B-box-type 2 zinc finger found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM7, TRIM27 and similar proteins; The family includes TRIM7 and TRIM27, both of which belong to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a RING finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. The type 2 B-box (Bbox2) zinc finger is characterized by a CHC3H2 zinc-binding consensus motif. TRIM7, also known as glycogenin-interacting protein (GNIP) or RING finger protein 90 (RNF90), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. Its phosphorylation and activation by MSK1 in response to direct activation by the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway can stimulate TRIM7 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in mediating Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the AP-1 coactivator RACO-1, leading to RACO-1 protein stabilization. Moreover, TRIM7 binds and activates glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis. TRIM27, also termed RING finger protein 76 (RNF76), or RET finger protein (RFP), or zinc finger protein RFP, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in testis and in various tumor cell lines. Expression of TRIM27 is associated with prognosis of colon and endometrial cancers. TRIM27 was first identified as a fusion partner of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as a transcriptional repressor and associates with several proteins involved in transcriptional activity, such as enhancer of polycomb 1 (Epc1), a member of the Polycomb group proteins, and Mi-2beta, a main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (RB1). It also interacts with HDAC1, leading to downregulation of thioredoxin binding protein 2 (TBP-2), which inhibits the function of thioredoxin. Moreover, TRIM27 mediates Pax7-induced ubiquitination of MyoD in skeletal muscle atrophy. It also inhibits muscle differentiation by modulating serum response factor (SRF) and Epc1. Furthermore, TRIM27 promotes non-canonical polyubiquitination of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that catalyzes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) to PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). It is an IKKepsilon-interacting protein that regulates IkappaB kinase (IKK) function and negatively regulates signaling involved in the antiviral response and inflammation. In addition, TRIM27 forms a protein complex with MBD4 or MBD2 or MBD3, and thus plays an important role in the enhancement of transcriptional repression through MBD proteins in tumorigenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis. It is also a component of an estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulatory complex, and is involved in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription in MCF-7 cells. Meanwhile, TRIM27 interacts with the hinge region of chromosome 3 protein (SMC3), a component of the multimeric cohesin complex that holds sister chromatids together and prevents their premature separation during mitosis.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 198442878  98 LCQEHHEPLKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESREHRLHRVLPAEEAVQ 140
Cdd:cd19762    2 VCEKHQEPLKLFCKEDKRPICVVCDRSREHRHHTVLPVEEAAQ 44

B-box-type 2 zinc finger found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM7, TRIM27 and similar proteins; The family includes TRIM7 and TRIM27, both of which belong to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a RING finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. The type 2 B-box (Bbox2) zinc finger is characterized by a CHC3H2 zinc-binding consensus motif. TRIM7, also known as glycogenin-interacting protein (GNIP) or RING finger protein 90 (RNF90), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. Its phosphorylation and activation by MSK1 in response to direct activation by the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway can stimulate TRIM7 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in mediating Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the AP-1 coactivator RACO-1, leading to RACO-1 protein stabilization. Moreover, TRIM7 binds and activates glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis. TRIM27, also termed RING finger protein 76 (RNF76), or RET finger protein (RFP), or zinc finger protein RFP, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in testis and in various tumor cell lines. Expression of TRIM27 is associated with prognosis of colon and endometrial cancers. TRIM27 was first identified as a fusion partner of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as a transcriptional repressor and associates with several proteins involved in transcriptional activity, such as enhancer of polycomb 1 (Epc1), a member of the Polycomb group proteins, and Mi-2beta, a main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (RB1). It also interacts with HDAC1, leading to downregulation of thioredoxin binding protein 2 (TBP-2), which inhibits the function of thioredoxin. Moreover, TRIM27 mediates Pax7-induced ubiquitination of MyoD in skeletal muscle atrophy. It also inhibits muscle differentiation by modulating serum response factor (SRF) and Epc1. Furthermore, TRIM27 promotes non-canonical polyubiquitination of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that catalyzes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) to PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). It is an IKKepsilon-interacting protein that regulates IkappaB kinase (IKK) function and negatively regulates signaling involved in the antiviral response and inflammation. In addition, TRIM27 forms a protein complex with MBD4 or MBD2 or MBD3, and thus plays an important role in the enhancement of transcriptional repression through MBD proteins in tumorigenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis. It is also a component of an estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulatory complex, and is involved in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription in MCF-7 cells. Meanwhile, TRIM27 interacts with the hinge region of chromosome 3 protein (SMC3), a component of the multimeric cohesin complex that holds sister chromatids together and prevents their premature separation during mitosis.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 198442878  98 LCQEHHEPLKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESREHRLHRVLPAEEAVQ 140
Cdd:cd19762    2 VCEKHQEPLKLFCKEDKRPICVVCDRSREHRHHTVLPVEEAAQ 44

B-Box-type zinc finger;

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 198442878    94 QKQDLCQEHH-EPLKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESrEHRLHRVLP 134
Cdd:smart00336   1 QRAPKCDSHGdEPAEFFCEECGALLCRTCDEA-EHRGHTVVL 41

Ring finger; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain of c-Cbl and is likely to be a general function of this domain; Various RING fingers exhibit binding activity towards E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (Ubc' s)

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 198442878    16 CSICLDYF-TDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEkargkkgrrkrKGSFPCPEC 65
Cdd:smart00184   1 CPICLEEYlKDPVILPCGHTFCRSCIRKWLE-----------SGNNTCPIC 40

DNA repair protein rad18; All proteins in this family for which functions are known are involved in nucleotide excision repair.This family is based on the phylogenomic analysis of JA Eisen (1999, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University). [DNA metabolism, DNA replication, recombination, and repair]

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 198442878   16 CSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQ--LSWEKArgkkgrrkrkgsfpCPECREMSPQRNLLPNRLLTKVAE 85
Cdd:TIGR00599  29 CHICKDFFDVPVLTSCSHTFCSLCIRrcLSNQPK--------------CPLCRAEDQESKLRSNWLVSEIVE 86

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, and similar proteins; TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM7, also known as glycogenin-interacting protein (GNIP) or RING finger protein 90 (RNF90), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. Its phosphorylation and activation by MSK1 in response to direct activation by the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway can stimulate TRIM7 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in mediating Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the AP-1 coactivator RACO-1, leading to RACO-1 protein stabilization. Moreover, TRIM7 binds and activates glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis. TRIM11, also known as protein BIA1, or RING finger protein 92 (RNF92), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the development of the central nervous system. It is overexpressed in high-grade gliomas and promotes proliferation, invasion, migration and glial tumor growth. TRIM11 acts as a potential therapeutic target for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) by mediating the degradation of CCHS-associated polyalanine-expanded Phox2b. TRIM11 modulates the function of neurogenic transcription factor Pax6 through the ubiquitin-proteosome system, and thus plays an essential role for Pax6-dependent neurogenesis. It also binds to and destabilizes a key component of the activator-mediated cofactor complex (ARC105), humanin, a neuroprotective peptide against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults, and further regulates ARC105 function in transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling. Moreover, TRIM11 negatively regulates retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-mediated interferon-beta (IFNbeta) production and antiviral activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1). It may contribute to the endogenous restriction of retroviruses in cells. It enhances N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) entry by interfering with Ref1 restriction. It also suppresses the early steps of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 transduction, resulting in decreased reverse transcripts. TRIM27, also known as RING finger protein 76 (RNF76), RET finger protein (RFP), or zinc finger protein RFP, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in testis and in various tumor cell lines. Expression of TRIM27 is associated with prognosis of colon and endometrial cancers. TRIM27 was first identified as a fusion partner of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as a transcriptional repressor and associates with several proteins involved in transcriptional activity, such as enhancer of polycomb 1 (Epc1), a member of the Polycomb group proteins, and Mi-2beta, a main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (RB1). It also interacts with HDAC1, leading to downregulation of thioredoxin binding protein 2 (TBP-2), which inhibits the function of thioredoxin. Moreover, TRIM27 mediates Pax7-induced ubiquitination of MyoD in skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, it inhibits muscle differentiation by modulating serum response factor (SRF) and Epc1. TRIM27 promotes a non-canonical polyubiquitination of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that catalyzes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) to PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). It is an IKKepsilon-interacting protein that regulates IkappaB kinase (IKK) function and negatively regulates signaling involved in the antiviral response and inflammation. TRIM27 also forms a protein complex with MBD4 or MBD2 or MBD3, and thus plays an important role in the enhancement of transcriptional repression through MBD proteins in tumorigenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis. It is a component of an estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulatory complex that is involved in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription in MCF-7 cells.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 198442878  10 LQEEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEKArgkkgrrkrKGSFPCPECREMSPQRNLLPNR 78
Cdd:cd16594    2 LQEELTCPICLDYFTDPVTLDCGHSFCRACIARCWEEP---------ETSASCPQCRETCPQRNLRPNR 61

B-box-type 2 zinc finger found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM7, TRIM27 and similar proteins; The family includes TRIM7 and TRIM27, both of which belong to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a RING finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. The type 2 B-box (Bbox2) zinc finger is characterized by a CHC3H2 zinc-binding consensus motif. TRIM7, also known as glycogenin-interacting protein (GNIP) or RING finger protein 90 (RNF90), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. Its phosphorylation and activation by MSK1 in response to direct activation by the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway can stimulate TRIM7 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in mediating Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the AP-1 coactivator RACO-1, leading to RACO-1 protein stabilization. Moreover, TRIM7 binds and activates glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis. TRIM27, also termed RING finger protein 76 (RNF76), or RET finger protein (RFP), or zinc finger protein RFP, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in testis and in various tumor cell lines. Expression of TRIM27 is associated with prognosis of colon and endometrial cancers. TRIM27 was first identified as a fusion partner of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as a transcriptional repressor and associates with several proteins involved in transcriptional activity, such as enhancer of polycomb 1 (Epc1), a member of the Polycomb group proteins, and Mi-2beta, a main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (RB1). It also interacts with HDAC1, leading to downregulation of thioredoxin binding protein 2 (TBP-2), which inhibits the function of thioredoxin. Moreover, TRIM27 mediates Pax7-induced ubiquitination of MyoD in skeletal muscle atrophy. It also inhibits muscle differentiation by modulating serum response factor (SRF) and Epc1. Furthermore, TRIM27 promotes non-canonical polyubiquitination of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that catalyzes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) to PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). It is an IKKepsilon-interacting protein that regulates IkappaB kinase (IKK) function and negatively regulates signaling involved in the antiviral response and inflammation. In addition, TRIM27 forms a protein complex with MBD4 or MBD2 or MBD3, and thus plays an important role in the enhancement of transcriptional repression through MBD proteins in tumorigenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis. It is also a component of an estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulatory complex, and is involved in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription in MCF-7 cells. Meanwhile, TRIM27 interacts with the hinge region of chromosome 3 protein (SMC3), a component of the multimeric cohesin complex that holds sister chromatids together and prevents their premature separation during mitosis.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 198442878  98 LCQEHHEPLKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESREHRLHRVLPAEEAVQ 140
Cdd:cd19762    2 VCEKHQEPLKLFCKEDKRPICVVCDRSREHRHHTVLPVEEAAQ 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM25 and similar proteins; TRIM25, also known as estrogen-responsive finger protein (EFP), RING finger protein 147 (RNF147), or RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase, is an E3 ubiquitin/ISG15 ligase that is induced by estrogen and is therefore particularly abundant in placenta and uterus. TRIM25 regulates various cellular processes through E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, transferring ubiquitin and ISG15 to target proteins. It mediates K63-linked polyubiquitination of retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) that is crucial for downstream antiviral interferon signaling. It is also required for melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS, also known as IPS-1, VISA, Cardiff) mediated activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and interferon production. Upon UV irradiation, TRIM25 interacts with mono-ubiquitinated PCNA and promotes its ISG15 modification (ISGylation), suggesting a crucial role in termination of error-prone translesion DNA synthesis. TRIM25 also functions as a novel regulator of p53 and Mdm2. It enhances p53 and Mdm2 abundance by inhibiting their ubiquitination and degradation in 26S proteasomes. Meanwhile, it inhibits p53's transcriptional activity and dampens the response to DNA damage, and is essential for medaka development and this dependence is rescued by silencing of p53. Moreover, TRIM25 is involved in the host cellular innate immune response against retroviral infection. It interferes with the late stage of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) replication. Furthermore, TRIM25 acts as an oncogene in gastric cancer. Its blockade by RNA interference inhibits migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells through transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling, suggesting it presents a novel target for the detection and treatment of gastric cancer. In addition, TRIM25 acts as an RNA-specific activator for Lin28a/TuT4-mediated uridylation. TRIM25 belongs to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 198442878  10 LQEEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEkargkkgrRKRKGSFPCPECREMSPQR-NLLPNRLLTKVAE 85
Cdd:cd16597    2 LEEELTCSICLELFKDPVTLPCGHNFCGVCIEKTWD--------SQHGSEYSCPQCRATFPRRpELHKNTVLRNIVE 70

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM4 and similar proteins; TRIM4 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM4, also known as RING finger protein 87 (RNF87), is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that has recently evolved and is present only in higher mammals. It transiently interacts with mitochondria, induces mitochondrial aggregation and sensitizes the cells to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced death. Its interaction with peroxiredoxin 1 (PRX1) is critical for the regulation of H2O2 induced cell death. Moreover, TRIM4 functions as a positive regulator of RIG-I-mediated type I interferon induction. It regulates the K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-1 and assembly of antiviral signaling complex at the mitochondria.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 198442878  10 LQEEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEKArgkkgrrkrKGSFPCPECREMSPQRNLLPN 77
Cdd:cd16590    3 IQEELTCPICLDYFQDPVSIECGHNFCRGCLHRNWAPG---------GGPFPCPECRHPSAPAALRPN 61

B-box-type 2 zinc finger found in tripartite motif-containing protein 11 (TRIM11) and similar proteins; TRIM11, also known as protein BIA1, or RING finger protein 92 (RNF92), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the development of the central nervous system. It is overexpressed in high-grade gliomas and promotes proliferation, invasion, migration and glial tumor growth. TRIM11 acts as a potential therapeutic target for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) through mediating the degradation of CCHS-associated polyalanine-expanded Phox2b. Trim11 modulates the function of neurogenic transcription factor Pax6 through the ubiquitin-proteosome system, and thus plays an essential role for Pax6-dependent neurogenesis. It also binds to and destabilizes a key component of the activator-mediated cofactor complex (ARC105), humanin, a neuroprotective peptide against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults, and further regulates ARC105 function in transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling. Moreover, TRIM11 negatively regulates retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-mediated interferon-beta (IFNbeta) production and antiviral activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1). It may contribute to the endogenous restriction of retroviruses in cells. It enhances N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) entry by interfering with Ref1 restriction. It also suppresses the early steps of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 transduction, resulting in decreased reverse transcripts. TRIM11 belongs to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a RING finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. The type 2 B-box (Bbox2) zinc finger is characterized by a CHC3H2 zinc-binding consensus motif.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 198442878  98 LCQEHHEPLKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESREHRLHRVLPAEEAVQ 140
Cdd:cd19766    2 LCGKHREPLKLFCKDHEALLCVVCERSREHWGHRVVPAEEAAQ 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 39 (RNF39) and similar proteins; RNF39, also called protein HZFw, may play a role in prolonged long term-potentiation (LTP) maintenance. It is involved in the etiology of Behcet's disease (BD). It may also be involved in HIV-1 replication. RNF39 acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that inhibits retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) pathways by mediating K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of DDX3X (DEAD-box RNA helicase 3, X-linked). RNF39 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 198442878  10 LQEEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEkarGKKGRRKRKGSFPCPECREMSP 70
Cdd:cd16592    1 LQEETTCPICLGYFKDPVILDCEHSFCRACIARHWG---QEAMEGNGAEGVFCPQCGEPCP 58

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 26 (TRIM26) and similar proteins; TRIM26, also known as acid finger protein (AFP), RING finger protein 95 (RNF95), or zinc finger protein 173 (ZNF173), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that negatively regulates interferon-beta production and antiviral response through polyubiquitination and degradation of nuclear transcription factor IRF3. It functions as an important regulator for RNA virus-triggered innate immune response by bridging TBK1 to NEMO (NF-kappaB essential modulator, also known as IKKgamma) and mediating TBK1 activation. It also acts as a novel tumor suppressor of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating cancer cell proliferation, colony forming ability, migration, and invasion. TRIM26 belongs the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a B-box, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 198442878  10 LQEEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEKArgkkgrrKRKGSFPCPECREMSPQRNLLPNRLL 80
Cdd:cd16598    1 LEEEVTCSICLDYLRDPVTIDCGHNFCRSCITDYCPIS-------GGHERPVCPLCRKPFKKENIRPNWQL 64

B-box-type 2 zinc finger found in Xenopus laevis nuclear factor 7 (xNF7) and similar proteins; xNF7 is a maternally expressed novel zinc finger nuclear phosphoprotein. It acts as a transcription factor that determines dorsal-ventral body axis. xNF7 harbors a B-box motif that shows high sequence similarity with B-Box-type zinc finger 2 found in tripartite motif-containing proteins (TRIMs). The type 2 B-box (Bbox2) zinc finger is characterized by a CHC3H2 zinc-binding consensus motif.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 198442878  97 DLCQEHHEPLKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESREHRLHRVLP 134
Cdd:cd19800    1 EVCSEHDEPLKLFCKDDKRLICVICRDSRKHRGHRFLP 38

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 38 (TRIM38) and similar proteins; TRIM38, also known as RING finger protein 15 (RNF15) or zinc finger protein RoRet, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes K63- and K48-linked ubiquitination of cellular proteins and also catalyzes self-ubiquitination. It negatively regulates Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)- and interleukin-1beta-triggered Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation by mediating lysosomal-dependent degradation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-binding protein (TAB)2/3, two critical components of the TAK1 kinase complex. It also inhibits TLR3/4-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) by mediating ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (Traf6) and NAK-associated protein 1 (Nap1), respectively. Moreover, TRIM38 negatively regulates TLR3-mediated interferon beta (IFN-beta) signaling by targeting ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-beta (TRIF). It functions as a valid target for autoantibodies in primary Sjogren's Syndrome. TRIM38 belongs the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a B-box, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 198442878   9 KLQEEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEKargKKGRRKRKGSFPCPECR 66
Cdd:cd16600    1 KMREEATCSICLQLMTEPVSINCGHSYCKRCIVSFLEN---QSQLEPGLETFSCPQCR 55

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 62 (TRIM62) and similar proteins; TRIM62, also known as Ductal Epithelium Associated Ring Chromosome 1 (DEAR1), is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that was identified as a dominant regulator of acinar morphogenesis in the mammary gland. It is implicated in the inflammatory response of immune cells by regulating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway, leading to increased activity of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor in primary macrophages. It is also involved in muscular protein homeostasis, especially during inflammation-induced atrophy, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) by activating and maintaining inflammation in myocytes. Moreover, TRIM62 facilitates K27-linked poly-ubiquitination of CARD9 and also regulates CARD9-mediated anti-fungal immunity and intestinal inflammation. It also functions as a chromosome 1p35 tumor suppressor and negatively regulates transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by binding to and promoting the ubiquitination of SMAD3, a major effector of TGFbeta-mediated EMT. TRIM62 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 198442878  10 LQEEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEKARGKKgrrkrkgsfpCPECR 66
Cdd:cd16608    3 LKDELLCSICLSIYQDPVSLGCEHYFCRQCITEHWSRSEHRD----------CPECR 49

B-box-type 2 zinc finger found in tripartite motif-containing protein 68 (TRIM68) and similar proteins; TRIM68, also known as RING finger protein 137 (RNF137) or SSA protein SS-56 (SS-56), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that negatively regulates Toll-like receptor (TLR)- and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)-driven type I interferon production by degrading TRK fused gene (TFG), a novel driver of IFN-beta downstream of anti-viral detection systems. It also functions as a cofactor for androgen receptor-mediated transcription by regulating ligand-dependent transcription of androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. Moreover, TRIM68 is a cellular target of autoantibody responses in Sjogren's syndrome (SS), as well as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is also an auto-antigen for T cells in SS and SLE. TRIM68 belongs the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a RING finger, Bbox2, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. The type 2 B-box (Bbox2) zinc finger is characterized by a CHC3H2 zinc-binding consensus motif.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 198442878  96 QDLCQEHHEPLKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESREHRLHRVLPAEEAV 139
Cdd:cd19795    1 EDLCERHKEKLNLFCEEDQELLCVVCEQSPEHKAHTVVPVEEAA 44

B-box-type 2 zinc finger found in tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM10, TRIM15, TRIM26, TRIM31 and similar proteins; This family includes TRIM10, TRIM15, TRIM26 and TRIM31. TRIM10, also known as B30-RING finger protein (RFB30), RING finger protein 9 (RNF9), or hematopoietic RING finger 1 (HERF1), is a novel hematopoiesis-specific RING finger protein required for terminal differentiation of erythroid cells. TRIM15, also termed RING finger protein 93 (RNF93), or zinc finger protein 178 (ZNF178), or zinc finger protein B7 (ZNFB7), is a focal adhesion protein that regulates focal adhesion disassembly. It localizes to focal contacts in a myosin-II-independent manner by an interaction between its coiled-coil domain and the LD2 motif of paxillin. TRIM15 can also associate with coronin 1B, cortactin, filamin binding LIM protein1, and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, which are involved in actin cytoskeleton dynamics. As an additional component of the integrin adhesome, it regulates focal adhesion turnover and cell migration. TRIM26, also known as acid finger protein (AFP), RING finger protein 95 (RNF95), or zinc finger protein 173 (ZNF173), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that negatively regulates interferon-beta production and antiviral response through polyubiquitination and degradation of nuclear transcription factor IRF3. It functions as an important regulator for RNA virus-triggered innate immune response by bridging TBK1 to NEMO (NF-kappaB essential modulator, also known as IKKgamma) and mediating TBK1 activation. It also acts as a novel tumor suppressor of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating cancer cell proliferation, colony forming ability, migration, and invasion. TRIM31 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that primarily localizes to the cytoplasm, but is also associated with the mitochondria. It can negatively regulate cell proliferation and may be a potential biomarker of gastric cancer as it is overexpressed from the early stage of gastric carcinogenesis. TRIM31 is downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer and serves as a potential tumor suppressor. It interacts with p52 (Shc) and inhibits Src-induced anchorage-independent growth. TRIM10, TRIM15 and TRIM26 belong to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a RING finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM31 belongs to the C-V subclass of TRIM family of proteins. The type 2 B-box (Bbox2) zinc finger is characterized by a CHC3H2 zinc-binding consensus motif.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 198442878  97 DLCQEHHEPLKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESREHRLHRVLP 134
Cdd:cd19765    1 TLCEEHGEKIHFFCEDDGKFLCVVCRESREHRTHTVSL 38

HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) finger and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers. Some have a different Cys/His pattern. Some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions, especially, the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can chelate Zn in a RING finger as well. This family corresponds to the HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) fingers that are characterized by containing C3HC4-type canonical RING-HC fingers or noncanonical RING-HC finger variants, including C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type modified RING-HC fingers. The canonical RING-HC finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-HC fingers can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 198442878  15 TCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEkargkkgrrkrKGSFPCPEC 65
Cdd:cd16449    2 ECPICLERLKDPVLLPCGHVFCRECIRRLLE-----------SGSIKCPIC 41

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM21 and similar proteins; TRIM21, also known as 52 kDa Ro protein, 52 kDa ribonucleoprotein autoantigen Ro/SS-A, Ro(SS-A), RING finger protein 81 (RNF81), or Sjoegren syndrome type A antigen (SS-A), is a ubiquitously expressed E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and a high affinity antibody receptor uniquely expressed in the cytosol of mammalian cells. As a cytosolic Fc receptor, TRIM21 binds the Fc of virus-associated antibodies and targets the complex in the cytosol for proteasomal degradation in a process known as antibody-dependent intracellular neutralization (ADIN), and provides an intracellular immune response to protect host defense against pathogen infection. It shows remarkably broad isotype specificity as it does not only bind IgG, but also IgM and IgA. Moreover, TRIM21 promotes the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS and the cytosolic RNA sensor RIG-I sensing of viral genomes during infection by antibody-opsonized virus. It stimulates inflammatory signaling and activates innate transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). TRIM21 also plays an essential role in p62-regulated redox homeostasis, suggesting it may be a viable target for treating pathological conditions resulting from oxidative damage. Furthermore, TRIM21 may have implications for various autoimmune diseases associated with uncontrolled antiviral signaling through the regulation of Nmi-IFI35 complex-mediated inhibition of innate antiviral response. TRIM21 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 198442878   9 KLQEEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACI-QLSWEKARGkkgrrkrkgsfpCPECREMSPQRNLLPNRLLTKVAEMA 87
Cdd:cd16596    5 MMWEEVTCPICLDPFVEPVSIECGHSFCQECIsQVGKGGGSV------------CPVCRQRFLLKNLRPNRQLANMVNNL 72

                 ..
gi 198442878  88 QQ 89
Cdd:cd16596   73 KE 74

B-box-type 2 zinc finger (Bbox2); The B-box-type zinc finger is a short zinc binding domain of around 40 amino acid residues in length. It has been found in transcription factors, ribonucleoproteins and proto-oncoproteins, such as in TRIM (tripartite motif) proteins that consist of an N-terminal RING finger (originally called an A-box), followed by 1-2 B-box domains and a coiled-coil domain (also called RBCC for Ring, B-box, Coiled-Coil). The B-box-type zinc finger often presents in combination with other motifs, like RING zinc finger, NHL motif, coiled-coil or RFP domain in functionally unrelated proteins, most likely mediating protein-protein interaction. Based on different consensus sequence and the spacing of the 7-8 zinc-binding residues, B-box-type zinc fingers can be divided into two groups, type 1 (Bbox1: C6H2) and type 2 (Bbox2: CHC3H2). The family corresponds to type 2 B-box (Bbox2).

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 198442878  98 LCQEHHEP-LKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESREHRLHRVLP 134
Cdd:cd19756    1 LCPEHPEEpLKLFCETCQELVCVLCLLSGEHRGHKVVP 38

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM58 and similar proteins; TRIM58, also known as protein BIA2, is an erythroid E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase induced during late erythropoiesis. It binds and ubiquitinates the intermediate chain of the microtubule motor dynein (DYNC1LI1/DYNC1LI2), stimulating the degradation of the dynein holoprotein complex. It may participate in the erythroblast enucleation process through regulation of nuclear polarization. TRIM58 belongs to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 198442878  12 EEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEKARGKKGRRkrkgsFPCPECR 66
Cdd:cd16606    1 EEARCPVCLDFLQEPVSVDCGHSFCLRCISEFCEKSDSAQGGV-----YACPQCR 50

RING-type zinc-finger; This zinc-finger is a typical RING-type of plant ubiquitin ligases.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 198442878   16 CSICLDYFTDPVmTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEKargkkgrrkRKGSFPCP 63
Cdd:pfam13445   1 CPICLELFTDPV-LPCGHTFCRECLEEMSQK---------KGGKFKCP 38

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae POB3/SPT16 histone-associated protein 1 (ScPSH1) and similar proteins; ScPSH1 is a Cse4-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with the kinetochore protein Pat1 and targets the degradation of budding yeast centromeric histone H3 variant, CENP-ACse4, which is essential for faithful chromosome segregation. ScPSH1 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a DNA directed RNA polymerase domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 198442878  10 LQEEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIqLSWEKargkkgrrkRKGSFPCPECRE 67
Cdd:cd16568    1 ILETQECIICHEYLYEPMVTTCGHTYCYTCL-NTWFK---------SNRSLSCPDCRT 48

B-box-type 2 zinc finger found in tripartite motif-containing protein 40 (TRIM40) and similar proteins; TRIM40, also termed probable E3 NEDD8-protein ligase, or RING finger protein 35, may function as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase of the NEDD8 conjugation pathway. It promotes neddylation of IKBKG/NEMO, stabilizing NFKBIA, and inhibiting NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and activity. TRIM40 belongs to the C-V subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a RING finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region. The type 2 B-box (Bbox2) zinc finger is characterized by a CHC3H2 zinc-binding consensus motif.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 198442878  98 LCQEHHEPLKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESREHRLHRVLPAEEA 138
Cdd:cd19781    4 LCQLHEKKVEWFCEEDQVLLCEECLKSPEHQSHHVLTIEDA 44

B-box-type 2 zinc finger found in tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM60, TRIM61, TRIM75 and similar proteins; This family includes a group of tripartite motif-containing proteins, including TRIM60, TRIM61 and TRIM75. TRIM60, also known as RING finger protein 129 (RNF129) or RING finger protein 33 (RNF33), is a cytoplasmic protein expressed in the testis. It may play an important role in the spermatogenesis process, the development of the preimplantation embryo, and in testicular functions. TRIM60 interacts with the cytoplasmic kinesin motor proteins KIF3A and KIF3B suggesting possible contribution to cargo movement along the microtubule in the expressed sites. It is also involved in spermatogenesis in Sertoli cells under the regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). TRIM61 is closely related to TRIM60, but its biological function remains unclear. TRIM75 could be the product of a pseudogene. Its biological function remains unclear. TRIM60 and TRIM75 belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a RING finger, Bbox2, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. In contrast, TRIM61 belongs to the C-V subclass of TRIM family that contains RBCC domains only. The type 2 B-box (Bbox2) zinc finger is characterized by a CHC3H2 zinc-binding consensus motif.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 198442878  98 LCQEHHEPLKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESREHRLHRVLP 134
Cdd:cd19791    2 LCEKHNQPLTKFCKKDLEPLCPQCSQSTDHQHHVVVP 38

B-box-type 2 zinc finger found in tripartite motif-containing protein 72 (TRIM72) and similar proteins; TRIM72, also known as Mitsugumin-53 (MG53), is a muscle-specific protein that plays a central role in cell membrane repair by nucleating the assembly of the repair machinery at muscle injury sites. It is required in repair of alveolar epithelial cells under plasma membrane stress failure. It interacts with dysferlin to regulate sarcolemmal repair. Upregulation of TRIM72 develops obesity, systemic insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia, as well as induces diabetic cardiomyopathy through transcriptional activation of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) signaling pathway. Compensation for the absence of AKT signaling by ERK signaling during TRIM72 overexpression leads to pathological hypertrophy. Moreover, TRIM72 functions as a novel negative feedback regulator of myogenesis via targeting insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). It is transcriptionally activated by the synergism of myogenin (MyoD) and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2). TRIM72 belongs to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a RING finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. The type 2 B-box (Bbox2) zinc finger is characterized by a CHC3H2 zinc-binding consensus motif.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 198442878  97 DLCQEHHEPLKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESREHRLHRVLPAEEA 138
Cdd:cd19797    1 GHCEEHLDPLSVYCEQDRALICGVCASLGKHKGHNIITAAEA 42

B-Box-type zinc finger;

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 198442878    94 QKQDLCQEHH-EPLKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESrEHRLHRVLP 134
Cdd:smart00336   1 QRAPKCDSHGdEPAEFFCEECGALLCRTCDEA-EHRGHTVVL 41

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 47 (TRIM47) and similar proteins; TRIM47, also known as gene overexpressed in astrocytoma protein (GOA) or RING finger protein 100 (RNF100), belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a B-box, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. It plays an important role in the process of dedifferentiation that is associated with astrocytoma tumorigenesis. This subfamily also includes RING finger protein 135 (RNF135). RNF135, also known as RIG-I E3 ubiquitin ligase (REUL) or Riplet, is a widely expressed E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that consists of an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and C-terminal B30.2/SPRY and PRY motifs, but lacks the B-box and coiled-coil domains that are also typically present in TRIM proteins. RNF135 serves as a specific retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-interacting protein that ubiquitinates RIG-I and specifically stimulates RIG-I-mediated innate antiviral activity to produce antiviral type-I interferon (IFN) during the early phase of viral infection. It also has been identified as a bio-marker and therapy target of glioblastoma. It associates with the ERK signal transduction pathway and plays a role in glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration and cell cycle.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 198442878  16 CSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEKArgkkgrrkRKGSFPCPECREMSP 70
Cdd:cd16604    3 CPICLDLLKDPVTLPCGHSFCMGCLGALWGAG--------RGGRASCPLCRQTFP 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Ret finger protein-like 4B (RFPL4B) and similar proteins; RFPL4B, also called RING finger protein 211 (RNF211), is an uncharacterized RING finger protein containing a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 198442878   6 LARKLQEEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQ 41
Cdd:cd16623    1 MANRLEMEATCPICLDFFSHPISLSCAHIFCFDCIQ 36

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM13, TRIM59 and similar proteins; TRIM13 and TRIM59, two closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, followed by a C-terminal transmembrane domain. TRIM13, also known as B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia tumor suppressor Leu5, leukemia-associated protein 5, putative tumor suppressor RFP2, RING finger protein 77 (RNF77), or Ret finger protein 2, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane anchored E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with proteins localized to the ER, including valosin-containing protein (VCP), a protein indispensable for ER-associated degradation (ERAD). TRIM59, also known as RING finger protein 104 (RNF104) or tumor suppressor TSBF-1, is a putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions as a novel multiple cancer biomarker for immunohistochemical detection of early tumorigenesis.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 198442878  12 EEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQlswekARGKKGRRKRKGSFPCPECR 66
Cdd:cd16581    1 EELTCSICYNIFDDPKILPCSHTFCKNCLE-----KLLAASGYYLLASLKCPTCR 50

B-box-type 2 zinc finger found in tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) and similar proteins; TRIM21, also known as 52 kDa Ro protein, 52 kDa ribonucleoprotein autoantigen Ro/SS-A, Ro(SS-A), RING finger protein 81 (RNF81), or Sjoegren's syndrome type A antigen (SS-A), is a ubiquitously expressed E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and a high affinity antibody receptor uniquely expressed in the cytosol of mammalian cells. As a cytosolic Fc receptor, TRIM21 binds the Fc of virus-associated antibodies and targets the complex in the cytosol for proteasomal degradation in a process known as antibody-dependent intracellular neutralization (ADIN), and provides an intracellular immune response to protect host defense against pathogen infection. It shows remarkably broad isotype specificity as it does not only bind IgG, but also IgM and IgA. Moreover, TRIM21 promotes the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS and the cytosolic RNA sensor RIG-I sensing of viral genomes during infection by antibody-opsonized virus. It stimulates inflammatory signaling and activates innate transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). TRIM21 also plays an essential role in p62-regulated redox homeostasis, suggesting a viable target for treating pathological conditions resulting from oxidative damage. Furthermore, TRIM21 may have implications for various autoimmune diseases associated uncontrolled antiviral signaling through the regulation of Nmi-IFI35 complex-mediated inhibition of innate antiviral response. TRIM21 belongs to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a RING finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. The type 2 B-box (Bbox2) zinc finger is characterized by a CHC3H2 zinc-binding consensus motif.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 198442878  99 CQEHHEPLKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESREHRLHRVLPAE 136
Cdd:cd19772    3 CAVHGERLHLFCEEDQKALCLVCAQSQKHRDHAMVPIE 40

Ring finger; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain of c-Cbl and is likely to be a general function of this domain; Various RING fingers exhibit binding activity towards E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (Ubc' s)

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 198442878    16 CSICLDYF-TDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEkargkkgrrkrKGSFPCPEC 65
Cdd:smart00184   1 CPICLEEYlKDPVILPCGHTFCRSCIRKWLE-----------SGNNTCPIC 40

B-box-type 2 zinc finger found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM50, TRIM73, TRIM74 and similar proteins; TRIM50 is a stomach-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, encoded by the Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) TRIM50 gene, which regulates vesicular trafficking for acid secretion in gastric parietal cells. It colocalizes, interacts with, and increases the level of p62/SQSTM1, a multifunctional adaptor protein implicated in various cellular processes including the autophagy clearance of polyubiquitinated protein aggregates. It also promotes the formation and clearance of aggresome-associated polyubiquitinated proteins through the interaction with the histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a tubulin specific deacetylase that regulates microtubule-dependent aggresome formation. TRIM50 can be acetylated by PCAF and p300. TRIM50 belongs to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a RING finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. The type 2 B-box (Bbox2) zinc finger is characterized by a CHC3H2 zinc-binding consensus motif. The family also includes two paralogs of TRIM50, tripartite motif-containing protein 73 (TRIM73), also known as tripartite motif-containing protein 50B (TRIM50B), and tripartite motif-containing protein 74 (TRIM74), also known as tripartite motif-containing protein 50C (TRIM50C), both of which are WBS-related genes encoding proteins and may also act as E3 ligases. In contrast with TRIM50, TRIM73 and TRIM74 belong to the C-V subclass of TRIM family of proteins that are defined by the N-terminal RBCC domains only.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 198442878  99 CQEHHEPLKLFCQKDQSPICVVCRESREHRLHRVLP 134
Cdd:cd19787    3 CPHHHNPLSLFCEKDQEVICGLCGLIGSHRQHKITP 38

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC3D-type), found in ligand of Numb protein LNX1, LNX2, and similar proteins; The ligand of Numb protein X (LNX) family, also known as PDZ and RING (PDZRN) family, includes LNX1-5, which can interact with Numb, a key regulator of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. LNX5 (also known as PDZK4 or PDZRN4L) shows high sequence homology to LNX3 and LNX4, but it lacks the RING domain. LNX1-4 proteins function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and have a unique domain architecture consisting of an N-terminal RING-HC finger for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and either two or four PDZ domains necessary for substrate-binding. LNX1/LNX2-like proteins contain a modified C3HC3D-type RING-HC finger and four PDZ domains. This model corresponds to the RING finger.

                         10        20
                 ....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 198442878  15 TCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACI 40
Cdd:cd16637    3 TCHICLQPLVEPLDTPCGHTFCYKCL 28

RING finger, HC subclass, found in midline-1 (MID1) and similar proteins; MID1, also known as midin, midline 1 RING finger protein, putative transcription factor XPRF, RING finger protein 59 (RNF59), or tripartite motif-containing protein 18 (TRIM18), is a microtubule-associated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal differentiation, cell migration and adhesion, and programmed cell death along specific regions of the ventral midline during embryogenesis. It monoubiquinates the alpha4 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), promoting proteosomal degradation of the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2Ac) and preventing the A and B subunits from forming an active complex. It promotes allergen and rhinovirus-induced asthma through the inhibition of PP2A activity. It is strongly upregulated in cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) and directs lytic granule exocytosis and cytotoxicity of killer T cells. Loss-of-function mutations in MID1 lead to the human X-linked Opitz G/BBB (XLOS) syndrome characterized by defective midline development during embryogenesis. MID1 belongs to the C-I subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a COS (carboxyl-terminal subgroup one signature) box, a fibronectin type III (FN3) domain, and a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. MID1 hetero-dimerizes in vitro with its paralog MID2.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 198442878  10 LQEEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEKARGKKGRRKRKGSFPCPECR 66
Cdd:cd16753    2 LESELTCPICLELFEDPLLLPCAHSLCFNCAHRILVSHCASNESVESITAFQCPTCR 58

RING finger, HC subclass, found in bifunctional apoptosis regulator (BAR); BAR, also known as RING finger protein 47, was originally identified as an inhibitor of Bax-induced apoptosis. It participates in the block of apoptosis induced by TNF-family death receptors (extrinsic pathway) and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis (intrinsic pathway). BAR is predominantly expressed by neurons in the central nervous system and is involved in the regulation of neuronal survival. It is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with BI-1 protein and post-translationally regulates its stability, as well as functioning in ER stress. BAR contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a SAM domain, a coiled-coil domain, and a C-terminal transmembrane (TM) domain. This model corresponds to the RING-HC finger responsible for the binding of ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2s).

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 198442878  16 CSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEKARGKKgrrkrkgsfpCPECRE 67
Cdd:cd16497    4 CHCCYDLLVNPTTLNCGHSFCRHCLALWWKSSKKTE----------CPECRQ 45

RING finger, HC subclass, found in helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) and similar proteins; HLTF, also known as DNA-binding protein/plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 regulator, HIP116, RING finger protein 80, SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 3, or sucrose nonfermenting protein 2-like 3, is a yeast RAD5 homolog found in mammals. It has both E3 ubiquitin ligase and DNA helicase activities, and plays a pivotal role in the template-switching pathway of DNA damage tolerance. It is involved in Lys-63-linked poly-ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at Lys-164 and in the regulation of DNA damage tolerance. It shows double-stranded DNA translocase activity with 3'-5' polarity, thereby facilitating regression of the replication fork. HLTF contains an N-terminal HIRAN (HIP116 and RAD5 N-terminal) domain, a SWI/SNF helicase domain that is divided into N- and C-terminal parts by an insertion of a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger involved in the poly-ubiquitination of PCNA.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 198442878  16 CSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEKARGKkgrrkrkgsfpCPECR 66
Cdd:cd16509    6 CAICLDSLTNPVITPCAHVFCRRCICEVIQREKAK-----------CPMCR 45

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana RING membrane-anchor proteins (AtRMAs) and similar proteins; AtRMAs, including AtRma1, AtRma2, and AtRma3, are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized Arabidopsis homologs of human outer membrane of the ER-anchor E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, RING finger protein 5 (RNF5). AtRMAs possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, and may play a role in the growth and development of Arabidopsis. The AtRMA1 and AtRMA3 genes are predominantly expressed in major tissues, such as cotyledons, leaves, shoot-root junction, roots, and anthers, while AtRMA2 expression is restricted to the root tips and leaf hydathodes. AtRma1 probably functions with the Ubc4/5 subfamily of E2. AtRma2 is likely involved in the cellular regulation of ABP1 expression levels through interacting with auxin binding protein 1 (ABP1). AtRMA proteins contain an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a trans-membrane-anchoring domain in their extreme C-terminal region.

                         10        20
                 ....*....|....*....|....*
gi 198442878  16 CSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACI 40
Cdd:cd16745    3 CNICLDLAQDPVVTLCGHLFCWPCL 27

RING-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 198442878  16 CSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEKARGKKgrrkrkgsfpCPECR 66
Cdd:COG5574  218 CFLCLEEPEVPSCTPCGHLFCLSCLLISWTKKKYEF----------CPLCR 258

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 168 (RNF168) and similar proteins; RNF168 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes noncanonical K27 ubiquitination to signal DNA damage. It, together with RNF8, functions as a DNA damage response (DDR) factor that promotes a series of ubiquitylation events on substrates, such as H2A and H2AX with H2AK13/15 ubiquitylation, facilitates recruitment of repair factors p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) or the RAP80-BRCA1 complex to sites of double-strand breaks (DSBs), and inhibits homologous recombination (HR) in cells deficient in the tumor suppressor BRCA1. RNF168 also promotes H2A neddylation, which antagonizes ubiquitylation of H2A and regulates DNA damage repair. Moreover, RNF168 forms a functional complex with RAD6A or RAD6B during the DNA damage response. RNF168 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger that catalyzes H2A-K15ub and interacts with H2A, and two MIU (motif interacting with ubiquitin) domains responsible for the interaction with K63 linked poly-ubiquitin.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 198442878  14 ATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEKArgkkgrrkrkgSFPCPECR 66
Cdd:cd16550    1 CLCPICLEILVEPVTLPCNHTLCMPCFQSTVEKA-----------SLCCPLCR 42

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 10 (RNF10) and similar proteins; RNF10 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with mesenchyme Homeobox 2 (MEOX2) transcription factor, a regulator of the proliferation, differentiation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes; it enhances Meox2 activation of the p21 promoter. It also regulates the expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) genes and is required for myelin production in Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. Moreover, RNF10 regulates retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation and the cell cycle exit of P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. RNF10 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and three putative nuclear localization signals.

                         10        20
                 ....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 198442878  15 TCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACI 40
Cdd:cd16536    2 QCPICLEPPVAPRITRCGHIFCWPCI 27

second RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana ORTHRUS and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana ORTHRUS 1-5. They are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that may participate in CpG methylation-dependent transcriptional regulation and/or epigenetic transcriptional silencing. ORTHRUS 1 mediates ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UBC11, UBC8 and UBC8 homologs (e.g. UBC10, UBC11, UBC28 and UBC29) but not with UBC27, UBC30, UBC32, UBC34 and UBC36. ORTHRUS 2 and 5 mediate ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC11. ORTHRUS 1 and 2 promote methylation-mediated gene silencing leading, for example, to early flowering. They can bind to CpG, CpNpG, and CpNpN DNA motifs, with a strong preference for methylated forms, and with highest affinity for CpG substrates. Members of this subfamily contain two typical C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers. This model corresponds to the second one.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 198442878   9 KLQEEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRAC-------IQLSWEKARGKKGRRKRKGSFPCPEC 65
Cdd:cd23139    1 RLLKEFGCQICKKVLSLPVSTPCGHNFCKACleakfagIADVRDRGNGGRSLRARKNVKPCPCC 64

Variant RING finger, HC subclass (C4C4-type), found in retinoblastoma-binding protein 6 (RBBP6) and similar proteins; RBBP6, also known as proliferation potential-related protein, protein P2P-R, retinoblastoma-binding Q protein 1 (RBQ-1), or p53-associated cellular protein of testis (PACT), is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in multiple processes, such as the control of gene expression, mitosis, cell differentiation, and cell apoptosis. It plays a role in both promoting and inhibiting apoptosis in many human cancers, including esophageal, lung, hepatocellular, and colon cancers, familial myeloproliferative neoplasms, as well as in human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). It functions as an Rb- and p53-binding protein that plays an important role in chaperone-mediated ubiquitination and possibly in protein quality control. It acts as a scaffold protein to promote the assembly of the p53/TP53-MDM2 complex, resulting in an increase of MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of p53/TP53, and leading to both apoptosis and cell growth. It is also a double-stranded RNA-binding protein that plays a role in mRNA processing by regulating the human polyadenylation machinery and modulating expression of mRNAs with AU-rich 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Moreover, RBBP6 ubiquitinates and destabilizes the transcriptional repressor ZBTB38 that negatively regulates transcription and levels of the MCM10 replication factor on chromatin. Furthermore, RBBP6 is involved in tunicamycin-induced apoptosis by mediating protein kinase (PKR) activation. RBBP6 contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain and a C4C4-type RING finger, whose overall folding is similar to that of the typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. RBBP6 interacts with chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp40 through its N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain. It promotes the ubiquitination of p53 by Hdm2 in an E4-like manner through its RING finger. It also interacts directly with the pro-proliferative transcription factor Y-box-binding protein-1 (YB-1) via its RING finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 198442878  12 EEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTT-CGHNFCRACIQlswekargkkgRRKRKGSFPCPECRE 67
Cdd:cd16620    2 DELKCPICKDLMKDAVLTPcCGNSFCDECIR-----------TALLEEDFTCPTCKE 47

RING finger, HC subclass, found in postreplication repair protein RAD18 and similar proteins; RAD18, also known as HR18 or RING finger protein 73 (RNF73), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in post replication repair of UV-damaged DNA via its recruitment to stalled replication forks. It associates to the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBE2B to form the UBE2B-RAD18 ubiquitin ligase complex involved in mono-ubiquitination of DNA-associated PCNA on K164. It also interacts with another E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme RAD6 to form a complex that monoubiquitinates proliferating cell nuclear antigen at stalled replication forks in DNA translesion synthesis. Moreover, Rad18 is a key factor in double-strand break DNA damage response (DDR) pathways via its association with K63-linked polyubiquitylated chromatin proteins. It can function as a mediator for DNA damage response signals to activate the G2/M checkpoint in order to maintain genome integrity and cell survival after ionizing radiation (IR) exposure. RAD18 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a ubiquitin-binding zinc finger domain (UBZ), a SAP (SAF-A/B, Acinus and PIAS) domain, and a RAD6-binding domain (R6BD).

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 198442878  16 CSICLDYF-TDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQ--LSWEKArgkkgrrkrkgsfpCPECRE 67
Cdd:cd16529    7 CPICFEYFnTAMMITQCSHNYCSLCIRrfLSYKTQ--------------CPTCRA 47

RING-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase [Signal transduction mechanisms];

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 198442878  16 CSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEKARGkkgrrkrkgsfpCPECREmSPQRNLLPNRLLtkVAEMAQQHPGLQK 95
Cdd:COG5432   28 CRICDCRISIPCETTCGHTFCSLCIRRHLGTQPF------------CPVCRE-DPCESRLRGSSG--SREINESHARNRD 92

                 ...
gi 198442878  96 QDL 98
Cdd:COG5432   93 LLR 95

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 170 (RNF170) and similar proteins; RNF170, also known as putative LAG1-interacting protein, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination-dependent degradation of type-I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors (ITPR1) via the endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway. A point mutation (arginine to cysteine at position 199) in the RNF170 gene is linked with autosomal-dominant sensory ataxia (ADSA), a disease characterized by neurodegeneration in the posterior columns of the spinal cord. RNF170 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 198442878  15 TCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQLSWEkargkkgRRKRKGSFPCPECREM 68
Cdd:cd16553    3 ECPICLQDARFPVETNCGHLFCGPCIITYWR-------HGSWLGAVSCPVCRQT 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in yeast Bre1 and its homologs from eukaryotes; Bre1 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that catalyzes monoubiquitination of histone H2B in concert with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, Rad6. The Rad6-Bre1-mediated histone H2B ubiquitylation modulates the formation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) during meiosis in yeast. it is also required, indirectly, for the methylation of histone 3 on lysine 4 (H3K4) and 79. RNF20, also known as BRE1A and RNF40, also known as BRE1B, are the mammalian homologs of Bre1. They work together to form a heterodimeric Bre1 complex that facilitate the K120 monoubiquitination of histone H2B (H2Bub1), a DNA damage-induced histone modification that is crucial for recruitment of the chromatin remodeler SNF2h to DNA double-strand break (DSB) damage sites. Moreover, the Bre1 complex acts as a tumor suppressor, augmenting expression of select tumor suppressor genes and suppressing select oncogenes. Deficiency in the mammalian histone H2B ubiquitin ligase Bre1 leads to replication stress and chromosomal instability. All subfamily members contain a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger at its C-terminus.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 198442878   8 RKLQEEATCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQ 41
Cdd:cd16499    1 KDLRELLKCSVCNDRFKDVIITKCGHVFCNECVQ 34

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA repair protein RAD16, Schizosaccharomyces pombe rhp16, and similar proteins; Budding yeast RAD16, also known as ATP-dependent helicase RAD16, is encoded by a yeast excision repair gene homologous to the recombinational repair gene RAD54 and to the SNF2 gene involved in transcriptional activation. It is a component of the global genome repair (GGR) complex that promotes global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) by removing DNA damage from non-transcribing DNA. RAD16 is involved in differential repair of DNA after UV damage, and repairs preferentially the MAT-alpha locus compared with the HML-alpha locus. Fission yeast rhp16, also known as ATP-dependent helicase rhp16, is a RAD16 homolog. It is involved in GGR via nucleotide excision repair (NER), in conjunction with rhp7, after UV irradiation. Both RAD16 and rhp16 contain a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, as well as a DEAD-like helicase domain and a helicase superfamily C-terminal domain.

                         10        20
                 ....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 198442878  16 CSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACIQ 41
Cdd:cd16567    3 CGICHEEAEDPVVARCHHVFCRACVK 28