Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119609927  35 VNAVRKLQESGFYWSAVTGGEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQSDPRSTQPV 114
Cdd:cd10384    1 VNAVRKLQESGFYWSTVSGKEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTESGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQTDPRSTQPV 80

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|.
gi 119609927 115 PRFDCVLKLVHHYMPPPGAPS 135
Cdd:cd10384   81 PRFDCVLKLVHHYMPPSAAPS 101

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119609927  35 VNAVRKLQESGFYWSAVTGGEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQSDPRSTQPV 114
Cdd:cd10384    1 VNAVRKLQESGFYWSTVSGKEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTESGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQTDPRSTQPV 80

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|.
gi 119609927 115 PRFDCVLKLVHHYMPPPGAPS 135
Cdd:cd10384   81 PRFDCVLKLVHHYMPPSAAPS 101

Src homology 2 domains; Src homology 2 domains bind phosphotyrosine-containing polypeptides via 2 surface pockets. Specificity is provided via interaction with residues that are distinct from the phosphotyrosine. Only a single occurrence of a SH2 domain has been found in S. cerevisiae.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119609927    46 FYWSAVTGGEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQC-EGGSFSLQSDprstqpvPRFDCVLKLV 124
Cdd:smart00252   3 WYHGFISREEAEKLLKNEGDGDFLVRDSESSPGDYVLSVRVKGKVKHYRIRRnEDGKFYLEGG-------RKFPSLVELV 75

                   ....
gi 119609927   125 HHYM 128
Cdd:smart00252  76 EHYQ 79

suppressors of cytokine signalling; suppressors of cytokine signalling

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 119609927   180 RPLSSNVATLQHLCRKTVNGHLDSYE-KVTQLPGPIREFLDQY 221
Cdd:smart00253   1 LPRPSNVPSLQHLCRFTIRRCTRTDQiKTLPLPPKLKDYLSYY 43

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119609927  35 VNAVRKLQESGFYWSAVTGGEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQSDPRSTQPV 114
Cdd:cd10384    1 VNAVRKLQESGFYWSTVSGKEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTESGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQTDPRSTQPV 80

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|.
gi 119609927 115 PRFDCVLKLVHHYMPPPGAPS 135
Cdd:cd10384   81 PRFDCVLKLVHHYMPPSAAPS 101

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119609927  36 NAVRKLQESGFYWSAVTGGEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQSDPRStqpvp 115
Cdd:cd10382    2 RTSAMLDASGFYWGPLSVEEAHAKLKREPVGTFLIRDSRQKNCFFALSVKMASGPVSIRILFKAGKFSLDGSKES----- 76

                         90
                 ....*....|....*.
gi 119609927 116 rFDCVLKLVHHYMPPP 131
Cdd:cd10382   77 -FDCLFKLLEHYVASP 91

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS); CIS family members are known to be cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling. The expression of the CIS gene can be induced by IL2, IL3, GM-CSF and EPO in hematopoietic cells. Proteasome-mediated degradation of this protein has been shown to be involved in the inactivation of the erythropoietin receptor. Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119609927  41 LQESGFYWSAVTGGEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQSDPRSTQPVPRFDCV 120
Cdd:cd10718    1 LRESGWYWGSITASEAHQALQKAPEGTFLVRDSSHPSYMLTLSVKTTRGPTNVRIEYSDGSFRLDSSSLARPRLLSFPDV 80

                 ....*...
gi 119609927 121 LKLVHHYM 128
Cdd:cd10718   81 VSLVQHYV 88

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119609927  38 VRKLQESGFYWSAVTGGEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQSDPRSTQPVPRF 117
Cdd:cd10383    1 MRELSQTGWYWGSMTVNEAKEKLQDAPEGTFLVRDSSHSDYLLTISVKTSAGPTNLRIEYQDGKFRLDSIICVKSKLKQF 80

                         90
                 ....*....|.
gi 119609927 118 DCVLKLVHHYM 128
Cdd:cd10383   81 DSVVHLIEYYV 91

Src homology 2 domains; Src homology 2 domains bind phosphotyrosine-containing polypeptides via 2 surface pockets. Specificity is provided via interaction with residues that are distinct from the phosphotyrosine. Only a single occurrence of a SH2 domain has been found in S. cerevisiae.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119609927    46 FYWSAVTGGEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQC-EGGSFSLQSDprstqpvPRFDCVLKLV 124
Cdd:smart00252   3 WYHGFISREEAEKLLKNEGDGDFLVRDSESSPGDYVLSVRVKGKVKHYRIRRnEDGKFYLEGG-------RKFPSLVELV 75

                   ....
gi 119609927   125 HHYM 128
Cdd:smart00252  76 EHYQ 79

SH2 domain;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119609927   46 FYWSAVTGGEA-NLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQSDprstqpVPRFDCVLKLV 124
Cdd:pfam00017   1 WYHGKISRQEAeRLLLNGKPDGTFLVRESESTPGGYTLSVRDDGKVKHYKIQSTDNGGYYISG------GVKFSSLAELV 74

                  ...
gi 119609927  125 HHY 127
Cdd:pfam00017  75 EHY 77

N-terminal Src homology 2 (nSH2) domain found in p85; Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are essential for cell growth, migration, and survival. p110, the catalytic subunit, is composed of an adaptor-binding domain, a Ras-binding domain, a C2 domain, a helical domain, and a kinase domain. The regulatory unit is called p85 and is composed of an SH3 domain, a RhoGap domain, a N-terminal SH2 (nSH2) domain, an internal SH2 (iSH2) domain, and C-terminal (cSH2) domain. There are 2 inhibitory interactions between p110alpha and p85 of P13K: (1) p85 nSH2 domain with the C2, helical, and kinase domains of p110alpha and (2) p85 iSH2 domain with C2 domain of p110alpha. There are 3 inhibitory interactions between p110beta and p85 of P13K: (1) p85 nSH2 domain with the C2, helical, and kinase domains of p110beta, (2) p85 iSH2 domain with C2 domain of p110alpha, and (3) p85 cSH2 domain with the kinase domain of p110alpha. It is interesting to note that p110beta is oncogenic as a wild type protein while p110alpha lacks this ability. One explanation is the idea that the regulation of p110beta by p85 is unique because of the addition of inhibitory contacts from the cSH2 domain and the loss of contacts in the iSH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119609927  39 RKLQESGFYWSAVTGGEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLqSDPRStqpvprFD 118
Cdd:cd09942    2 HSLQEAEWYWGDISREEVNEKMRDTPDGTFLVRDASTMKGDYTLTLRKGGNNKLIKIFHRDGKYGF-SDPLT------FN 74

                 ....*....
gi 119609927 119 CVLKLVHHY 127
Cdd:cd09942   75 SVVELINYY 83

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Src oncogene at 42A (Src42); Src42 is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. The integration of receptor tyrosine kinase-induced RAS and Src42 signals by Connector eNhancer of KSR (CNK) as a two-component input is essential for RAF activation in Drosophila. Src42 is present in a wide variety of organisms including: California sea hare, pea aphid, yellow fever mosquito, honey bee, Panamanian leafcutter ant, and sea urchin. Src42 has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. Like the other members of the Src family the SH2 domain in addition to binding the target, also plays an autoinhibitory role by binding to its C-terminal tail. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 119609927  55 EANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQC--EGGSFSLQsdpRSTqpvprFDCVLKLVHHY 127
Cdd:cd10370   16 EKKLLLPENEHGAFLIRDSESRHNDYSLSVRDGDTVKHYRIRQldEGGFFIAR---RTT-----FRTLQELVEHY 82

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases; The Src family kinases are nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that have been implicated in pathways regulating proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and bone metabolism. It is thought that transforming ability of Src is linked to its ability to activate key signaling molecules in these pathways, rather than through direct activity. As such blocking Src activation has been a target for drug companies. Src family members can be divided into 3 groups based on their expression pattern: 1) Src, Fyn, and Yes; 2) Blk, Fgr, Hck, Lck, and Lyn; and 3) Frk-related kinases Frk/Rak and Iyk/Bsk Of these, cellular c-Src is the best studied and most frequently implicated in oncogenesis. The c-Src contains five distinct regions: a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. Src exists in both active and inactive conformations. Negative regulation occurs through phosphorylation of Tyr, resulting in an intramolecular association between phosphorylated Tyr and the SH2 domain of SRC, which locks the protein in a closed conformation. Further stabilization of the inactive state occurs through interactions between the SH3 domain and a proline-rich stretch of residues within the kinase domain. Conversely, dephosphorylation of Tyr allows SRC to assume an open conformation. Full activity requires additional autophosphorylation of a Tyr residue within the catalytic domain. Loss of the negative-regulatory C-terminal segment has been shown to result in increased activity and transforming potential. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal Tyr residue by C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and Csk homology kinase results in increased intramolecular interactions and consequent Src inactivation. Specific phosphatases, protein tyrosine phosphatase a (PTPa) and the SH-containing phosphatases SHP1/SHP2, have also been shown to take a part in Src activation. Src is also activated by direct binding of focal adhesion kinase (Fak) and Crk-associated substrate (Cas) to the SH2 domain. SRC activity can also be regulated by numerous receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as Her2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 119609927  58 LLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVK---TQSGT--KNLRI-QCEGGSFSLQsdPRSTqpvprFDCVLKLVHHYM 128
Cdd:cd09933   19 LLAPGNPRGTFLIRESETTPGAYSLSVRdgdDARGDtvKHYRIrKLDNGGYYIT--TRAT-----FPTLQELVQHYS 88

Src homology 2 domain found in SH2 domain-containing adapter proteins B, D, E, and F (SHB, SHD, SHE, SHF); SHB, SHD, SHE, and SHF are SH2 domain-containing proteins that play various roles throughout the cell. SHB functions in generating signaling compounds in response to tyrosine kinase activation. SHB contains proline-rich motifs, a phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, tyrosine phosphorylation sites, and a SH2 domain. SHB mediates certain aspects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-, neural growth factor (NGF) receptor TRKA-, T cell receptor-, interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor- and focal adhesion kinase- (FAK) signaling. SRC-like FYN-Related Kinase FRK/RAK (also named BSK/IYK or GTK) and SHB regulate apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. SHB promotes apoptosis and is also required for proper mitogenicity, spreading and tubular morphogenesis in endothelial cells. SHB also plays a role in preventing early cavitation of embryoid bodies and reduces differentiation to cells expressing albumin, amylase, insulin and glucagon. SHB is a multifunctional protein that has difference responses in different cells under various conditions. SHE is expressed in heart, lung, brain, and skeletal muscle, while expression of SHD is restricted to the brain. SHF is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, brain, liver, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, and colon. SHD may be a physiological substrate of c-Abl and may function as an adapter protein in the central nervous system. It is also thought to be involved in apoptotic regulation. SHD contains five YXXP motifs, a substrate sequence preferred by Abl tyrosine kinases, in addition to a poly-proline rich region and a C-terminal SH2 domain. SHE contains two pTry protein binding domains, protein interaction domain (PID) and a SH2 domain, followed by a glycine-proline rich region, all of which are N-terminal to the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain. SHF contains four putative tyrosine phosphorylation sites and an SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119609927  45 GFYWSAVTGGEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRI-QCEGGSFSLqsdprsTQPVPRFDCVLKL 123
Cdd:cd09945    2 GWYHGAITRIEAESLLRPCKEGSYLVRNSESTKQDYSLSLKSAKGFMHMRIqRNETGQYIL------GQFSRPFETIPEM 75

                         90
                 ....*....|....
gi 119609927 124 VHHY----MPPPGA 133
Cdd:cd09945   76 IRHYclnkLPVRGA 89

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119609927  47 YWSAVTGGEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQSDPRSTQPVPRfdcVLKLVHH 126
Cdd:cd10385   13 YWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHSPD---ITGLLEH 89

                         90
                 ....*....|
gi 119609927 127 YMPPPGAPSF 136
Cdd:cd10385   90 YKDPSACMFF 99

SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signaling) box. The SOCS box is found in the C-terminal region of CIS/SOCS family proteins (in combination with a SH2 domain), ASBs (ankyrin repeat-containing proteins with a SOCS box), SSBs (SPRY domain-containing proteins with a SOCS box), and WSBs (WD40 repeat-containing proteins with a SOCS box), as well as, other miscellaneous proteins. The function of the SOCS box is the recruitment of the ubiquitin-transferase system. The SOCS box interacts with Elongins B and C, Cullin-5 or Cullin-2, Rbx-1, and E2. Therefore, SOCS-box-containing proteins probably function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and mediate the degradation of proteins associated through their N-terminal regions.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 119609927 185 NVATLQHLCRKTVNGHL--DSYEKVTQLPGP--IREFLDQY 221
Cdd:cd03587    1 NPRSLQHLCRLAIRRCLgkRRLDLIDKLPLPprLKDYLLYK 41

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Nck; Nck proteins are adaptors that modulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to tyrosine kinases or phosphorylated signaling intermediates. There are two members known in this family: Nck1 (Nckalpha) and Nck2 (Nckbeta and Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4 (Grb4)). They are characterized by having 3 SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. Nck1 and Nck2 have overlapping functions as determined by gene knockouts. Both bind receptor tyrosine kinases and other tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins through their SH2 domains. In addition they also bind distinct targets. Neuronal signaling proteins: EphrinB1, EphrinB2, and Disabled-1 (Dab-1) all bind to Nck-2 exclusively. And in the case of PDGFR, Tyr(P)751 binds to Nck1 while Tyr(P)1009 binds to Nck2. Nck1 and Nck2 have a role in the infection process of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Their SH3 domains are involved in recruiting and activating the N-WASP/Arp2/3 complex inducing actin polymerization resulting in the production of pedestals, dynamic bacteria-presenting protrusions of the plasma membrane. A similar thing occurs in the vaccinia virus where motile plasma membrane projections are formed beneath the virus. Recently it has been shown that the SH2 domains of both Nck1 and Nck2 bind the G-protein coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119609927  46 FYWSAVTGGEANLLLSAEP-AGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQSDprstqpvpRFDCVLKLV 124
Cdd:cd10408    3 WYYGKVTRHQAEMALNERGnEGDFLIRDSESSPNDFSVSLKAQGKNKHFKVQLKECVYCIGQR--------KFSSMEELV 74

                 ....*..
gi 119609927 125 HHYMPPP 131
Cdd:cd10408   75 EHYKKAP 81

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Nck; Nck proteins are adaptors that modulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to tyrosine kinases or phosphorylated signaling intermediates. There are two members known in this family: Nck1 (Nckalpha) and Nck2 (Nckbeta and Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4 (Grb4)). They are characterized by having 3 SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. Nck1 and Nck2 have overlapping functions as determined by gene knockouts. Both bind receptor tyrosine kinases and other tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins through their SH2 domains. In addition they also bind distinct targets. Neuronal signaling proteins: EphrinB1, EphrinB2, and Disabled-1 (Dab-1) all bind to Nck-2 exclusively. And in the case of PDGFR, Tyr(P)751 binds to Nck1 while Tyr(P)1009 binds to Nck2. Nck1 and Nck2 have a role in the infection process of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Their SH3 domains are involved in recruiting and activating the N-WASP/Arp2/3 complex inducing actin polymerization resulting in the production of pedestals, dynamic bacteria-presenting protrusions of the plasma membrane. A similar thing occurs in the vaccinia virus where motile plasma membrane projections are formed beneath the virus. Recently it has been shown that the SH2 domains of both Nck1 and Nck2 bind the G-protein coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 119609927  44 SGFYWSAVTGGEANLLLSAEPA-GTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQSDprstqpvpRFDCVLK 122
Cdd:cd10409    1 KEWYYGNVTRHQAECALNERGVeGDFLIRDSESSPSDFSVSLKAVGKNKHFKVQLVDNVYCIGQR--------RFNSMDE 72

                 ....*....
gi 119609927 123 LVHHYMPPP 131
Cdd:cd10409   73 LVEHYKKAP 81

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in alpha2-chimerin and beta2-chimerin proteins; Chimerins are a family of phorbol ester- and diacylglycerol-responsive GTPase-activating proteins. Alpha1-chimerin (formerly known as n-chimerin) and alpha2-chimerin are alternatively spliced products of a single gene, as are beta1- and beta2-chimerin. alpha1- and beta1-chimerin have a relatively short N-terminal region that does not encode any recognizable domains, whereas alpha2- and beta2-chimerin both include a functional SH2 domain that can bind to phosphotyrosine motifs within receptors. All of the isoforms contain a GAP domain with specificity in vitro for Rac1 and a diacylglycerol (DAG)-binding C1 domain which allows them to translocate to membranes in response to DAG signaling and anchors them in close proximity to activated Rac. Other C1 domain-containing diacylglycerol receptors including: PKC, Munc-13 proteins, phorbol ester binding scaffolding proteins involved in Ca2+-stimulated exocytosis, and RasGRPs, diacylglycerol-activated guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Ras and Rap1. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 119609927  55 EANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQSDPRstqpvpRFDCVLKLV 124
Cdd:cd10352   17 EAEQLLSGASDGSYLIRESSRDDGYYTLSLRFNGKVKNYKLYYDGKNHYHYVGEK------RFDTIHDLV 80

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in B-cell linker (BLNK) protein and SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76); BLNK (also known as SLP-65 or BASH) is an important adaptor protein expressed in B-lineage cells. BLNK consists of a N-terminal sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain and a C-terminal SH2 domain. BLNK is a cytoplasmic protein, but a part of it is bound to the plasma membrane through an N-terminal leucine zipper motif and transiently bound to a cytoplasmic domain of Iga through its C-terminal SH2 domain upon B cell antigen receptor (BCR)-stimulation. A non-ITAM phosphotyrosine in Iga is necessary for the binding with the BLNK SH2 domain and/or for normal BLNK function in signaling and B cell activation. Upon phosphorylation BLNK binds Btk and PLCgamma2 through their SH2 domains and mediates PLCgamma2 activation by Btk. BLNK also binds other signaling molecules such as Vav, Grb2, Syk, and HPK1. BLNK has been shown to be necessary for BCR-mediated Ca2+ mobilization, for the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases such as ERK, JNK, and p38 in a chicken B cell line DT40, and for activation of transcription factors such as NF-AT and NF-kappaB in human or mouse B cells. BLNK is involved in B cell development, B cell survival, activation, proliferation, and T-independent immune responses. BLNK is structurally homologous to SLP-76. SLP-76 and (linker for activation of T cells) LAT are adaptor/linker proteins in T cell antigen receptor activation and T cell development. BLNK interacts with many downstream signaling proteins that interact directly with both SLP-76 and LAT. New data suggest functional complementation of SLP-76 and LAT in T cell antigen receptor function with BLNK in BCR function. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 119609927  41 LQESGFYWSAVTGGEA-NLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSS--DQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQCEGGS--FSLQSDPRSTQpvp 115
Cdd:cd09929    8 LLPKEWYAGNIDRKEAeEALRRSNKDGTFLVRDSSgkDSSQPYTLMVLYNDKVYNIQIRFLENTrqYALGTGLRGEE--- 84

                         90
                 ....*....|....*.
gi 119609927 116 RFDCVLKLVHHYMPPP 131
Cdd:cd09929   85 TFSSVAEIIEHHQKTP 100

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in HCK; HCK is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins and is expressed in hemopoietic cells. HCK is proposed to couple the Fc receptor to the activation of the respiratory burst. It may also play a role in neutrophil migration and in the degranulation of neutrophils. It has two different translational starts that have different subcellular localization. HCK has been shown to interact with BCR gene, ELMO1 Cbl gene, RAS p21 protein activator 1, RASA3, Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor, ADAM15 and RAPGEF1. Like the other members of the Src family the SH2 domain in addition to binding the target, also plays an autoinhibitory role by binding to its C-terminal tail. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. HCK has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 119609927  55 EANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVK---TQSG--TKNLRIQC-EGGSFSLQsdPRSTqpvprFDCVLKLVHHY 127
Cdd:cd10363   16 ERQLLAPGNMLGSFMIRDSETTKGSYSLSVRdydPQHGdtVKHYKIRTlDNGGFYIS--PRST-----FSTLQELVDHY 87

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in tyrosine kinase sarcoma (Src); Src is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. Src is thought to play a role in the regulation of embryonic development and cell growth. Members here include v-Src and c-Src. v-Src lacks the C-terminal inhibitory phosphorylation site and is therefore constitutively active as opposed to normal cellular src (c-Src) which is only activated under certain circumstances where it is required (e.g. growth factor signaling). v-Src is an oncogene whereas c-Src is a proto-oncogene. c-Src consists of three domains, an N-terminal SH3 domain, a central SH2 domain and a tyrosine kinase domain. The SH2 and SH3 domains work together in the auto-inhibition of the kinase domain. The phosphorylation of an inhibitory tyrosine near the c-terminus of the protein produces a binding site for the SH2 domain which then facilitates binding of the SH3 domain to a polyproline site within the linker between the SH2 domain and the kinase domain. Binding of the SH3 domain inactivates the enzyme. This allows for multiple mechanisms for c-Src activation: dephosphorylation of the C-terminal tyrosine by a protein tyrosine phosphatase, binding of the SH2 domain by a competitive phospho-tyrosine residue, or competitive binding of a polyproline binding site to the SH3 domain. Unlike most other Src members Src lacks cysteine residues in the SH4 domain that undergo palmitylation. Serine and threonine phosphorylation sites have also been identified in the unique domains of Src and are believed to modulate protein-protein interactions or regulate catalytic activity. Alternatively spliced forms of Src, which contain 6- or 11-amino acid insertions in the SH3 domain, are expressed in CNS neurons. c-Src has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119609927  42 QESGFYWSAVTGGEAN-LLLSAE-PAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRI------QCEGGSFSLQSdprSTQp 113
Cdd:cd10365    1 QAEEWYFGKITRRESErLLLNAEnPRGTFLVRESETTKGAYCLSVSDFDNAKGLNVkhykirKLDSGGFYITS---RTQ- 76

                         90
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gi 119609927 114 vprFDCVLKLVHHY 127
Cdd:cd10365   77 ---FNSLQQLVAYY 87

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Fyn isoform a like proteins; Fyn is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. This cd contains the SH2 domain found in Fyn isoform a type proteins. Fyn is involved in the control of cell growth and is required in the following pathways: T and B cell receptor signaling, integrin-mediated signaling, growth factor and cytokine receptor signaling, platelet activation, ion channel function, cell adhesion, axon guidance, fertilization, entry into mitosis, and differentiation of natural killer cells, oligodendrocytes and keratinocytes. The protein associates with the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and interacts with the Fyn-binding protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms exist. Fyn is primarily localized to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. Tyrosine phosphorylation of target proteins by Fyn serves to either regulate target protein activity, and/or to generate a binding site on the target protein that recruits other signaling molecules. FYN has been shown to interact with a number of proteins including: BCAR1, Cbl, Janus kinase, nephrin, Sky, tyrosine kinase, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, and Zap-70. Fyn has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 119609927  55 EANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRI------QCEGGSFSLQSDprstqpvPRFDCVLKLVHHY 127
Cdd:cd10418   16 ERQLLSFGNPRGTFLIRESETTKGAYSLSIRDWDDMKGDHVkhykirKLDNGGYYITTR-------AQFETLQQLVQHY 87

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Carboxyl-Terminal Src Kinase (Csk); Both the C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) and CSK-homologous kinase (CHK) are members of the CSK-family of protein tyrosine kinases. These proteins suppress activity of Src-family kinases (SFK) by selectively phosphorylating the conserved C-terminal tail regulatory tyrosine by a similar mechanism. CHK is also capable of inhibiting SFKs by a non-catalytic mechanism that involves binding of CHK to SFKs to form stable protein complexes. The unphosphorylated form of SFKs is inhibited by CSK and CHK by a two-step mechanism. The first step involves the formation of a complex of SFKs with CSK/CHK with the SFKs in the complex are inactive. The second step, involves the phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail tyrosine of SFKs, which then dissociates and adopt an inactive conformation. The structural basis of how the phosphorylated SFKs dissociate from CSK/CHK to adopt the inactive conformation is not known. The inactive conformation of SFKs is stabilized by two intramolecular inhibitory interactions: (a) the pYT:SH2 interaction in which the phosphorylated C-terminal tail tyrosine (YT) binds to the SH2 domain, and (b) the linker:SH3 interaction of which the SH2-kinase domain linker binds to the SH3 domain. SFKs are activated by multiple mechanisms including binding of the ligands to the SH2 and SH3 domains to displace the two inhibitory intramolecular interactions, autophosphorylation, and dephosphorylation of YT. By selective phosphorylation and the non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism CSK and CHK are able to inhibit the active forms of SFKs. CSK and CHK are regulated by phosphorylation and inter-domain interactions. They both contain SH3, SH2, and kinase domains separated by the SH3-SH2 connector and SH2 kinase linker, intervening segments separating the three domains. They lack a conserved tyrosine phosphorylation site in the kinase domain and the C-terminal tail regulatory tyrosine phosphorylation site. The CSK SH2 domain is crucial for stabilizing the kinase domain in the active conformation. A disulfide bond here regulates CSK kinase activity. The subcellular localization and activity of CSK are regulated by its SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 119609927  51 VTGGEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTQSGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLqsDPRSTqpvprFDCVLKLVHHY 127
Cdd:cd09937   10 ISREEAERLLQPPEDGLFLVRESTNYPGDYTLCVSFEGKVEHYRVIYRNGKLTI--DEEEY-----FENLIQLVEHY 79