RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in Eukaryotic CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 4 (NOT4) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of NOT4, also termed CCR4-associated factor 4, or E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CNOT4, or potential transcriptional repressor NOT4Hp, a component of the CCR4-NOT complex, a global negative regulator of RNA polymerase II transcription. NOT4 functions as an ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3). It contains an N-terminal C4C4 type RING finger motif, followed by a RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). The RING fingers may interact with a subset of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), including UbcH5B, and mediate protein-protein interactions. T

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 83649701 104 RVVQKNLVFVVGLSQRLADPEVLKRPEYFGKFGKIHKVVINNSTSYAGSQGPSASAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDG 183
Cdd:cd12438   1 RVVQKNLVYVVGLPPRLADEEVLKRPEYFGQYGKIKKIVINRSTSYAGSQGPSASAYVTYSRKEDALRAIQAVDGFVLDG 80

                        90
                ....*....|....*...
gi 83649701 184 RTLKASLGTTKYCSYFLK 201
Cdd:cd12438  81 RTLKASFGTTKYCSSFLR 98

RNA recognition motif;

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 83649701    122 DPEVLKR-----PEYFGKFGKIHKVVINNSTSYAGSQGpsaSAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTLKAS 189
Cdd:smart00361   1 KDEDFERelkeeEEYFGEVGKINKIYIDDVGYENHKRG---NVYITFERSEDAARAIVDLNGRYFDGRLVKAE 70

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in Eukaryotic CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 4 (NOT4) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of NOT4, also termed CCR4-associated factor 4, or E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CNOT4, or potential transcriptional repressor NOT4Hp, a component of the CCR4-NOT complex, a global negative regulator of RNA polymerase II transcription. NOT4 functions as an ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3). It contains an N-terminal C4C4 type RING finger motif, followed by a RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). The RING fingers may interact with a subset of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), including UbcH5B, and mediate protein-protein interactions. T

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 83649701 104 RVVQKNLVFVVGLSQRLADPEVLKRPEYFGKFGKIHKVVINNSTSYAGSQGPSASAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDG 183
Cdd:cd12438   1 RVVQKNLVYVVGLPPRLADEEVLKRPEYFGQYGKIKKIVINRSTSYAGSQGPSASAYVTYSRKEDALRAIQAVDGFVLDG 80

                        90
                ....*....|....*...
gi 83649701 184 RTLKASLGTTKYCSYFLK 201
Cdd:cd12438  81 RTLKASFGTTKYCSSFLR 98

RING/Ubox like zinc-binding domain;

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 83649701    14 CPLCMEPLEIDDINFFPCTCGYQICRFCWHRIRTDENGLCPACRKPY 60
Cdd:pfam14570   1 CPLCDEKLDETDKDFYPCECGYQICRFCYHDILENEGGRCPGCREPY 47

RNA recognition motif (RRM) superfamily; RRM, also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), is a highly abundant domain in eukaryotes found in proteins involved in post-transcriptional gene expression processes including mRNA and rRNA processing, RNA export, and RNA stability. This domain is 90 amino acids in length and consists of a four-stranded beta-sheet packed against two alpha-helices. RRM usually interacts with ssRNA, but is also known to interact with ssDNA as well as proteins. RRM binds a variable number of nucleotides, ranging from two to eight. The active site includes three aromatic side-chains located within the conserved RNP1 and RNP2 motifs of the domain. The RRM domain is found in a variety heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), proteins implicated in regulation of alternative splicing, and protein components of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs).

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 83649701 111 VFVVGLSQRLaDPEVLKrpEYFGKFGKIHKVVINNStsyaGSQGPSASAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTLKAS 189
Cdd:cd00590   1 LFVGNLPPDT-TEEDLR--ELFSKFGEVVSVRIVRD----RDGKSKGFAFVEFESPEDAEKALEALNGTELGGRPLKVS 72

RNA recognition motif 3 (RRM3) found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein PES4, protein MIP6 and similar proteins; The family includes PES4 (also called DNA polymerase epsilon suppressor 4) and MIP6 (also called MEX67-interacting protein 6), both of which are predicted RNA binding proteins that may act as regulators of late translation, protection, and mRNA localization. MIP6 acts as a novel factor for nuclear mRNA export, binds to both poly(A)+ RNA and nuclear pores. It interacts with MEX67. Members in this family contain four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The model corresponds to the third RRM motif.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 83649701 109 NLVFVVGLSQRLADPEVLkrpEYFGKFGKIHKVVINNSTSYAgsqgpSASAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTLKA 188
Cdd:cd21603   1 NAIFVKNLPLDTNNDEIL---DFFSKVGPIKSVFTSPKYKYN-----SLWAFVTYKKGSDTEKAIKLLNGTLFKGRTIEV 72

                .
gi 83649701 189 S 189
Cdd:cd21603  73 T 73

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in Zinc finger CCHC-type and RNA-binding motif-containing protein 1 (ZCRB1) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of ZCRB1, also termed MADP-1, or U11/U12 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 31 kDa protein (U11/U12 snRNP 31 or U11/U12-31K), a novel multi-functional nuclear factor, which may be involved in morphine dependence, cold/heat stress, and hepatocarcinoma. It is located in the nucleoplasm, but outside the nucleolus. ZCRB1 is one of the components of U11/U12 snRNPs that bind to U12-type pre-mRNAs and form a di-snRNP complex, simultaneously recognizing the 5' splice site and branchpoint sequence. ZCRB1 is characterized by an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a CCHC-type Zinc finger motif. In addition, it contains core nucleocapsid motifs, and Lys- and Glu-rich domains.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 83649701 132 FGKFGKIHKVVINNSTSYAGSQGpsaSAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTLKAS 189
Cdd:cd12393  22 FSKYGKVVKVTILKDKETRKSKG---VAFVLFLDRESAHNAVRAMNNKELFGRTLKCS 76

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in THO complex subunit 4 (THOC4) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of THOC4, also termed transcriptional coactivator Aly/REF, or ally of AML-1 and LEF-1, or bZIP-enhancing factor BEF, an mRNA transporter protein with a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). It is involved in RNA transportation from the nucleus. THOC4 was initially identified as a transcription coactivator of LEF-1 and AML-1 for the TCRalpha enhancer function. In addition, THOC4 specifically binds to rhesus (RH) promoter in erythroid. It might be a novel transcription cofactor for erythroid-specific genes.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 83649701 130 EYFGKFGKIHKVVINnstsYAGSQGPSASAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTLKASL 190
Cdd:cd12680  19 ELFAEFGTLKKAAVH----YDRSGRSLGTAEVVFERRADALKAMKQYNGVPLDGRPMKIQL 75

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in granule-associated RNA binding proteins p40-TIA-1 and TIAR; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of nucleolysin TIA-1 isoform p40 (p40-TIA-1 or TIA-1) and nucleolysin TIA-1-related protein (TIAR), both of which are granule-associated RNA binding proteins involved in inducing apoptosis in cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. TIA-1 and TIAR share high sequence similarity. They are expressed in a wide variety of cell types. TIA-1 can be phosphorylated by a serine/threonine kinase that is activated during Fas-mediated apoptosis. TIAR is mainly localized in the nucleus of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. It is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to exogenous triggers of apoptosis. Both, TIA-1 and TIAR, bind specifically to poly(A) but not to poly(C) homopolymers. They are composed of three N-terminal highly homologous RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glutamine-rich C-terminal auxiliary domain containing a lysosome-targeting motif. TIA-1 and TIAR interact with RNAs containing short stretches of uridylates and their RRM2 can mediate the specific binding to uridylate-rich RNAs. The C-terminal auxiliary domain may be responsible for interacting with other proteins. In addition, TIA-1 and TIAR share a potential serine protease-cleavage site (Phe-Val-Arg) localized at the junction between their RNA binding domains and their C-terminal auxiliary domains.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 83649701 111 VFVVGLSQRLaDPEVLKrpEYFGKFGKIHKVVINNSTSYAGSQGpsaSAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTLK 187
Cdd:cd12353   2 IFVGDLSPEI-ETEDLK--EAFAPFGEISDARVVKDTQTGKSKG---YGFVSFVKKEDAENAIQGMNGQWLGGRNIR 72

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in vertebrate RNA binding protein fox-1 homologs and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of several tissue-specific alternative splicing isoforms of vertebrate RNA binding protein Fox-1 homologs, which show high sequence similarity to the Caenorhabditis elegans feminizing locus on X (Fox-1) gene encoding Fox-1 protein. RNA binding protein Fox-1 homolog 1 (RBFOX1), also termed ataxin-2-binding protein 1 (A2BP1), or Fox-1 homolog A, or hexaribonucleotide-binding protein 1 (HRNBP1), is predominantly expressed in neurons, skeletal muscle and heart. It regulates alternative splicing of tissue-specific exons by binding to UGCAUG elements. Moreover, RBFOX1 binds to the C-terminus of ataxin-2 and forms an ataxin-2/A2BP1 complex involved in RNA processing. RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 2 (RBFOX2), also termed Fox-1 homolog B, or hexaribonucleotide-binding protein 2 (HRNBP2), or RNA-binding motif protein 9 (RBM9), or repressor of tamoxifen transcriptional activity, is expressed in ovary, whole embryo, and human embryonic cell lines in addition to neurons and muscle. RBFOX2 activates splicing of neuron-specific exons through binding to downstream UGCAUG elements. RBFOX2 also functions as a repressor of tamoxifen activation of the estrogen receptor. RNA binding protein Fox-1 homolog 3 (RBFOX3 or NeuN or HRNBP3), also termed Fox-1 homolog C, is a nuclear RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing of the RBFOX2 pre-mRNA, producing a message encoding a dominant negative form of the RBFOX2 protein. Its message is detected exclusively in post-mitotic regions of embryonic brain. Like RBFOX1, both RBFOX2 and RBFOX3 bind to the hexanucleotide UGCAUG elements and modulate brain and muscle-specific splicing of exon EIIIB of fibronectin, exon N1 of c-src, and calcitonin/CGRP. Members in this family also harbor one RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 83649701 119 RLADPEvLKrpEYFGKFGKIHKV-VINNSTsyaGSQGpsaSAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTLKASLGT 192
Cdd:cd12407  11 RFRDPD-LR--QMFGQFGTILDVeIIFNER---GSKG---FGFVTFANSADADRAREKLNGTVVEGRKIEVNNAT 76

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in the scaffold attachment factor (SAFB) family; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain of the SAFB family, including scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1), scaffold attachment factor B2 (SAFB2), SAFB-like transcriptional modulator (SLTM), and similar proteins, which are ubiquitously expressed. SAFB1, SAFB2 and SLTM have been implicated in many diverse cellular processes including cell growth and transformation, stress response, and apoptosis. They share high sequence similarities and all contain a scaffold attachment factor-box (SAF-box, also known as SAP domain) DNA-binding motif, an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a region rich in glutamine and arginine residues. SAFB1 is a nuclear protein with a distribution similar to that of SLTM, but unlike that of SAFB2, which is also found in the cytoplasm. To a large extent, SAFB1 and SLTM might share similar functions, such as the inhibition of an oestrogen reporter gene. The additional cytoplasmic localization of SAFB2 implies that it could play additional roles in the cytoplasmic compartment which are distinct from the nuclear functions shared with SAFB1 and SLTM.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 83649701 112 FVVGLSQ--RLADpevLKrpEYFGKFGKI--HKVVINNSTSYAGSQGpsasaYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTL 186
Cdd:cd12417   3 WISGLSDttKAAD---LK--KIFSKYGKVvsAKVVTSARTPGSRCYG-----YVTMASVEEADLCIKSLNKTELHGRVI 71

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC5-type), found in neuralized-like protein 1B (NEURL1B); NEURL1B, also known as neuralized-2 (NEUR2) or neuralized-like protein 3, is a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila neuralized (D-neu) protein. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with and ubiquitinates Delta. Thus, it plays a role in the endocytic pathways for Notch signaling through working cooperatively with another E3 ligase, Mind bomb-1 (Mib1), in Delta endocytosis to hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs)-positive vesicles. NEURL1B contains two neuralized homology regions (NHRs) responsible for Neural-ligand interactions and a modified C3HC5-type RING-HC finger required for ubiquitin ligase activity. The C3HC5-type RING-HC finger is distinguished from typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger due to the existence of the additional cysteine residue in the middle portion of the RING finger domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 83649701  13 ECPLCMEPlEIDDINFfpcTCGYQ-ICRFCWHRIRTDENGLCPACRKPYPEDPAVYKP 69
Cdd:cd16786   4 ECTVCFDS-EVDTVIY---TCGHMcLCNSCGLKLKRQINACCPICRRVIKDVIKIYRP 57

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in transformer-2 protein homolog TRA2-alpha, TRA2-beta and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of two mammalian homologs of Drosophila transformer-2 (Tra2), TRA2-alpha, TRA2-beta (also termed SFRS10), and similar proteins found in eukaryotes. TRA2-alpha is a 40-kDa serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein that specifically binds to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) exonic splicing enhancer on exon 4 (ESE4) and is necessary for enhanced GnRH pre-mRNA splicing. It strongly stimulates GnRH intron A excision in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, TRA2-alpha can interact with either 9G8 or SRp30c, which may also be crucial for ESE-dependent GnRH pre-mRNA splicing. TRA2-beta is a serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein that controls the pre-mRNA alternative splicing of the calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) protein and the tau protein. Both, TRA2-alpha and TRA2-beta, contains a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), flanked by the N- and C-terminal arginine/serine (RS)-rich regions.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 83649701 113 VVGLSQRLADPEVlkrPEYFGKFGKIHKV--VINNSTSYagSQGpsaSAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGR 184
Cdd:cd12363   6 VFGLSLYTTERDL---REVFSRYGPIEKVqvVYDQQTGR--SRG---FGFVYFESVEDAKEAKERLNGQEIDGR 71

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 32 (TRIM32) and similar proteins; TRIM32, also known as 72 kDa Tat-interacting protein, zinc finger protein HT2A, or BBS11, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes degradation of several targets, including actin, PIASgamma, Abl interactor 2, dysbindin, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), p73 transcription factor, thin filaments and Z-bands during fasting. It plays important roles in neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells, as well as in controlling cell fate in skeletal muscle progenitor cells. It reduces PI3K-Akt-FoxO signaling in muscle atrophy by promoting plakoglobin-PI3K dissociation. It also functions as a pluripotency-reprogramming roadblock that facilitates cellular transition towards differentiation by modulating the levels of Oct4 and cMyc. Moreover, TRIM32 is an intrinsic influenza A virus (IAV) restriction factor which senses and targets the polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1) for ubiquitination and protein degradation. It also plays a significant role in mediating the biological activity of the HIV-1 Tat protein in vivo, binds specifically to the activation domain of HIV-1 Tat, and can also interact with the HIV-2 and EIAV Tat proteins in vivo. Furthermore, TRIM32 regulates myoblast proliferation by controlling turnover of NDRG2 (N-myc downstream-regulated gene). It negatively regulates tumor suppressor p53 to promote tumorigenesis. It also facilitates degradation of MYCN on spindle poles and induces asymmetric cell division in human neuroblastoma cells. In addition, TRIM32 plays important roles in regulation of hyperactivities and positively regulates the development of anxiety and depression disorders induced by chronic stress. It also plays a role in regeneration by affecting satellite cell cycle progression via modulation of the SUMO ligase PIASy (PIAS4). Defects in TRIM32 leads to limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H (LGMD2H), sarcotubular myopathies (STM) and Bardet-Biedl syndrome. TRIM32 belongs to the C-VII subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif)-NHL family that is defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil domain, as well as a NHL (named after proteins NCL-1, HT2A and Lin-41 that contain repeats folded into a six-bladed beta propeller) repeat domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. The NHL domain mediates the interaction with Argonaute proteins and consequently allows TRIM32 to modulate the activity of certain miRNAs.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 83649701  12 VECPLCMEPLeiDDINFFP--CTCGYQICRFCWHRIRTDENGL---CPACRK 58
Cdd:cd16587   1 LECPICLESF--DEGQLRPklLHCGHTICEQCLEKLLASLSINgvrCPFCRK 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Drosophila melanogaster protein Seven-in-Absentia (sina) and its homologs; This subfamily includes the Drosophila melanogaster protein Seven-in-Absentia (sina), its mammalian orthologs, SIAH1 and SIAH2, plant SINA-related proteins, and similar proteins. Sina plays an important role in the phyllopod-dependent degradation of the transcriptional repressor tramtrack to allow the formation of the R7 photoreceptor in the developing eye of Drosophila melanogaster. Both SIAH1 and SIAH2 are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases, mediating the ubiquitinylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation of biologically important target proteins that regulate general functions, such as cell cycle control, apoptosis, and DNA repair. They are inducible by the tumor suppressor and transcription factor p53. SIAH2 can also be regulated by sex hormones and cytokine signaling. Moreover, they share high sequence similarity, but possess contrary roles in cancer, with SIAH1 more often acting as a tumor suppressor while SIAH2 functions as a proto-oncogene. Plant SINAT1-5 are putative E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in the regulation of stress responses. All subfamily members possess two characteristic domains, an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a C-terminal tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor (TRAF)-like substrate-binding domain (SBD).

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 83649701  13 ECPLCMEPLEIDdinFFPCTCGYQICRFCWHRIrtdeNGLCPACR 57
Cdd:cd16571   2 ECPVCFEPLLPP---IYQCSNGHLLCSSCRSKL----TNKCPTCR 39

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in S6K1 Aly/REF-like target (SKAR) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of SKAR, also termed polymerase delta-interacting protein 3 (PDIP3), 46 kDa DNA polymerase delta interaction protein (PDIP46), belonging to the Aly/REF family of RNA binding proteins that have been implicated in coupling transcription with pre-mRNA splicing and nucleo-cytoplasmic mRNA transport. SKAR is widely expressed and localizes to the nucleus. It may be a critical player in the function of S6K1 in cell and organism growth control by binding the activated, hyperphosphorylated form of S6K1 but not S6K2. Furthermore, SKAR functions as a protein partner of the p50 subunit of DNA polymerase delta. In addition, SKAR may have particular importance in pancreatic beta cell size determination and insulin secretion. SKAR contains a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain).

                        10        20        30
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 83649701 158 SAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTLKASL 190
Cdd:cd12681  37 VAEVVYVRREDAITAIKKYNNRELDGQPMKCKL 69

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, and similar proteins; TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM7, also known as glycogenin-interacting protein (GNIP) or RING finger protein 90 (RNF90), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. Its phosphorylation and activation by MSK1 in response to direct activation by the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway can stimulate TRIM7 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in mediating Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the AP-1 coactivator RACO-1, leading to RACO-1 protein stabilization. Moreover, TRIM7 binds and activates glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis. TRIM11, also known as protein BIA1, or RING finger protein 92 (RNF92), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the development of the central nervous system. It is overexpressed in high-grade gliomas and promotes proliferation, invasion, migration and glial tumor growth. TRIM11 acts as a potential therapeutic target for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) by mediating the degradation of CCHS-associated polyalanine-expanded Phox2b. TRIM11 modulates the function of neurogenic transcription factor Pax6 through the ubiquitin-proteosome system, and thus plays an essential role for Pax6-dependent neurogenesis. It also binds to and destabilizes a key component of the activator-mediated cofactor complex (ARC105), humanin, a neuroprotective peptide against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults, and further regulates ARC105 function in transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling. Moreover, TRIM11 negatively regulates retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-mediated interferon-beta (IFNbeta) production and antiviral activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1). It may contribute to the endogenous restriction of retroviruses in cells. It enhances N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) entry by interfering with Ref1 restriction. It also suppresses the early steps of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 transduction, resulting in decreased reverse transcripts. TRIM27, also known as RING finger protein 76 (RNF76), RET finger protein (RFP), or zinc finger protein RFP, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in testis and in various tumor cell lines. Expression of TRIM27 is associated with prognosis of colon and endometrial cancers. TRIM27 was first identified as a fusion partner of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as a transcriptional repressor and associates with several proteins involved in transcriptional activity, such as enhancer of polycomb 1 (Epc1), a member of the Polycomb group proteins, and Mi-2beta, a main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (RB1). It also interacts with HDAC1, leading to downregulation of thioredoxin binding protein 2 (TBP-2), which inhibits the function of thioredoxin. Moreover, TRIM27 mediates Pax7-induced ubiquitination of MyoD in skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, it inhibits muscle differentiation by modulating serum response factor (SRF) and Epc1. TRIM27 promotes a non-canonical polyubiquitination of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that catalyzes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) to PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). It is an IKKepsilon-interacting protein that regulates IkappaB kinase (IKK) function and negatively regulates signaling involved in the antiviral response and inflammation. TRIM27 also forms a protein complex with MBD4 or MBD2 or MBD3, and thus plays an important role in the enhancement of transcriptional repression through MBD proteins in tumorigenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis. It is a component of an estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulatory complex that is involved in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription in MCF-7 cells.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 83649701  14 CPLCME----PLEIDdinffpctCGYQICRFC----WHRirTDENGLCPACRKPYPEDP 64
Cdd:cd16594   8 CPICLDyftdPVTLD--------CGHSFCRACiarcWEE--PETSASCPQCRETCPQRN 56

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe mRNA export factor Crp79 and similar proteins; Crp79, also called meiotic expression up-regulated protein 5 (Mug5), or polyadenylate-binding protein crp79, or PABP, or poly(A)-binding protein, is an auxiliary mRNA export factor that binds the poly(A) tail of mRNA and is involved in the export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Members in this family contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The model corresponds to the first RRM motif.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 83649701 109 NLVFVVGLSQRLADPEVLKrpeYFGKFGKIHKVVINNSTSYAGSQGpSASAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTL 186
Cdd:cd21619   2 NTIYVGNIDMTINEDALEK---IFSRYGQVESVRRPPIHTDKADRT-TGFGFIKYTDAESAERAMQQADGILLGRRRL 75

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in HIV Tat-specific factor 1 (Tat-SF1) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of Tat-SF1 and CUS2. Tat-SF1 is the cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) Tat. It is a substrate of an associated cellular kinase. Tat-SF1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a highly acidic carboxyl-terminal half. The family also includes CUS2, a yeast homolog of human Tat-SF1. CUS2 interacts with U2 RNA in splicing extracts and functions as a splicing factor that aids assembly of the splicing-competent U2 snRNP in vivo. CUS2 also associates with PRP11 that is a subunit of the conserved splicing factor SF3a. Like Tat-SF1, CUS2 contains two RRMs as well.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 83649701 134 KFGKIHKVVINnstsyagSQGPSASAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTLKASL--GTTKY 195
Cdd:cd12282  35 KFGQVKKVVVF-------DRHPDGVASVKFKEPEEADKCIQALNGRWFAGRKLEAETwdGKTDY 91

RNA recognition motif 3 (RRM3) found in RNA-binding protein 19 (RBM19) and RNA recognition motif 2 found in multiple RNA-binding domain-containing protein 1 (MRD1); This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM19 and RRM2 of MRD1. RBM19, also termed RNA-binding domain-1 (RBD-1), is a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA and is essential for preimplantation development. It has a unique domain organization containing 6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). MRD1 is encoded by a novel yeast gene MRD1 (multiple RNA-binding domain). It is well conserved in yeast and its homologs exist in all eukaryotes. MRD1 is present in the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm. It interacts with the 35 S precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA) and U3 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). It is essential for the initial processing at the A0-A2 cleavage sites in the 35 S pre-rRNA. MRD1 contains 5 conserved RRMs, which may play an important structural role in organizing specific rRNA processing events.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 83649701 111 VFVVGLSQRLADPEVLKRPEYFGKFGKIHkVVINNSTSYagSQGpsaSAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTL 186
Cdd:cd12316   2 LFVRNLPFTATEDELRELFEAFGKISEVH-IPLDKQTKR--SKG---FAFVLFVIPEDAVKAYQELDGSIFQGRLL 71

Ring finger; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain of c-Cbl and is likely to be a general function of this domain; Various RING fingers exhibit binding activity towards E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (Ubc' s)

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                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 83649701     14 CPLCMEPLEIDdinFFPCTCGYQICRFCWHRIRTDENGLCPAC 56
Cdd:smart00184   1 CPICLEEYLKD---PVILPCGHTFCRSCIRKWLESGNNTCPIC 40

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in vertebrate RNA-binding protein RBM23, RBM39 and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM39 (also termed HCC1), a nuclear autoantigen that contains an N-terminal arginine/serine rich (RS) motif and three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). An octapeptide sequence called the RS-ERK motif is repeated six times in the RS region of RBM39. Although the cellular function of RBM23 remains unclear, it shows high sequence homology to RBM39 and contains two RRMs. It may possibly function as a pre-mRNA splicing factor.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 83649701 132 FGKFGKIHKVVINNSTSYAGSQGpsaSAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTLKASLGTTK 194
Cdd:cd12284  19 FEPFGKIEFVQLQKDPETGRSKG---YGFIQFRDAEDAKKALEQLNGFELAGRPMKVGHVTER 78

Double zinc ribbon domain; This domain family is found in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, and is approximately 60 amino acids in length. The family is found in association with pfam00156. This entry corresponds to two zinc ribbon motifs. This domain is found at the N-terminus of the ComF operon protein 3.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 83649701    11 PVECPLCMEPLEiddinffpctCGYQICRFCWHRIRTDENGLCPACRKPYPEDP 64
Cdd:pfam18912   7 PPRCPLCGAIVA----------EGGGLCAACWAELPFITEPRCPRCGKPLEEGE 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 40 (TRIM40) and similar proteins; TRIM40, also known as probable E3 NEDD8-protein ligase or RING finger protein 35 (RNF35), is highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract including the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It enhances neddylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB kinase subunit gamma (IKKgamma), inhibits the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-mediated transcription, and thus prevents inflammation-associated carcinogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract. TRIM40 belongs to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as an uncharacterized region positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 83649701  14 CPLCMEPLEiddiNFFPCTCGYQICRFCW--HRIRTDENGL--CPACRKPYPE 62
Cdd:cd16583   8 CPICQEPLK----EAVSTDCGHLFCRMCLtqHAKKASASGVfsCPVCRKPCSE 56

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 138 (RNF138) and similar proteins; RNF138, also known as Nemo-like kinase-associated RING finger protein (NARF) or NLK-associated RING finger protein, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. It specifically cooperates with the E2 conjugating enzyme E2-25K (Hip-2/UbcH1), regulates the ubiquitylation and degradation of T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF), and further suppresses Wnt-beta-catenin signaling. RNF138, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF125 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 83649701  13 ECPLCMEPLEiDDINFFPCtcGYQICRFCWHRIRTDENGLCPACRKPY 60
Cdd:cd16544   4 TCPVCQEVLK-DPVELPPC--RHIFCKACILLALRSSGARCPLCRGPV 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM5, TRIM6, TRIM22, TRIM34 and similar proteins; TRIM5, TRIM6, TRIM22, and TRIM34, four closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM5, also known as RING finger protein 88 (RNF88), is a capsid-specific restriction factor that prevents infection from non-host-adapted retroviruses in a species-specific manner by binding to and destabilizing the retroviral capsid lattice before reverse transcription is completed. Its retroviral restriction activity correlates with the ability to activate TAK1-dependent innate immune signaling. TRIM5 also acts as a pattern recognition receptor that activates innate immune signaling in response to the retroviral capsid lattice. Moreover, TRIM5 plays a role in regulating autophagy through activation of autophagy regulator BECN1 by causing its dissociation from its inhibitors BCL2 and TAB2. It also plays a role in autophagy by acting as a selective autophagy receptor which recognizes and targets HIV-1 capsid protein p24 for autophagic destruction. TRIM6, also known as RING finger protein 89 (RNF89), is an E3-ubiquitin ligase that cooperates with the E2-ubiquitin conjugase UbE2K to catalyze the synthesis of unanchored K48-linked polyubiquitin chains, and further stimulates the interferon-I kappa B kinase epsilon (IKKepsilon) kinase-mediated antiviral response. It also regulates the transcriptional activity of Myc during the maintenance of embryonic stem (ES) cell pluripotency, and may act as a novel regulator for Myc-mediated transcription in ES cells. TRIM22, also known as 50 kDa-stimulated trans-acting factor (Staf-50) or RING finger protein 94 (RNF94), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an integral role in the host innate immune response to viruses. It has been shown to inhibit the replication of a number of viruses, including HIV-1, hepatitis B, and influenza A. TRIM22 acts as a suppressor of basal HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven transcription by preventing the transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding to the HIV-1 promoter. It also controls FoxO4 activity and cell survival by directing Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-stimulated cells toward type I interferon (IFN) type I gene induction or apoptosis. Moreover, TRIM22 can activate the noncanonical nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway by activating I kappa B kinase alpha (IKKalpha). It also regulates nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2)-dependent activation of interferon-beta signaling and nuclear factor-kappaB. TRIM34, also known as interferon-responsive finger protein 1 or RING finger protein 21 (RNF21), may function as antiviral protein that contribute to the defense against retroviral infections.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 83649701   9 EDPVECPLC----MEPLEIDdinffpctCGYQICRFCWHR-----IRTDENGLCPACRKPYP 61
Cdd:cd16591   4 KEEVTCPIClellTEPLSLD--------CGHSFCQACITAnhkesVNQEGESSCPVCRTSYQ 57

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 180 (RNF180) and similar proteins; RNF180, also known as Rines, is a membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase well conserved among vertebrates. It is a critical regulator of the monoaminergic system, as well as emotional and social behavior. It interacts with brain monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and targets it for ubiquitination and degradation. It also functions as a novel tumor suppressor in gastric carcinogenesis. The hypermethylated CpG site count of the RNF180 DNA promoter can be used to predict survival of gastric cancer. RNF180 contains a novel conserved dual specificity protein phosphatase Rines conserved (DSPRC) domain, a basic coiled-coil domain, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and a C-terminal hydrophobic region that is predicted to be a transmembrane domain.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 83649701  14 CPLCMepleidDINFFP---CTCGYQICRFCWHRIRTDE--NGLCPACRKPypedpaVYKPLSQEEL 75
Cdd:cd16554   5 CPVCL------DLYYDPymcYPCGHIFCEPCLRQLAKSSpkNTPCPLCRTT------IRRVFFQEEL 59

RING finger, HC subclass, found in mind bomb MIB1, MIB2, RGLG1, RGLG2, and similar proteins; MIBs are large, multi-domain E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that promote ubiquitination of the cytoplasmic tails of Notch ligands. They are also responsible for TBK1 K63-linked ubiquitination and activation, promoting interferon production and controlling antiviral immunity. Moreover, MIBs selectively control responses to cytosolic RNA and regulate type I interferon transcription. Both MIB1 and MIB2 have similar domain architectures, which consist of two Mib-Herc2 domains flanking a ZZ zinc finger, a REP region including two tandem Mib repeats, an ANK region that spans ankyrin repeats, and a RNG region, where MIB1 and MIB2 contain three and two C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers, respectively. This model corresponds to the third RING-HC finger of MIB1, as well as the second RING-HC finger of MIB2. In addition to MIB1 and MIB2, the RING-HC fingers of RING domain ligase RGLG1, RGLG2 and similar proteins from plant are also included in this model. RGLG1 is a ubiquitously expressed E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with UBC13 and, together with UBC13, catalyzes the formation of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which is involved in DNA damage repair. RGLG1 mediates the formation of canonical, K48-linked polyubiquitin chains that target proteins for degradation. It also regulates apical dominance by acting on the auxin transport proteins abundance. RGLG1 has overlapping functions with its closest sequelog, RGLG2. They both function as RING E3 ligases that interact with ethylene response factor 53 (ERF53) in the nucleus and negatively regulate the plant drought stress response. All RGLG proteins contain a Von Willebrand factor type A (vWA) domain and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 83649701  12 VECPLCMEPLEidDINFfpcTCGYQICRFCWHRIRTdenglCPACRKP 59
Cdd:cd16520   1 ILCPICMERKK--NVVF---LCGHGTCQKCAEKLKK-----CPICRKP 38

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in yeast nucleolar protein 4 (Nop4p) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of Nop4p (also known as Nop77p), encoded by YPL043W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential nucleolar protein involved in processing and maturation of 27S pre-rRNA and biogenesis of 60S ribosomal subunits. Nop4p has four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 83649701 122 DPEVLKrpEYFGKFGKIHKVVINNStsyaGSQGPSASAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTL 186
Cdd:cd12675  14 KPVHLK--KLFGRYGKVVEATIPRK----KGGKLSGFAFVTMKGRKNAEEALESVNGLEIDGRPV 72

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in UHM domain of 45 kDa-splicing factor (SPF45) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM found in UHM domain of 45 kDa-splicing factor (SPF45 or RBM17), poly(U)-binding-splicing factor PUF60 (FIR or Hfp or RoBP1 or Siah-BP1), and similar proteins. SPF45 is an RNA-binding protein consisting of an unstructured N-terminal region, followed by a G-patch motif and a C-terminal U2AF (U2 auxiliary factor) homology motifs (UHM) that harbors a RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain) and an Arg-Xaa-Phe sequence motif. SPF45 regulates alternative splicing of the apoptosis regulatory gene FAS (also known as CD95). It induces exon 6 skipping in FAS pre-mRNA through the UHM domain that binds to tryptophan-containing linear peptide motifs (UHM ligand motifs, ULMs) present in the 3' splice site-recognizing factors U2AF65, SF1 and SF3b155. PUF60 is an essential splicing factor that functions as a poly-U RNA-binding protein required to reconstitute splicing in depleted nuclear extracts. Its function is enhanced through interaction with U2 auxiliary factor U2AF65. PUF60 also controls human c-myc gene expression by binding and inhibiting the transcription factor far upstream sequence element (FUSE)-binding-protein (FBP), an activator of c-myc promoters. PUF60 contains two central RRMs and a C-terminal UHM domain.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 83649701 130 EYFGKFGKIHKVVINNSTSYAGSQgpSASAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQCVNNVVVDGRTLKA 188
Cdd:cd12374  25 EECSKYGKVLNVIIHEVASSEADD--AVRVFVEFEDADEAIKAFRALNGRFFGGRKVKA 81

RNA recognition motif 3 in fungal pre-messenger RNA splicing protein 24 (Prp24) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of Prp24, also termed U4/U6 snRNA-associated-splicing factor PRP24 (U4/U6 snRNP), an RNA-binding protein with four well conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). It facilitates U6 RNA base-pairing with U4 RNA during spliceosome assembly. Prp24 specifically binds free U6 RNA primarily with RRMs 1 and 2 and facilitates pairing of U6 RNA bases with U4 RNA bases. Additionally, it may also be involved in dissociation of the U4/U6 complex during spliceosome activation.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 83649701 111 VFVVGLSQRLaDPEVLKrpEYFGKFGKIHKVVINNSTSYAGSQGPSASAYVTYIRSEDALRAIQcVNNVVVDGRTLKASL 190
Cdd:cd12298   3 IRVRNLDFEL-DEEALR--GIFEKFGEIESINIPKKQKNRKGRHNNGFAFVTFEDADSAESALQ-LNGTLLDNRKISVSL 78