SPX domain of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase BAH1/NLA and similar proteins; This region has been named the SPX domain after (Syg1, Pho81 and XPR1). The domain is found at the amino terminus of a variety of proteins. BAH1 (benzoic acid hypersensitive 1) appears to function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase; the protein contains an SPX and a RING finger domain. It has been suggested that BAH1/NLA is involved in the regulation of plant immune responses, probably via a pathway of salicylic acid biosynthesis that includes benzoic acid as an intermediate.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074   2 KFCKKYEEYMQGQKEK--KNLPGVGFKKLKKILKRCRRNHVPSRISFTD------AINHNCSRECPVCDGTFFPELLKEM 73
Cdd:cd14482    1 KFGKTYEEYLRGEQEKflEKCSHVEYKRLKKVLKKCRSDRSLQADDTNDdqassdSSASCCPGSCPVCDGMFFPELLKEM 80

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 186478074  74 EDVVGWFNEHAQKLLELHLASGFTKCLTWLRGNsRKKDHHGLIQEGKDLVNYALINAVAIRKILKKYDKIHESRQGQ 150
Cdd:cd14482   81 SDIVGCFNSRAQKLLELHLASGFQRYLLWFRQC-FKDDHQALIQEGRDLVNYATMNAIAIRKILKKYDKVHSSVNGR 156

SPX domain of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase BAH1/NLA and similar proteins; This region has been named the SPX domain after (Syg1, Pho81 and XPR1). The domain is found at the amino terminus of a variety of proteins. BAH1 (benzoic acid hypersensitive 1) appears to function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase; the protein contains an SPX and a RING finger domain. It has been suggested that BAH1/NLA is involved in the regulation of plant immune responses, probably via a pathway of salicylic acid biosynthesis that includes benzoic acid as an intermediate.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074   2 KFCKKYEEYMQGQKEK--KNLPGVGFKKLKKILKRCRRNHVPSRISFTD------AINHNCSRECPVCDGTFFPELLKEM 73
Cdd:cd14482    1 KFGKTYEEYLRGEQEKflEKCSHVEYKRLKKVLKKCRSDRSLQADDTNDdqassdSSASCCPGSCPVCDGMFFPELLKEM 80

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 186478074  74 EDVVGWFNEHAQKLLELHLASGFTKCLTWLRGNsRKKDHHGLIQEGKDLVNYALINAVAIRKILKKYDKIHESRQGQ 150
Cdd:cd14482   81 SDIVGCFNSRAQKLLELHLASGFQRYLLWFRQC-FKDDHQALIQEGRDLVNYATMNAIAIRKILKKYDKVHSSVNGR 156

RING-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074 228 DLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCACSAasvnvvdglKTAEATEKCPLCREdgvykgAVHLDELNIL 297
Cdd:COG5574  215 DYKCFLCLEEPEVPSCTPCGHLFCLSCLLIS---------WTKKKYEFCPLCRA------KVYPKKVIIL 269

SPX domain; We have named this region the SPX domain after SYG1, Pho81 and XPR1. This 180 residue long domain is found at the amino terminus of a variety of proteins. In the yeast protein SYG1, the N-terminus directly binds to the G-protein beta subunit and inhibits transduction of the mating pheromone signal. Similarly, the N-terminus of the human XPR1 protein binds directly to the beta subunit of the G-protein heterotrimer leading to increased production of cAMP. These findings suggest that all the members of this family are involved in G-protein associated signal transduction. The N-termini of several proteins involved in the regulation of phosphate transport, including the putative phosphate level sensors PHO81 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and NUC-2 from Neurospora crassa, are also members of this family. The SPX domain of S. cerevisiae low-affinity phosphate transporters Pho87 and Pho90 auto-regulates uptake and prevents efflux. This SPX dependent inhibition is mediated by the physical interaction with Spl2 NUC-2 contains several ankyrin repeats pfam00023. Several members of this family are annotated as XPR1 proteins: the xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor confers susceptibility to infection with murine xenotropic and polytropic leukaemia viruses (MLV). Infection by these retroviruses can inhibit XPR1-mediated cAMP signalling and result in cell toxicity and death. The similarity between SYG1, phosphate regulators and XPR1 sequences has been previously noted, as has the additional similarity to several predicted proteins, of unknown function, from Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and many other diverse organizms. In addition, given the similarities between XPR1 and SYG1 and phosphate regulatory proteins, it has been proposed that XPR1 might be involved in G-protein associated signal transduction and may itself function as a phosphate sensor.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074  124 NYALINAVAIRKILKKYDKI 143
Cdd:pfam03105 307 SYSELNRTAFRKILKKFDKV 326

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger);

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074  231 CSICLDTVFDPISLT-CGHIYCYMCacsaasvnvvdGLKTAEATEKCPLC 279
Cdd:pfam13923   2 CPICMDMLKDPSTTTpCGHVFCQDC-----------ILRALEASNECPLC 40

SPX domain of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase BAH1/NLA and similar proteins; This region has been named the SPX domain after (Syg1, Pho81 and XPR1). The domain is found at the amino terminus of a variety of proteins. BAH1 (benzoic acid hypersensitive 1) appears to function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase; the protein contains an SPX and a RING finger domain. It has been suggested that BAH1/NLA is involved in the regulation of plant immune responses, probably via a pathway of salicylic acid biosynthesis that includes benzoic acid as an intermediate.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074   2 KFCKKYEEYMQGQKEK--KNLPGVGFKKLKKILKRCRRNHVPSRISFTD------AINHNCSRECPVCDGTFFPELLKEM 73
Cdd:cd14482    1 KFGKTYEEYLRGEQEKflEKCSHVEYKRLKKVLKKCRSDRSLQADDTNDdqassdSSASCCPGSCPVCDGMFFPELLKEM 80

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 186478074  74 EDVVGWFNEHAQKLLELHLASGFTKCLTWLRGNsRKKDHHGLIQEGKDLVNYALINAVAIRKILKKYDKIHESRQGQ 150
Cdd:cd14482   81 SDIVGCFNSRAQKLLELHLASGFQRYLLWFRQC-FKDDHQALIQEGRDLVNYATMNAIAIRKILKKYDKVHSSVNGR 156

Domain found in Syg1, Pho81, XPR1, and related proteins; This region has been named the SPX domain after (Syg1, Pho81 and XPR1). This domain is found at the amino terminus of a variety of proteins. In the yeast protein Syg1, the N-terminus directly binds to the G-protein beta subunit and inhibits transduction of the mating pheromone signal. Similarly, the N-terminus of the human XPR1 protein binds directly to the beta subunit of the G-protein heterotrimer leading to increased production of cAMP. These findings suggest that members of this family are involved in G-protein associated signal transduction. The N-termini of several proteins involved in the regulation of phosphate transport, including the putative phosphate level sensors Pho81 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and NUC-2 from Neurospora crassa, are also members of this family. The SPX domain of S. cerevisiae low-affinity phosphate transporters Pho87 and Pho90 auto-regulates uptake and prevents efflux. This SPX dependent inhibition is mediated by the physical interaction with Spl2. NUC-2 contains several ankyrin repeats. Several members of this family are annotated as XPR1 proteins: the xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor confers susceptibility to infection with xenotropic and polytropic murine leukaemia viruses (MLV). Infection by these retroviruses can inhibit XPR1-mediated cAMP signaling and result in cell toxicity and death. The similarity between Syg1, phosphate regulators and XPR1 sequences has been previously noted, as has the additional similarity to several predicted proteins, of unknown function, from Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, S. cerevisiae, and many other diverse organisms.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074   2 KFCKKYEEYMQGQKEKKNLPgvgFKKLKKILKRCRRNHVPSRISFTDAINHncSRECPVCDGTFFPELLKEMEDVVGWFN 81
Cdd:cd14447    1 KFGKRLREEAVPEWRDKYVD---YKALKKLIKNLVASADEASNSSEALELS--ESGGEEFESEFFEALDAELEKVNEFYQ 75

                         90       100       110       120       130       140
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 186478074  82 EHAQKLLELHLASGFTKCLTWLRGNSRKKDHHGLIQEGK-------DLVNYALINAVAIRKILKKYDK 142
Cdd:cd14447   76 ELLEELQELLKRLEALEPDLPALRGSLKEELEDLRKELVesyseleELERFVELNYTAFRKILKKYDK 143

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RMA2; Provisional

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074 228 DLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCA-----CSAASVNVVDGLKTAEATEKCPLCRED 282
Cdd:PLN03208  18 DFDCNICLDQVRDPVVTLCGHLFCWPCIhkwtyASNNSRQRVDQYDHKREPPKCPVCKSD 77

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM25 and similar proteins; TRIM25, also known as estrogen-responsive finger protein (EFP), RING finger protein 147 (RNF147), or RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase, is an E3 ubiquitin/ISG15 ligase that is induced by estrogen and is therefore particularly abundant in placenta and uterus. TRIM25 regulates various cellular processes through E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, transferring ubiquitin and ISG15 to target proteins. It mediates K63-linked polyubiquitination of retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) that is crucial for downstream antiviral interferon signaling. It is also required for melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS, also known as IPS-1, VISA, Cardiff) mediated activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and interferon production. Upon UV irradiation, TRIM25 interacts with mono-ubiquitinated PCNA and promotes its ISG15 modification (ISGylation), suggesting a crucial role in termination of error-prone translesion DNA synthesis. TRIM25 also functions as a novel regulator of p53 and Mdm2. It enhances p53 and Mdm2 abundance by inhibiting their ubiquitination and degradation in 26S proteasomes. Meanwhile, it inhibits p53's transcriptional activity and dampens the response to DNA damage, and is essential for medaka development and this dependence is rescued by silencing of p53. Moreover, TRIM25 is involved in the host cellular innate immune response against retroviral infection. It interferes with the late stage of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) replication. Furthermore, TRIM25 acts as an oncogene in gastric cancer. Its blockade by RNA interference inhibits migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells through transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling, suggesting it presents a novel target for the detection and treatment of gastric cancer. In addition, TRIM25 acts as an RNA-specific activator for Lin28a/TuT4-mediated uridylation. TRIM25 belongs to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 186478074 228 DLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCACSAasvnvVDGLKTAEATekCPLCRED 282
Cdd:cd16597    5 ELTCSICLELFKDPVTLPCGHNFCGVCIEKT-----WDSQHGSEYS--CPQCRAT 52

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, and similar proteins; TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM7, also known as glycogenin-interacting protein (GNIP) or RING finger protein 90 (RNF90), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. Its phosphorylation and activation by MSK1 in response to direct activation by the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway can stimulate TRIM7 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in mediating Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the AP-1 coactivator RACO-1, leading to RACO-1 protein stabilization. Moreover, TRIM7 binds and activates glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis. TRIM11, also known as protein BIA1, or RING finger protein 92 (RNF92), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the development of the central nervous system. It is overexpressed in high-grade gliomas and promotes proliferation, invasion, migration and glial tumor growth. TRIM11 acts as a potential therapeutic target for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) by mediating the degradation of CCHS-associated polyalanine-expanded Phox2b. TRIM11 modulates the function of neurogenic transcription factor Pax6 through the ubiquitin-proteosome system, and thus plays an essential role for Pax6-dependent neurogenesis. It also binds to and destabilizes a key component of the activator-mediated cofactor complex (ARC105), humanin, a neuroprotective peptide against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults, and further regulates ARC105 function in transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling. Moreover, TRIM11 negatively regulates retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-mediated interferon-beta (IFNbeta) production and antiviral activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1). It may contribute to the endogenous restriction of retroviruses in cells. It enhances N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) entry by interfering with Ref1 restriction. It also suppresses the early steps of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 transduction, resulting in decreased reverse transcripts. TRIM27, also known as RING finger protein 76 (RNF76), RET finger protein (RFP), or zinc finger protein RFP, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in testis and in various tumor cell lines. Expression of TRIM27 is associated with prognosis of colon and endometrial cancers. TRIM27 was first identified as a fusion partner of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as a transcriptional repressor and associates with several proteins involved in transcriptional activity, such as enhancer of polycomb 1 (Epc1), a member of the Polycomb group proteins, and Mi-2beta, a main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (RB1). It also interacts with HDAC1, leading to downregulation of thioredoxin binding protein 2 (TBP-2), which inhibits the function of thioredoxin. Moreover, TRIM27 mediates Pax7-induced ubiquitination of MyoD in skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, it inhibits muscle differentiation by modulating serum response factor (SRF) and Epc1. TRIM27 promotes a non-canonical polyubiquitination of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that catalyzes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) to PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). It is an IKKepsilon-interacting protein that regulates IkappaB kinase (IKK) function and negatively regulates signaling involved in the antiviral response and inflammation. TRIM27 also forms a protein complex with MBD4 or MBD2 or MBD3, and thus plays an important role in the enhancement of transcriptional repression through MBD proteins in tumorigenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis. It is a component of an estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulatory complex that is involved in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription in MCF-7 cells.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 186478074 228 DLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCymCACsaasvnVVDGLKTAEATEKCPLCRE 281
Cdd:cd16594    5 ELTCPICLDYFTDPVTLDCGHSFC--RAC------IARCWEEPETSASCPQCRE 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM17 and similar proteins; TRIM17, also known as RING finger protein 16 (RNF16) or testis RING finger protein (Terf), is a crucial E3 ubiquitin ligase that is necessary and sufficient for neuronal apoptosis and contributes to Mcl-1 ubiquitination in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). It interacts in a SUMO-dependent manner with nuclear factor of activated T cell NFATc3 transcription factor, and thus inhibits the activity of NFATc3 by preventing its nuclear localization. In contrast, it binds to and inhibits NFATc4 transcription factor in a SUMO-independent manner. Moreover, TRIM17 stimulates degradation of kinetochore protein ZW10 interacting protein (ZWINT), a known component of the kinetochore complex required for the mitotic spindle checkpoint, and negatively regulates cell proliferation. TRIM17 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 186478074 230 TCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMC-ACSAASVNVVDGLKTAEATEKCPLCRE 281
Cdd:cd16595    7 TCSICLDYFTDPVMTTCGHNFCRACiQLSWEKARGKKGRRKQKGSFPCPECRE 59

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 146 (RNF146) and similar proteins; RNF146, also known as dactylidin, or iduna, is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is responsible for PARylation-dependent ubiquitination (PARdU). It displays neuroprotective property due to its inhibition of Parthanatos, a PAR dependent cell death, via binding with Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). It also modulates PAR polymerase-1 (PARP-1)-mediated oxidative cell injury in cardiac myocytes. Moreover, RNF146 mediates tankyrase-dependent degradation of axin, thereby positively regulating Wnt signaling. It also facilitates DNA repair and protects against cell death induced by DNA damaging agents or gamma-irradiation by translocating to the nucleus after cellular injury and promoting the ubiquitination and degradation of various nuclear proteins involved in DNA damage repair. Furthermore, RNF146 is implicated in neurodegenerative disease and cancer development. It regulates the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by enhancing cell growth, invasion, and survival. RNF146 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger followed by a WWE domain with a poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) binding motif at the tail.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 186478074 229 LTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCacsaasvnvVDGlkTAEATEKCPLCRE 281
Cdd:cd16546    1 PECPICLQTCIHPVKLPCGHIFCYLC---------VKG--VAWQSKRCALCRQ 42

HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) finger and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers. Some have a different Cys/His pattern. Some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions, especially, the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can chelate Zn in a RING finger as well. This family corresponds to the HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) fingers that are characterized by containing C3HC4-type canonical RING-HC fingers or noncanonical RING-HC finger variants, including C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type modified RING-HC fingers. The canonical RING-HC finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-HC fingers can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 186478074 229 LTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCACSAASvnvvdglktaEATEKCPLC 279
Cdd:cd16449    1 LECPICLERLKDPVLLPCGHVFCRECIRRLLE----------SGSIKCPIC 41

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae POB3/SPT16 histone-associated protein 1 (ScPSH1) and similar proteins; ScPSH1 is a Cse4-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with the kinetochore protein Pat1 and targets the degradation of budding yeast centromeric histone H3 variant, CENP-ACse4, which is essential for faithful chromosome segregation. ScPSH1 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a DNA directed RNA polymerase domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 186478074 229 LTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCACSAASVNVvdglktaeaTEKCPLCRED 282
Cdd:cd16568    5 QECIICHEYLYEPMVTTCGHTYCYTCLNTWFKSNR---------SLSCPDCRTK 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 26 (TRIM26) and similar proteins; TRIM26, also known as acid finger protein (AFP), RING finger protein 95 (RNF95), or zinc finger protein 173 (ZNF173), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that negatively regulates interferon-beta production and antiviral response through polyubiquitination and degradation of nuclear transcription factor IRF3. It functions as an important regulator for RNA virus-triggered innate immune response by bridging TBK1 to NEMO (NF-kappaB essential modulator, also known as IKKgamma) and mediating TBK1 activation. It also acts as a novel tumor suppressor of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating cancer cell proliferation, colony forming ability, migration, and invasion. TRIM26 belongs the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a B-box, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 186478074 228 DLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCacsaasvnVVDGLKTAEATEK--CPLCR 280
Cdd:cd16598    4 EVTCSICLDYLRDPVTIDCGHNFCRSC--------ITDYCPISGGHERpvCPLCR 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana RING membrane-anchor proteins (AtRMAs) and similar proteins; AtRMAs, including AtRma1, AtRma2, and AtRma3, are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized Arabidopsis homologs of human outer membrane of the ER-anchor E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, RING finger protein 5 (RNF5). AtRMAs possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, and may play a role in the growth and development of Arabidopsis. The AtRMA1 and AtRMA3 genes are predominantly expressed in major tissues, such as cotyledons, leaves, shoot-root junction, roots, and anthers, while AtRMA2 expression is restricted to the root tips and leaf hydathodes. AtRma1 probably functions with the Ubc4/5 subfamily of E2. AtRma2 is likely involved in the cellular regulation of ABP1 expression levels through interacting with auxin binding protein 1 (ABP1). AtRMA proteins contain an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a trans-membrane-anchoring domain in their extreme C-terminal region.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074 231 CSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCacsaasvnVVDGLKTAEATEKCPLCR 280
Cdd:cd16745    3 CNICLDLAQDPVVTLCGHLFCWPC--------LHKWLRRQSSQPECPVCK 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 77 (TRIM77) and similar proteins; TRIM77 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including two consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and Bbox2, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 186478074 229 LTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCACsaasvnvvDGLKTAEATEKCPLCRE 281
Cdd:cd16543    4 LTCSICLDLLKDPVTIPCGHSFCMNCIT--------LLWDRKQGVPSCPQCRE 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 62 (TRIM62) and similar proteins; TRIM62, also known as Ductal Epithelium Associated Ring Chromosome 1 (DEAR1), is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that was identified as a dominant regulator of acinar morphogenesis in the mammary gland. It is implicated in the inflammatory response of immune cells by regulating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway, leading to increased activity of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor in primary macrophages. It is also involved in muscular protein homeostasis, especially during inflammation-induced atrophy, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) by activating and maintaining inflammation in myocytes. Moreover, TRIM62 facilitates K27-linked poly-ubiquitination of CARD9 and also regulates CARD9-mediated anti-fungal immunity and intestinal inflammation. It also functions as a chromosome 1p35 tumor suppressor and negatively regulates transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by binding to and promoting the ubiquitination of SMAD3, a major effector of TGFbeta-mediated EMT. TRIM62 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 186478074 228 DLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCACSAASvnvvdglktAEATEKCPLCRED 282
Cdd:cd16608    6 ELLCSICLSIYQDPVSLGCEHYFCRQCITEHWS---------RSEHRDCPECRRT 51

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC3D-type), found in ligand of Numb protein LNX1, LNX2, and similar proteins; The ligand of Numb protein X (LNX) family, also known as PDZ and RING (PDZRN) family, includes LNX1-5, which can interact with Numb, a key regulator of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. LNX5 (also known as PDZK4 or PDZRN4L) shows high sequence homology to LNX3 and LNX4, but it lacks the RING domain. LNX1-4 proteins function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and have a unique domain architecture consisting of an N-terminal RING-HC finger for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and either two or four PDZ domains necessary for substrate-binding. LNX1/LNX2-like proteins contain a modified C3HC3D-type RING-HC finger and four PDZ domains. This model corresponds to the RING finger.

                         10        20
                 ....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 186478074 228 DLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMC 254
Cdd:cd16637    1 DLTCHICLQPLVEPLDTPCGHTFCYKC 27

RING finger, HC subclass, found in breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and similar proteins; BRCA1, also known as RING finger protein 53 (RNF53), is a RING finger protein encoded by the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 that regulates all DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways. BRCA1 is frequently mutated in patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). Its mutation is also associated with an increased risk of pancreatic, stomach, laryngeal, fallopian tube, and prostate cancer. It plays an important role in the DNA damage response signaling and has been implicated in various cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation, transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodeling, DNA DSBs, and apoptosis. BRCA1 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and two BRCT (BRCA1 C-terminus domain) repeats at the C-terminus.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 186478074 229 LTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCacsaasvnVVDGLKTAEATEKCPLCR 280
Cdd:cd16498   17 LECPICLELLKEPVSTKCDHQFCRFC--------ILKLLQKKKKPAPCPLCK 60

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 180 (RNF180) and similar proteins; RNF180, also known as Rines, is a membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase well conserved among vertebrates. It is a critical regulator of the monoaminergic system, as well as emotional and social behavior. It interacts with brain monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and targets it for ubiquitination and degradation. It also functions as a novel tumor suppressor in gastric carcinogenesis. The hypermethylated CpG site count of the RNF180 DNA promoter can be used to predict survival of gastric cancer. RNF180 contains a novel conserved dual specificity protein phosphatase Rines conserved (DSPRC) domain, a basic coiled-coil domain, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and a C-terminal hydrophobic region that is predicted to be a transmembrane domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 186478074 229 LTCSICLDTVFDPISLT-CGHIYCYMCACSAAsvnvvdglKTAEATEKCPLCRE 281
Cdd:cd16554    3 LTCPVCLDLYYDPYMCYpCGHIFCEPCLRQLA--------KSSPKNTPCPLCRT 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in midline-2 (MID2) and similar proteins; MID2, also known as midin-2, midline defect 2, RING finger protein 60 (RNF60), or tripartite motif-containing protein 1 (TRIM1), is a probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and is highly related to MID1 that associates with cytoplasmic microtubules along their length and throughout the cell cycle. Like MID1, MID2 associates with the microtubule network and may at least partially compensate for the loss of MID1. Both MID1 and MID2 interacts with Alpha 4, which is a regulatory subunit of PP2-type phosphatases, such as PP2A, and an integral component of the rapamycin-sensitive signaling pathway. MID2 can also substitute for MID1 to control exocytosis of lytic granules in cytotoxic T cells. Loss-of-function mutations in MID2 lead to the human X-linked intellectual disability (XLID). MID2 belongs to the C-I subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a COS (carboxy-terminal subgroup one signature) box, a fibronectin type III (FN3) domain, and a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. MID2 hetero-dimerizes in vitro with its paralog MID1.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 186478074 228 DLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCACSAasvnVVDGLKTAEATE-----KCPLCR 280
Cdd:cd16754    7 ELTCPICLELFEDPLLLPCAHSLCFSCAHRI----LTSGCASGESIEppsafQCPTCR 60

RING finger, HC subclass, found in constitutive photomorphogenesis protein 1 (COP1) and similar proteins; COP1, also known as RING finger and WD repeat domain protein 2 (RFWD2) or RING finger protein 200 (RNF200), is a central regulator of photomorphogenic development in plants, which targets key transcription factors for proteasome-dependent degradation. It is localized predominantly in the nucleus, but may also be present in the cytosol. Mammalian COP1 functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with Jun transcription factors and modulates their transcriptional activity. It also interacts with and negatively regulates the tumor-suppressor protein p53. Moreover, COP1 associates with COP9 signalosome subunit 6 (CSN6), and is involved in 14-3-3sigma ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The CSN6-COP1 link enhances ubiquitin-mediated degradation of p27(Kip1), a critical CDK inhibitor involved in cell cycle regulation, to promote cancer cell growth. Furthermore, COP1 functions as the negative regulator of ETV1 and influences prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer. COP1 contains an N-terminal extension, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a coiled coil domain, and seven WD40 repeats. In human COP1, a classic leucine-rich NES, and a novel bipartite NLS is bridged by the RING-HC finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 186478074 228 DLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCAcsaasvnvvdgLKTAEATEKCPLC 279
Cdd:cd16504    2 DFLCPICFDIIKEAFVTKCGHSFCYKCI-----------VKHLEQKNRCPKC 42

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC3D-type), found in ligand of numb protein X 2 (LNX2); LNX2, also known as numb-binding protein 2, or PDZ domain-containing RING finger protein 1 (PDZRN1), is a PDZ domain-containing RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for the ubiquitination and degradation of Numb, a component of the Notch signaling pathway that functions in the specification of cell fates during development and is known to control cell numbers during neurogenesis in vertebrates. It interacts with contactin-associated protein 4 (Caspr4, also known as CNTNAP4) in a PDZ domain-dependent manner, which modulates the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). LNX2 contains an N-terminal modified C3HC3D-type RING-HC finger, a NPAF motif for Numb/ Numblike-LNX interaction, and four PDZ domains necessary for the binding of substrates, including ErbB2, RhoC, the presynaptic protein CAST, the melanoma/cancer-testis antigen MAGEB18 and several proteins associated with cell junctions, such as JAM4 and the Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR).

                         10        20
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 186478074 226 DIDLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMC 254
Cdd:cd16780    1 DDDLVCHICLQPLLQPLDTPCGHTFCFKC 29

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM21 and similar proteins; TRIM21, also known as 52 kDa Ro protein, 52 kDa ribonucleoprotein autoantigen Ro/SS-A, Ro(SS-A), RING finger protein 81 (RNF81), or Sjoegren syndrome type A antigen (SS-A), is a ubiquitously expressed E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and a high affinity antibody receptor uniquely expressed in the cytosol of mammalian cells. As a cytosolic Fc receptor, TRIM21 binds the Fc of virus-associated antibodies and targets the complex in the cytosol for proteasomal degradation in a process known as antibody-dependent intracellular neutralization (ADIN), and provides an intracellular immune response to protect host defense against pathogen infection. It shows remarkably broad isotype specificity as it does not only bind IgG, but also IgM and IgA. Moreover, TRIM21 promotes the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS and the cytosolic RNA sensor RIG-I sensing of viral genomes during infection by antibody-opsonized virus. It stimulates inflammatory signaling and activates innate transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). TRIM21 also plays an essential role in p62-regulated redox homeostasis, suggesting it may be a viable target for treating pathological conditions resulting from oxidative damage. Furthermore, TRIM21 may have implications for various autoimmune diseases associated with uncontrolled antiviral signaling through the regulation of Nmi-IFI35 complex-mediated inhibition of innate antiviral response. TRIM21 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 186478074 228 DLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCACSAASvnvvdglktaEATEKCPLCRE 281
Cdd:cd16596    9 EVTCPICLDPFVEPVSIECGHSFCQECISQVGK----------GGGSVCPVCRQ 52

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased recombination centers protein 20 (IRC20) and similar proteins; IRC20 is an uncharacterized ATP-dependent helicase that is probably involved in a pathway contributing to genomic integrity. IRC20 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 186478074 228 DLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCAcsaasvnvvdgLKTAEATEKCPLCR 280
Cdd:cd23135    3 KLSCSICFSEIRSGAILKCGHFFCLSCI-----------ASWLREKSTCPLCK 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 40 (TRIM40) and similar proteins; TRIM40, also known as probable E3 NEDD8-protein ligase or RING finger protein 35 (RNF35), is highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract including the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It enhances neddylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB kinase subunit gamma (IKKgamma), inhibits the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-mediated transcription, and thus prevents inflammation-associated carcinogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract. TRIM40 belongs to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as an uncharacterized region positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074 231 CSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCACSAASVNVVDGLKTaeatekCPLCR 280
Cdd:cd16583    8 CPICQEPLKEAVSTDCGHLFCRMCLTQHAKKASASGVFS------CPVCR 51

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein RNF5, RNF185 and similar proteins; RNF5 and RNF185 are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that are anchored to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). RNF5 acts at early stages of cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) biosynthesis, and functions as a target for therapeutic modalities to antagonize mutant CFTR proteins in CF patients carrying the F508del allele. RNF185 controls the degradation of CFTR and CFTR F508del allele in a RING- and proteasome-dependent manner, but does not control that of other classical endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) model substrates. Moreover, both RNF5 and RNF185 play important roles in cell adhesion and migration through the modulation of cell migration by ubiquitinating paxillin. Arabidopsis thaliana RING membrane-anchor proteins (AtRMAs) are also included in this family. They possess E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity and may play a role in the growth and development of Arabidopsis. All members of this family contain a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074 231 CSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCacsaasvnVVDGLKTAEATEKCPLCR 280
Cdd:cd16534    3 CNICLDTASDPVVTMCGHLFCWPC--------LYQWLETRPDRQTCPVCK 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (Equine herpesvirus 1/EHV-1) regulatory protein and similar proteins; EHV-1 regulatory protein belongs to the Vmw110 (IPC0) protein family. It contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and binds zinc stably.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 186478074 231 CSICLDTVFD-PISLTCGHIYCYMCAcsaasvnvvdgLKTAEATEKCPLCR 280
Cdd:cd23130    3 CPICLDDPEDeAITLPCLHQFCYTCI-----------LRWLQTSPTCPLCK 42

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 185 (RNF185) and similar proteins; RNF185 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) that targets cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). It controls the degradation of CFTR and CFTR F508del allele in a RING- and proteasome-dependent manner, but does not control that of other classical ERAD model substrates. It also negatively regulates osteogenic differentiation by targeting dishevelled2 (Dvl2), a key mediator of the Wnt signaling pathway, for degradation. Moreover, RNF185 regulates selective mitochondrial autophagy through interaction with the Bcl-2 family protein BNIP1. It also plays an important role in cell adhesion and migration through the modulation of cell migration by ubiquitinating paxillin. RNF185 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074 231 CSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCacsaasvnVVDGLKTAEATEKCPLCR 280
Cdd:cd16744    3 CNICLDTAKDAVVSLCGHLFCWPC--------LHQWLETRPNRQVCPVCK 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 47 (TRIM47) and similar proteins; TRIM47, also known as gene overexpressed in astrocytoma protein (GOA) or RING finger protein 100 (RNF100), belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a B-box, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. It plays an important role in the process of dedifferentiation that is associated with astrocytoma tumorigenesis. This subfamily also includes RING finger protein 135 (RNF135). RNF135, also known as RIG-I E3 ubiquitin ligase (REUL) or Riplet, is a widely expressed E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that consists of an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and C-terminal B30.2/SPRY and PRY motifs, but lacks the B-box and coiled-coil domains that are also typically present in TRIM proteins. RNF135 serves as a specific retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-interacting protein that ubiquitinates RIG-I and specifically stimulates RIG-I-mediated innate antiviral activity to produce antiviral type-I interferon (IFN) during the early phase of viral infection. It also has been identified as a bio-marker and therapy target of glioblastoma. It associates with the ERK signal transduction pathway and plays a role in glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration and cell cycle.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 186478074 229 LTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCacsaasVNVVDGLKTAEATeKCPLCRE 281
Cdd:cd16604    1 LSCPICLDLLKDPVTLPCGHSFCMGC------LGALWGAGRGGRA-SCPLCRQ 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM41, TRIM52 and similar proteins; TRIM41 and TRIM52, two closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, have dramatically expanded RING domains compared with the rest of the TRIM family proteins. TRIM41 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. In contrast, TRIM52 lacks the putative viral recognition SPRY/B30.2 domain, and thus has been classified to the C-V subclass of the TRIM family that contains only RBCC domains. TRIM41, also known as RING finger-interacting protein with C kinase (RINCK), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes the ubiquitination of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes in cells. It specifically recognizes the C1 domain of PKC isozymes. It controls the amplitude of PKC signaling by controlling the amount of PKC in the cell. TRIM52, also known as RING finger protein 102 (RNF102), is encoded by a novel, noncanonical antiviral TRIM52 gene in primate genomes with unique specificity determined by the rapidly evolving RING domain.

                         10        20
                 ....*....|....*....|....
gi 186478074 231 CSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMC 254
Cdd:cd16602    6 CAICLDYFKDPVSIGCGHNFCRVC 29

Ring finger; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain of c-Cbl and is likely to be a general function of this domain; Various RING fingers exhibit binding activity towards E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (Ubc' s)

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074   231 CSICLDTVF-DPISLTCGHIYCYMCACSAASVNVVdglktaeateKCPLC 279
Cdd:smart00184   1 CPICLEEYLkDPVILPCGHTFCRSCIRKWLESGNN----------TCPIC 40

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in neuralized-like protein NEURL1A, NEURL1B, and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Drosophila neuralized (D-neu) protein, and its two mammalian homologs, NEURL1A and NEURL1B. D-neu is a regulator of the developmentally important Notch signaling pathway. NEURL1A, also known as NEURL1, NEU, neuralized 1, or RING finger protein 67 (RNF67), is a mammalian homolog of D-neu. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that directly interacts with and monoubiquitinates cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 3 (CPEB3), an RNA binding protein and a translational regulator of local protein synthesis, which facilitates hippocampal plasticity and hippocampal-dependent memory storage. It also acts as a potential tumor suppressor that causes apoptosis and downregulates Notch target genes in medulloblastoma. NEURL1B, also known as neuralized-2 (NEUR2) or neuralized-like protein 3, is another mammalian homolog of D-neu protein. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with and ubiquitinates Delta. Thus, it plays a role in the endocytic pathways for Notch signaling by working cooperatively with another E3 ligase, Mind bomb-1 (Mib1), in Delta endocytosis to hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs)-positive vesicles. Members of this subfamily contain two neuralized homology regions (NHRs) responsible for Neural-ligand interactions and a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger required for ubiquitin ligase activity. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 186478074 230 TCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHiycyMCACSAASVNVVdglktaEATEKCPLCRED 282
Cdd:cd16647    3 ECVICYERPVDTVLYRCGH----MCMCYDCALQLK------RRGGSCPICRAP 45

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger);

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074  231 CSICLDTVFDPISLT-CGHIYCYMCacsaasvnvvdGLKTAEATEKCPLC 279
Cdd:pfam13923   2 CPICMDMLKDPSTTTpCGHVFCQDC-----------ILRALEASNECPLC 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana protein CHROMATIN REMODELING 27 (CHR27) and similar proteins; CHR27, also called protein SNF2-RING-HELICASE-LIKE 1, is a probable helicase-like transcription factor involved in transcriptional gene silencing. It associates with SUVR2 and contributes to transcriptional gene silencing at RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) target loci but also at RdDM-independent target loci. It may be involved in nucleosome positioning to form ordered nucleosome arrays on chromatin. It associates with SUVR2 and functions redundantly with FRG2. It is required for the efficient methylation of a broad range of RdDM target loci. CHR27 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074 231 CSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCAcsaasVNVVDGLKTAEATEKCPLCR 280
Cdd:cd23142    3 CPICNDPPEDAVVTLCGHVFCCECV-----FQYLSSDRTCRQFNHCPLCR 47

RING finger, HC subclass, found in topoisomerase I-binding arginine/serine-rich protein (Topors) and similar proteins; Topors, also known as topoisomerase I-binding RING finger protein, tumor suppressor p53- binding protein 3, or p53-binding protein 3 (p53BP3), is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that can ligate both ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to substrate proteins in the nucleus. It contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger which ligates ubiquitin to its target proteins including DNA topoisomerase I, p53, NKX3.1, H2AX, and the AAV-2 Rep78/68 proteins. As a RING-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, Topors works with the E2 enzymes UbcH5a, UbcH5c, and UbcH6, but not with UbcH7, CDC34, or UbcH2b. Topors acts as a tumor suppressor in various malignancies. It regulates p53 modification, suggesting it may be responsible for astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1, also known as metadherin, or LYRIC) ubiquitin modification. Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Topors inhibits Topors-mediated sumoylation of p53, whereas p53 ubiquitination is enhanced, leading to p53 degradation. It also functions as a negative regulator of the prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1. Moreover, Topors is associated with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies, and may be involved in the cellular response to camptothecin. It also plays a key role in the turnover of H2AX protein, discriminating the type of DNA damaging stress. Furthermore, Topors is a cilia-centrosomal protein associated with autosomal dominant retinal degeneration. Mutations in TOPORS cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP).

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 186478074 228 DLTCSICLDTVFDPISLT--CGHIYCYMCACSAASVNVvdglktaeateKCPLCR 280
Cdd:cd16574    1 DSSCPICLDRFENEKAFLdgCFHAFCFTCILEWSKVKN-----------ECPLCK 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM58 and similar proteins; TRIM58, also known as protein BIA2, is an erythroid E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase induced during late erythropoiesis. It binds and ubiquitinates the intermediate chain of the microtubule motor dynein (DYNC1LI1/DYNC1LI2), stimulating the degradation of the dynein holoprotein complex. It may participate in the erythroblast enucleation process through regulation of nuclear polarization. TRIM58 belongs to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 186478074 231 CSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCACS--AASVNVVDGLKTaeatekCPLCR 280
Cdd:cd16606    5 CPVCLDFLQEPVSVDCGHSFCLRCISEfcEKSDSAQGGVYA------CPQCR 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 125 (RNF125); RNF125, also known as T-cell RING activation protein 1 (TRAC-1), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is predominantly expressed in lymphoid cells, and functions as a positive regulator of T cell activation. It also down-modulates HIV replication and inhibits pathogen-induced cytokine production. It negatively regulates type I interferon signaling, which conjugates Lys(48)-linked ubiquitination to retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and subsequently leads to the proteasome-dependent degradation of RIG-I. Further, RNF125 conjugates ubiquitin to melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), a family protein of RIG-I. It thus acts as a negative regulator of RIG-I signaling, and is a direct target of miR-15b in the context of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Moreover, RNF125 binds to and ubiquitinates JAK1, prompting its degradation and inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) expression. It also negatively regulates p53 function through physical interaction and ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation. Mutations in RNF125 may lead to overgrowth syndromes (OGS). RNF125, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF138 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM). The UIM of RNF125 binds K48-linked poly-ubiquitin chains and is, together with the RING domain, required for auto-ubiquitination.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 186478074 228 DLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCACSAASVNvvdglktaeaTEKCPLCR 280
Cdd:cd16542    1 NFDCAVCLEVLHQPVRTRCGHVFCRPCIATSLRNN----------TWTCPYCR 43

zinc finger of C3HC4-type, RING; This is a family of primate-specific Ret finger protein-like (RFPL) zinc-fingers of the C3HC4 type. Ret finger protein-like proteins are primate-specific target genes of Pax6, a key transcription factor for pancreas, eye and neocortex development. This domain is likely to be DNA-binding. This zinc-finger domain together with the RDM domain, pfam11002, forms a large zinc-finger structure of the RING/U-Box superfamily. RING-containing proteins are known to exert an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase activity with the zinc-finger structure being mandatory for binding to the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....
gi 186478074  231 CSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMC 254
Cdd:pfam15227   1 CPICLDYLEKPVSIECGHSFCLSC 24

Uncharacterized conserved protein, contains RING and CCCH-type Zn-fingers [General function prediction only];

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 186478074 226 DIDLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCAcsaasvnvvdgLKTAEATEKCPLCRED--GVYKGAVHLDElniLLKRR 301
Cdd:COG5152  194 KIPFLCGICKKDYESPVVTECGHSFCSLCA-----------IRKYQKGDECGVCGKAtyGRFWVVSDLQK---MLNKR 257

SPX domain of the xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1) and related proteins; This region has been named the SPX domain after (Syg1, Pho81 and XPR1). The domain is found at the amino terminus of a variety of proteins. The N-terminus of the human XPR1 protein (xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1) binds directly to the beta subunit of the G-protein heterotrimer leading to increased production of cAMP. These findings suggest that all members of this family are involved in G-protein associated signal transduction. Several members of this family are annotated as XPR1 proteins: the xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor confers susceptibility to infection with xenotropic and polytropic murine leukaemia viruses (MLV). Infection by these retroviruses can inhibit XPR1-mediated cAMP signaling and result in cell toxicity and death. Similarity between Syg1, phosphate regulators and XPR1 sequences has been previously noted, as has the additional similarity to several predicted proteins, of unknown function, from Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and many other diverse organisms.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074  25 FKKLKKILKRCRRNHVPSRISFTDAINHNCSRecpvCDGTFFPELLKEMEDVVGWFNE--------HAQKLLEL------ 90
Cdd:cd14477   21 YEELKAMLYAAVEQAPSPEVTDEDVVKRYFAK----FEEEFFQECDKELAKVNTFFSEklaeaqrkFATLKNELlsslea 96

                         90       100       110       120       130       140
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 186478074  91 --HLASGFTKCLTWLRGNSRKKDHHGLIQEGK--------DLV---NYALINAVAIRKILKKYDK 142
Cdd:cd14477   97 qgESGAASSLIRRVFALLRKERVKPRKLRDLKlafsefylSLIllqNYQNLNFTGFRKILKKHDK 161

RING finger, HC subclass, found in ligand of numb protein X 4 (LNX4); LNX4, also known as PDZ domain-containing RING finger protein 4 (PDZRN4), or SEMACAP3-like protein (SEMCAP3L), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase responsible for the ubiquitination and degradation of Numb, a component of the Notch signaling pathway that functions in the specification of cell fates during development and is known to control cell numbers during neurogenesis in vertebrates. LNX4 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, two PDZ domains, and a C-terminal LNX3 homology (LNX3H) domain.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 186478074 225 VDIDLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMC 254
Cdd:cd16719    1 VDPDLKCKLCGKVLEEPLSTPCGHVFCAGC 30

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 35 (TRIM35) and similar proteins; TRIM35, also known as hemopoietic lineage switch protein 5 (HLS5), is a putative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) suppressor that inhibits phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2), which is involved in aerobic glycolysis of cancer cells and further suppresses the Warburg effect and tumorigenicity in HCC. It also negatively regulates Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)- and TLR9-mediated type I interferon production by suppressing the stability of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7). Moreover, TRIM35 regulates erythroid differentiation by modulating globin transcription factor 1 (GATA-1) activity. TRIM35 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 186478074 228 DLTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCACSAASVnvvdglktaEATEKCPLCRE 281
Cdd:cd16599    4 ELLCPICYEPFREAVTLRCGHNFCKGCVSRSWER---------QPRAPCPVCKE 48

Ring finger domain;

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 186478074  230 TCSICLDTVFDP---ISLTCGHIYCYMCAcsaasvnvvdgLKTAEATEKCPLCR 280
Cdd:pfam13639   2 ECPICLEEFEEGdkvVVLPCGHHFHRECL-----------DKWLRSSNTCPLCR 44

SPX domain of the yeast plasma protein Syg1 and related proteins; This region has been named the SPX domain after (Syg1, Pho81 and XPR1). The domain is found at the amino terminus of a variety of proteins. In the yeast protein Syg1, the N-terminus binds directly to the G-protein beta subunit and inhibits transduction of the mating pheromone signal, and it co-occurs with a C-terminal domain from the EXS family.

                         10        20
                 ....*....|....*....|.
gi 186478074 122 LVNYALINAVAIRKILKKYDK 142
Cdd:cd14475  119 LKSYRLLNRTAFRKINKKFDK 139

first RING finger, HC subclass, found in the LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family; The LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family includes LONRF1 (also known as RING finger protein 191 or RNF191), LONRF2 (also known as RING finger protein 192, RNF192, or neuroblastoma apoptosis-related protease), LONRF3 (also known as RING finger protein 127 or RNF127), which are characterized by containing two C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers, four tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeats, and an ATP-dependent protease La (LON) substrate-binding domain at the C-terminus. Their biological functions remain unclear. This model corresponds to the first RING-HC finger.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 186478074 229 LTCSICLDTVFDPISLTCGHIYCYMCACSaasvnvvdglktaEATEKCPLCRED 282
Cdd:cd16513    3 LSCPLCRGLLFEPVTLPCGHTFCKRCLER-------------DPSSRCRLCRLK 43