virus assembly and release, in a tetherin-independent manner. Moreover, RNF115 is a Rab7-binding protein that stimulates c-Myc degradation through mono-ubiquitination of MM-1. It also plays crucial roles as a Rab7 target protein in vesicle traffic to late endosome/lysosome and lysosome biogenesis. Furthermore, RNF115 and the related protein, RNF126 associate with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and promote ubiquitylation of EGFR, suggesting they play a role in the ubiquitin-dependent sorting and downregulation of membrane receptors. RNF115 contains an N-terminal BCA2 Zinc-finger domain (BZF), the AKT-phosphorylation sites, and the C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPQV-LLSCSHVFHKACLQAFEKFTNkkTCPLCRKN 171
Cdd:cd16800    3 CPVCKEDYTVGEQVrQLPCNHFFHSDCIVPWLELHD--TCPVCRKS 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 181 (RNF181) and similar proteins; RNF181, also known as HSPC238, is a platelet E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase containing a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger. It interacts with the KVGFFKR motif of platelet integrin alpha(IIb)beta3, suggesting a role for RNF181-mediated ubiquitination in integrin and platelet signaling. It also suppresses the tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through the inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) signaling in the liver.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPQV-LLSCSHVFHKACLQAFEKFTNkkTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16669    2 CPICLLEFEEGETVkQLPCKHSFHSDCILPWLGKTN--SCPLCR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in synoviolin and similar proteins; Synoviolin, also known as synovial apoptosis inhibitor 1 (Syvn1), Hrd1, or Der3, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-anchoring E3 ubiquitin ligase that functions as a suppressor of ER stress-induced apoptosis and plays a role in homeostasis maintenance. It also targets tumor suppressor gene p53 for proteasomal degradation, suggesting crosstalk between ER associated degradation (ERAD) and p53 mediated apoptotic pathway under ER stress. Moreover, synoviolin controls body weight and mitochondrial biogenesis through negative regulation of the thermogenic coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC)-1beta. It upregulates amyloid beta production by targeting a negative regulator of gamma-secretase, Retention in endoplasmic reticulum 1 (Rer1), for degradation. It is also involved in the degradation of endogenous immature nicastrin, and affects amyloid beta-protein generation. Moreover, synoviolin is highly expressed in rheumatoid synovial cells and may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It functions as an anti-apoptotic factor that is responsible for the outgrowth of synovial cells during the development of RA. It promotes inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) ubiquitination and degradation in synovial fibroblasts with collagen-induced arthritis. Furthermore, the upregulation of synoviolin may represent a protective response against neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, synoviolin is involved in liver fibrogenesis. Synoviolin contains a C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPQvLLSCSHVFHKACLQAFekFTNKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16479    4 CIICREEMTVGAK-KLPCGHIFHLSCLRSW--LQRQQTCPTCR 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger and transmembrane domain-containing protein RNFT1, RNFT2, and similar proteins; Both RNFT1 and RNFT2 are multi-pass membrane proteins containing a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Their biological roles remain unclear.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFelRPQVLLSCSHVFHKACLQafEKFTNKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16532    3 CPICQDEF--KDPVVLRCKHIFCEDCVS--EWFERERTCPLCR 41

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 126 (RNF126) and similar proteins; RNF126 is a Bag6-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in the mislocalized protein (MLP) pathway of quality control. It regulates the retrograde sorting of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR). Moreover, RNF126 promotes cancer cell proliferation by targeting the tumor suppressor p21 for ubiquitin-mediated degradation, and could be a novel therapeutic target in breast and prostate cancers. It is also able to ubiquitylate cytidine deaminase (AID), a poorly soluble protein that is essential for antibody diversification. In addition, RNF126 and the related protein, RNF115 associate with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and promote ubiquitylation of EGFR, suggesting they play a role in the ubiquitin-dependent sorting and downregulation of membrane receptors. RNF126 contains an N-terminal BCA2 Zinc-finger domain (BZF), the AKT-phosphorylation sites, and the C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPQVL-LSCSHVFHKACLQAFekFTNKKTCPLCRK 170
Cdd:cd16801    2 CPVCKEDYTVGENVRqLPCNHLFHNDCIVPW--LEQHDTCPVCRK 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in DAZ (deleted in azoospermia)-interacting protein 3 (DZIP3) and similar proteins; DZIP3, also known as RNA-binding ubiquitin ligase of 138 kDa (RUL138) or 2A-HUB protein, is an RNA-binding E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) and acts as a transcriptional coactivator of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha. It is also a histone H2A ubiquitin ligase that catalyzes monoubiquitination of H2A at lysine 119, functioning as a combinatorial component of the repression machinery required for repressing a specific chemokine gene expression program, critically modulating migratory responses to Toll-like receptors (TLR) activation. DZIP3 contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger at the C-terminus.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 297139739 125 QPCPICKEEFELRPQVL-LSCSHVFHKACLQAFekFTNKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16460    1 TPCVICHEAFSDGDRLLvLPCAHKFHTQCIGPW--LDGQQTCPTCR 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 69 (TRIM69) and similar proteins; TRIM69, also known as RFP-like domain-containing protein trimless or RING finger protein 36 (RNF36), is a testis E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a specific role in apoptosis and may also play an important role in germ cell homeostasis during spermatogenesis. TRIM69 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFelRPQVLLSCSHVFHKACLQAF-EKFTNKKTCPLCRK 170
Cdd:cd16611    7 CPLCLDFF--RDPVMLSCGHNFCQSCITGFwELQAEDTTCPECRE 49

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 103 (RNF103) and similar proteins; RNF103, also known as KF-1 or zinc finger protein 103 homolog (Zfp-103), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is widely expressed in many different organs, including brain, heart, kidney, spleen, and lung. It is involved in the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway by interacting with components of the ERAD pathway, including Derlin-1 and VCP. RNF103 contains several hydrophobic regions at its N-terminal and middle regions, as well as a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPQV-LLSCSHVFHKACLQAFEKFTNkKTCPLCRKNQYQ 174
Cdd:cd16473    7 CAICLENYQNGDLLrGLPCGHVFHQNCIDVWLERDN-HCCPVCRWPVYK 54

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Deltex2 (DTX2) and similar proteins; DTX2, also known as RING finger protein 58, together with DTX1 and DTX4, forms a family of related proteins that are the mammalian homologs of Drosophila Deltex, a known regulator of Notch signals. Like DTX1 and DTX4, DTX2 is expressed in thymocytes. It interacts with the intracellular domain of Notch receptors and acts as a negative regulator of Notch signals in T cells. However, the endogenous levels of DTX1 and DTX2 is not important for regulating Notch signals during thymocyte development. DTX2 contains two Notch-binding WWE domains at the N-terminus that physically interact with the Notch ankyrin domains, a proline-rich motif that shares homology with SH3-binding domains, and a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger at the C-terminus. It also harbors two nuclear localization signals.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 297139739 292 ECSICLAPLSAAGGQRVGAGRRS-REMA---LLSCSHVFHHACLLALeeFSVGDRPPFHACPLCRSCYQKK 358
Cdd:cd16672    1 DCIICMEKLSCASGYSDVSESKTiQPSAvgkLTKCGHTFHLLCMLAM--YNNGNKDGSLQCPSCKTIYGEK 69

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana protein SUGAR INSENSITIVE 3 (SIS3) and similar proteins; SIS3 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a positive regulator of sugar signaling during early seedling development. SIS3 contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPQV-LLSCSHVFHKACLQAFekFTNKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd23118    3 CTICLEDFEDGEKLrVLPCQHQFHSECVDQW--LRRNPKCPVCR 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in p53-induced RING-H2 protein (Pirh2) and similar proteins; Pirh2, also known as RING finger and CHY zinc finger domain-containing protein 1 (Rchy1), androgen receptor N-terminal-interacting protein, CH-rich-interacting match with PLAG1, RING finger protein 199 (RNF199), or zinc finger protein 363 (ZNF363), is a p53 inducible E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions as a negative regulator of p53. It preferably ubiquitylates the tetrameric form of p53 in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a role of Pirh2 in downregulating the transcriptionally active form of p53 in the cell. Moreover, Pirh2 inhibits the transcriptional activity of p73, a homolog of the tumor suppressor p53, by promoting its ubiquitination. It also monoubiquitinates DNA polymerase eta (PolH) to suppress translesion DNA synthesis. Furthermore, Pirh2 functions as a negative regulator of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) function by promoting ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. Pirh2 enhances androgen receptor (AR) signaling through inhibition of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and is overexpressed in prostate cancer. It interacts with TIP60 and this association may regulate Pirh2 stability. In addition, the oncoprotein pleomorphic adenoma gene like 2 (PLAGL2) can bind to the Pirh2 dimer and therefore control the stability of Pirh2. Pirh2 contains a total of nine zinc-binding sites with six located at the N-terminal region, two in the C3H2C3-type RING-H2 domain, and one in the C-terminal region. Nine zinc binding sites comprise three different zinc coordination schemes, including RING type cross-brace zinc coordination, C4 zinc finger, and a novel left-handed beta-spiral zinc-binding motif formed by three recurrent CCHC sequence motifs. This subfamily also includes Drosophila melanogaster Deltex, a ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic ubiquitin E3 ligase that mediates Notch activation in Drosophila. It selectively suppresses T-cell activation through degradation of a key signaling molecule, MAP kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1). It also inhibits Jun-mediated transcription at the stage of Ras-dependent Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) activation. Deltex contains N-terminal two Notch-binding WWE domains that physically interact with the Notch ankyrin domains, a proline-rich motif that shares homology with SH3-binding domains, and a RING finger at the C-terminus.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 297139739 126 PCPICKEE-FELRPQV-LLSCSHVFHKACLQAFEKFTNkKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16464    1 NCPVCLEDlFTSREPVhVLPCGHLMHSTCFEEYLKSGN-YRCPLCS 45

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 167 (RNF167) and similar proteins; RNF167, also known as RING105, is an endosomal/lysosomal E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) ubiquitination. It ubiquitinates AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunit GluA2 and regulates its surface expression, and thus acts as a selective regulator of AMPAR-mediated neurotransmission. It acts as an endosomal membrane protein which ubiquitylates vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3) and regulates endosomal trafficking. Moreover, RNF167 plays a role in the regulation of TSSC5 (tumor-suppressing subchromosomal transferable fragment cDNA, also known as ORCTL2/IMPT1/BWR1A/SLC22A1L), which can function in concert with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH6. RNF167 is widely conserved in metazoans and contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, two transmembrane domains (TM1 and TM2), and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPQV-LLSCSHVFHKACLQAFEKFTnKKTCPLCRK 170
Cdd:cd16797    3 CAICLDEYEEGDKLrVLPCSHAYHSKCVDPWLTQT-KKTCPVCKQ 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 122 (RNF122) and similar proteins; RNF122 is a RING finger protein associated with HEK 293T cell viability. It is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, and overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. RNF122 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can ubiquitinate itself and undergo degradation through its RING finger in a proteasome-dependent manner. It interacts with calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML), which is not a substrate, but a stabilizer of RNF122. RNF122 contains an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 297139739 125 QPCPICKEEFELRPQV-LLSCSHVFHKACLQAFEKFtnKKTCPLCRK 170
Cdd:cd16676    1 QTCAVCLEDFKTKDELgVLPCQHAFHRKCLVKWLEI--RCVCPMCNK 45

DNA repair protein rad18; All proteins in this family for which functions are known are involved in nucleotide excision repair.This family is based on the phylogenomic analysis of JA Eisen (1999, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University). [DNA metabolism, DNA replication, recombination, and repair]

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 297139739  107 SDEWEKVKQRSLLQGDSVQPCPICKEEFelRPQVLLSCSHVFHKACLQAFekFTNKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:TIGR00599   9 SSDWLTTPIPSLYPLDTSLRCHICKDFF--DVPVLTSCSHTFCSLCIRRC--LSNQPKCPLCR 67

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 213 (RNF213) and similar proteins; RNF213, also known as ALK lymphoma oligomerization partner on chromosome 17 or Moyamoya steno-occlusive disease-associated AAA+ and RING finger protein (mysterin), is an intracellular soluble protein that functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and AAA+ ATPase, which possibly contributes to vascular development through mechanical processes in the cell. It plays a unique role in endothelial cells for proper gene expression in response to inflammatory signals from the environment. Mutations in RNF213 may be associated with Moyamoya disease (MMD), an idiopathic cerebrovascular occlusive disorder prevalent in East Asia. It also acts as a nuclear marker for acanthomorph phylogeny. RNF213 contains two tandem enzymatically active AAA+ ATPase modules and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. It can form a huge ring-shaped oligomeric complex.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 297139739 125 QPCPICKEEFElRPqVLLSCSHVFHKACLQAFekFTNKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16561    3 QECSICLEDLN-DP-VKLPCDHVFCEECIRQW--LPGQMSCPLCR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol-sensitive RING finger protein 1 (ASR1) and similar proteins; ASR1 is required for tolerance to alcohol. It signals alcohol stress to the nucleus. ASR1 contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPQVLLSCSHVFHKACLQAFEKFTNKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd23120    4 CPICLEEMNSGTGYLADCGHEFHLTCIREWHNKSGNLDCPICR 46

RING-H2 zinc finger domain; There are 8 cysteine/ histidine residues which are proposed to be the conserved residues involved in zinc binding. The protein, of which this domain is the conserved region, participates in diverse functions relevant to chromosome metabolism and cell cycle control.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 297139739  125 QPCPICKEEFELR-PQVLLSCSHVFHKACLQAFEKFtnKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:pfam12678  12 EPCPECQAPGDDEcPVVWGECGHAFHLHCISRWLKT--NNTCPLCR 55

zinc-RING finger domain;

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 297139739  127 CPICKEEFEL-RPQVLLSCSHVFHKACLQafeKFTNKKTCPLCRK 170
Cdd:pfam14634   2 CNKCFKELSKtRPFYLTSCGHIFCEECLT---RLLQERQCPICKK 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase 1 (TUL1) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae TUL1, Schizosaccharomyces pombe DSC E3 ubiquitin ligase complex subunit 1 (DSC1), and Arabidopsis thaliana protein FLYING SAUCER 2 (FLY2). TUL1 is the catalytic component of DSC E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that tag proteins present in Golgi, endosome and vacuole membranes and function in protein homeostasis under non-stress conditions, and support a role in protein quality control. It mediates ubiquitination of vacuolar proteins such as CPS1, PPN1, PEP12 and other proteins containing exposed hydrophilic residues within their transmembrane domains, leading to their sorting into internal vesicles in late endosomes. TUL1 also targets the unpalmitoylated endosomal SNARE TLG1 to the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway. DSC1, also known as defective for SREBP cleavage protein 1, is the catalytic component of the DSC E3 ubiquitin ligase complex required for the sre1 transcriptional activator proteolytic cleavage to release the soluble transcription factor from the membrane in low oxygen or sterol conditions. FLY2 acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may be involved in xylem development. Members of this subfamily contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPQVLLS-------CSHVFHKACLQAFEKFtnKKTCPLCRK 170
Cdd:cd23117    7 CVICMSDIELPSTNSVRrdymvtpCNHIFHTNCLERWMDI--KLECPTCRR 55

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in TRAF-interacting protein (TRAIP) and similar proteins; TRAIP, also known as RING finger protein 206 (RNF206) or TRIP, is a ubiquitously expressed nucleolar E3 ubiquitin ligase important for cellular proliferation and differentiation. It is found near mitotic chromosomes and functions as a regulator of the spindle assembly checkpoint. TRAIP interacts with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins and inhibits TNF-alpha-mediated nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation. It also interacts with two tumor suppressors CYLD and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), and DNA polymerase eta, which facilitates translesional synthesis after DNA damage. TRAIP contains an N-terminal C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger and an extended coiled-coil domain.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPQVL-LSCSHVFHKACLqaFEKFTNKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16480    2 CTICSDFFDNSRDVAaIHCGHTFHYDCL--LQWFDTSRTCPQCR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF24, RNF122, and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RNF24, RNF122, and similar proteins. RNF24 is an intrinsic membrane protein localized in the Golgi apparatus. It specifically interacts with the ankyrin-repeats domains (ARDs) of TRPC1, -3, -4, -5, -6, and -7, and affects TRPC intracellular trafficking without affecting their activity. RNF122 is a RING finger protein associated with HEK 293T cell viability. It is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, and overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. RNF122 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can ubiquitinate itself and undergo degradation through its RING finger in a proteasome-dependent manner. Both RNF24 and RNF122 contain an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPQV-LLSCSHVFHKACLQAFekFTNKKTCPLCRK 170
Cdd:cd16469    3 CAVCLEEFKLKEELgVCPCGHAFHTKCLKKW--LEVRNSCPICKS 45

RING-finger-containing ubiquitin ligase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 297139739 248 FAEIDQCLAINRSVLQQLEEKCGHEITEEEWEKIQVQALRRETH--ECSICLAplSAAGGQRVGAgrrsremalLSCSHV 325
Cdd:COG5540  279 FNIILEIQINFDVGFYSSSEAIPTTTTKGSLKPLSIERAVEADKgvECAICMS--NFIKNDRLRV---------LPCDHR 347

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 297139739 326 FHHACllaLEEFSVGDRppfHACPLCRS 353
Cdd:COG5540  348 FHVGC---VDKWLLGYS---NKCPVCRT 369

Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 11 RING-H2 finger; Apc11 is one of the subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome. The APC subunits are cullin family proteins with ubiquitin ligase activity. Polyubiquitination marks proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome and is carried out by a cascade of enzymes that includes ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), and ubiquitin ligases (E3s). Apc11 acts as an E3 enzyme and is responsible for recruiting E2s to the APC and for mediating the subsequent transfer of ubiquitin to APC substrates in vivo. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae this RING-H2 finger protein defines the minimal ubiquitin ligase activity of the APC, and the integrity of the RING-H2 finger is essential for budding yeast cell viability.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 297139739  127 CPICKEEFELRPQVLLSCSHVFHKACLQAF-EKFTNKKTCPLCRK 170
Cdd:pfam12861  35 CPDCKFPGDDCPLVWGKCSHNFHMHCILKWlHTETSKGLCPMCRQ 79

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 35 (TRIM35) and similar proteins; TRIM35, also known as hemopoietic lineage switch protein 5 (HLS5), is a putative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) suppressor that inhibits phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2), which is involved in aerobic glycolysis of cancer cells and further suppresses the Warburg effect and tumorigenicity in HCC. It also negatively regulates Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)- and TLR9-mediated type I interferon production by suppressing the stability of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7). Moreover, TRIM35 regulates erythroid differentiation by modulating globin transcription factor 1 (GATA-1) activity. TRIM35 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFelRPQVLLSCSHVFHKACLQAFEKFTNKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16599    7 CPICYEPF--REAVTLRCGHNFCKGCVSRSWERQPRAPCPVCK 47

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 103 (RNF103) and similar proteins; RNF103, also known as KF-1 or zinc finger protein 103 homolog (Zfp-103), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is widely expressed in many different organs, including brain, heart, kidney, spleen, and lung. It is involved in the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway by interacting with components of the ERAD pathway, including Derlin-1 and VCP. RNF103 contains several hydrophobic regions at its N-terminal and middle regions, as well as a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 297139739 292 ECSICLAplSAAGGQRVgagrrsremALLSCSHVFHHACL-LALEEfsvgdrpPFHACPLCR 352
Cdd:cd16473    6 ECAICLE--NYQNGDLL---------RGLPCGHVFHQNCIdVWLER-------DNHCCPVCR 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 222 (RNF222) and similar proteins; RNF222 is an uncharacterized C3HC4-type RING-HC finger-containing protein. It may function as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPqVLLSCSHVFHKACLQAFeKFTNKKTCPLCRK 170
Cdd:cd16564    3 CPVCYEDFDDAP-RILSCGHSFCEDCLVKQ-LVSMTISCPICRR 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in topoisomerase I-binding arginine/serine-rich protein (Topors) and similar proteins; Topors, also known as topoisomerase I-binding RING finger protein, tumor suppressor p53- binding protein 3, or p53-binding protein 3 (p53BP3), is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that can ligate both ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to substrate proteins in the nucleus. It contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger which ligates ubiquitin to its target proteins including DNA topoisomerase I, p53, NKX3.1, H2AX, and the AAV-2 Rep78/68 proteins. As a RING-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, Topors works with the E2 enzymes UbcH5a, UbcH5c, and UbcH6, but not with UbcH7, CDC34, or UbcH2b. Topors acts as a tumor suppressor in various malignancies. It regulates p53 modification, suggesting it may be responsible for astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1, also known as metadherin, or LYRIC) ubiquitin modification. Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Topors inhibits Topors-mediated sumoylation of p53, whereas p53 ubiquitination is enhanced, leading to p53 degradation. It also functions as a negative regulator of the prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1. Moreover, Topors is associated with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies, and may be involved in the cellular response to camptothecin. It also plays a key role in the turnover of H2AX protein, discriminating the type of DNA damaging stress. Furthermore, Topors is a cilia-centrosomal protein associated with autosomal dominant retinal degeneration. Mutations in TOPORS cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP).

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPQVLLSCSHVFHKACLQAFEKFTNkkTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16574    4 CPICLDRFENEKAFLDGCFHAFCFTCILEWSKVKN--ECPLCK 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF111, RNF165, and similar proteins; The family includes RING finger proteins RNF111, RNF165, and similar proteins. RNF111, also known as Arkadia, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that targets intracellular effectors and modulators of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)/Nodal-related signaling for polyubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. It also interacts with the clathrin-adaptor 2 (AP2) complex and regulates endocytosis of certain cell surface receptors, leading to modulation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and possibly other signaling pathways. The N-terminal half of RNF111 harbors three SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs). It thus functions as a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) that directly links nonproteolytic ubiquitylation and SUMOylation in the DNA damage response, as well as triggers degradation of signal-induced polysumoylated proteins, such as the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML). RNF165, also known as Arkadia-like 2, Arkadia2, or Ark2C, is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with homology to the C-terminal half of RNF111. It is expressed specifically in the nervous system, and can serve to amplify neuronal responses to specific signals. It acts as a positive regulator of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-Smad signaling that is involved in motor neuron (MN) axon elongation. Both RNF165 and RNF111 contain a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 297139739 125 QPCPICKEEFELRPQV-LLSCSHVFHKACLQafEKFTNKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16474    1 EKCTICLSDFEEGEDVrRLPCMHLFHQECVD--QWLSTNKRCPICR 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in SH3 domain-containing RING finger protein 2 (SH3RF2) and similar proteins; SH3RF2, also known as heart protein phosphatase 1-binding protein (HEPP1), plenty of SH3s (POSH)-eliminating RING protein (POSHER), protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 39, or RING finger protein 158 (RNF158), is a putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as an anti-apoptotic regulator for the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway by binding to and promoting the proteasomal degradation of SH3RF1 (or POSH), a scaffold protein that is required for pro-apoptotic JNK activation. It may also play a role in cardiac functions together with protein phosphatase 1. SH3RF2 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger responsible for the E3 ligase activity and four Src Homology 3 (SH3) domains, which are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPQVLlSCSHVFHKACLQAFEKFTNKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16749    3 CPVCFEKLDVTAKVL-PCQHTFCKPCLQRIFKARKELRCPECR 44

Uncharacterized conserved protein, contains RING Zn-finger [General function prediction only];

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 297139739  119 LQGDSVQPCPICKEEFELRPQVLLS-----CSHVFHKACLQAFEKFTNKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:COG5219  1464 EKFSGHEECAICYSVLDMVDRSLPSkrcatCKNKFHTRCLYKWFASSARSNCPLCR 1519

RING finger, HC subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Deltex3 (DTX3), Deltex-3-like (DTX3L) and similar proteins; This subfamily contains Deltex3 (DTX3) and Deltex-3-like (DTX3L), both of which are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases belonging to the Deltex (DTX) family. DTX3, also known as RING finger protein 154 (RNF154), has a biological function that remains unclear. DTX3L, also known as B-lymphoma- and BAL-associated protein (BBAP) or Rhysin-2 (Rhysin2), regulates endosomal sorting of the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 from endosomes to lysosomes. It also regulates subcellular localization of its partner protein, B aggressive lymphoma (BAL), by a dynamic nucleocytoplasmic trafficking mechanism. In contrast to other DTXs, both DTX3 and DTX3L contain a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and a previously unidentified C-terminal domain. DTX3L can associate with DTX1 through its unique N termini and further enhance self-ubiquitination.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFElRPQVLLSCSHVFHKACLQAfeKFTNKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16506    3 CPICLDEIQ-NKKTLEKCKHSFCEDCIDR--ALQVKPVCPVCG 42

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, and similar proteins; TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM7, also known as glycogenin-interacting protein (GNIP) or RING finger protein 90 (RNF90), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. Its phosphorylation and activation by MSK1 in response to direct activation by the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway can stimulate TRIM7 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in mediating Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the AP-1 coactivator RACO-1, leading to RACO-1 protein stabilization. Moreover, TRIM7 binds and activates glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis. TRIM11, also known as protein BIA1, or RING finger protein 92 (RNF92), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the development of the central nervous system. It is overexpressed in high-grade gliomas and promotes proliferation, invasion, migration and glial tumor growth. TRIM11 acts as a potential therapeutic target for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) by mediating the degradation of CCHS-associated polyalanine-expanded Phox2b. TRIM11 modulates the function of neurogenic transcription factor Pax6 through the ubiquitin-proteosome system, and thus plays an essential role for Pax6-dependent neurogenesis. It also binds to and destabilizes a key component of the activator-mediated cofactor complex (ARC105), humanin, a neuroprotective peptide against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults, and further regulates ARC105 function in transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling. Moreover, TRIM11 negatively regulates retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-mediated interferon-beta (IFNbeta) production and antiviral activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1). It may contribute to the endogenous restriction of retroviruses in cells. It enhances N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) entry by interfering with Ref1 restriction. It also suppresses the early steps of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 transduction, resulting in decreased reverse transcripts. TRIM27, also known as RING finger protein 76 (RNF76), RET finger protein (RFP), or zinc finger protein RFP, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in testis and in various tumor cell lines. Expression of TRIM27 is associated with prognosis of colon and endometrial cancers. TRIM27 was first identified as a fusion partner of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as a transcriptional repressor and associates with several proteins involved in transcriptional activity, such as enhancer of polycomb 1 (Epc1), a member of the Polycomb group proteins, and Mi-2beta, a main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (RB1). It also interacts with HDAC1, leading to downregulation of thioredoxin binding protein 2 (TBP-2), which inhibits the function of thioredoxin. Moreover, TRIM27 mediates Pax7-induced ubiquitination of MyoD in skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, it inhibits muscle differentiation by modulating serum response factor (SRF) and Epc1. TRIM27 promotes a non-canonical polyubiquitination of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that catalyzes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) to PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). It is an IKKepsilon-interacting protein that regulates IkappaB kinase (IKK) function and negatively regulates signaling involved in the antiviral response and inflammation. TRIM27 also forms a protein complex with MBD4 or MBD2 or MBD3, and thus plays an important role in the enhancement of transcriptional repression through MBD proteins in tumorigenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis. It is a component of an estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulatory complex that is involved in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription in MCF-7 cells.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFelRPQVLLSCSHVFHKACL-QAFEKFTNKKTCPLCRKN 171
Cdd:cd16594    8 CPICLDYF--TDPVTLDCGHSFCRACIaRCWEEPETSASCPQCRET 51

IQ calmodulin-binding motif; Calmodulin-binding motif.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|
gi 297139739  188 KCVTRIQAYWRGCVVRKWYR 207
Cdd:pfam00612   2 KAAIKIQAAWRGYLARKRYK 21

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins, RNF130, RNF149, RNF150 and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RING finger proteins, RNF130, RNF149 and RNF150, which belong to a larger PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligase family that has been characterized by an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence. RNF130, also known as Goliath homolog (H-Goliath), is a paralog of RNF128. It is a transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase expressed in leukocytes. It has a self-ubiquitination property and controls the development of T cell clonal anergy by ubiquitination. RNF133 is a testis-specific endoplasmic reticulum-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase that may play a role in sperm maturation through an ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. RNF149, also known as DNA polymerase-transactivated protein 2, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that induces the ubiquitination of wild-type v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) and promotes its proteasome-dependent degradation. RNF150 polymorphisms may be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk in the Chinese population. This subfamily also includes Drosophila melanogaster protein goliath (d-goliath), also known as protein g1, which is one of the founding members of the group. It was originally identified as a transcription factor involved in the embryo mesoderm formation.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEFELRPQV-LLSCSHVFHKACLQAFekFTNKKTCPLCRKN 171
Cdd:cd16668    2 CAVCIEPYKPSDVIrILPCKHIFHKSCVDPW--LLEHRTCPMCKLD 45

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 141 (RNF141) and similar proteins; RNF141, also known as zinc finger protein 230 (ZNF230), is a RING finger protein present primarily in the nuclei of spermatogonia, the acrosome, and the tail of spermatozoa. It may have a broad function during early development of vertebrates. It plays an important role in spermatogenesis, including spermatogenic cell proliferation and sperm maturation, as well as motility and fertilization. It also exhibits DNA binding activity. RNF141/ZNF230 gene mutations may be associated with azoospermia. RNF141 contains a C3HC4-type RING finger domain that may function as an activator module in transcription.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 297139739 127 CPICkeeFELRPQVLLSCSHVFhkaCLQAFEKFT-NKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16545    3 CCIC---MDRKADLILPCAHSY---CQKCIDKWSdRHRTCPICR 40

RING finger (Really Interesting New Gene) domain and U-box domain superfamily; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type RING fingers are closely related to RING-HC fingers. In contrast, C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type RING fingers are more closely related to RING-H2 fingers. However, not all RING finger-containing proteins display regular RING finger features, and the RING finger family has turned out to be multifarious. The degenerate RING fingers of the Siz/PIAS RING (SP-RING) family proteins and sporulation protein RMD5, are characterized by lacking the second, fifth, and sixth Zn2+ ion-coordinating residues. They bind only one Zn2+ ion. On the other hand, the RING fingers of the human APC11 and RBX1 proteins can bind a third Zn atom since they harbor four additional Zn ligands. U-box is a modified form of the RING finger domain that lacks metal chelating Cys and His residues. It resembles the cross-brace RING structure consisting of three beta-sheets and a single alpha-helix, which would be stabilized by salt bridges instead of chelated metal ions. U-box proteins are widely distributed among eukaryotic organisms and show a higher prevalence in plants than in other organisms. RING finger/U-box-containing proteins are a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enable efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEF-ELRPQVLLSCSHVFHKACLQAFeKFTNKKTCPLC 168
Cdd:cd00162    1 CPICREEMnDRRPVVLLSCGHTFSRSAIARW-LEGSKQKCPFC 42

RING finger, HC subclass, found in helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) and similar proteins; HLTF, also known as DNA-binding protein/plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 regulator, HIP116, RING finger protein 80, SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 3, or sucrose nonfermenting protein 2-like 3, is a yeast RAD5 homolog found in mammals. It has both E3 ubiquitin ligase and DNA helicase activities, and plays a pivotal role in the template-switching pathway of DNA damage tolerance. It is involved in Lys-63-linked poly-ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at Lys-164 and in the regulation of DNA damage tolerance. It shows double-stranded DNA translocase activity with 3'-5' polarity, thereby facilitating regression of the replication fork. HLTF contains an N-terminal HIRAN (HIP116 and RAD5 N-terminal) domain, a SWI/SNF helicase domain that is divided into N- and C-terminal parts by an insertion of a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger involved in the poly-ubiquitination of PCNA.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 297139739 127 CPICKEEfeLRPQVLLSCSHVFHKACL-QAFEkfTNKKTCPLCR 169
Cdd:cd16509    6 CAICLDS--LTNPVITPCAHVFCRRCIcEVIQ--REKAKCPMCR 45

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 44 (RNF44) and similar proteins; RNF44 is an uncharacterized RING finger protein that shows high sequence similarity with RNF38, which is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that plays a role in regulating p53. RNF44 contains a coiled-coil motif, a KIL motif (Lys-X2-Ile/Leu-X2-Ile/Leu, X can be any amino acid), and a C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger.