The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1); The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1): FHL1 is heavily expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It plays important roles in muscle growth, differentiation, and sarcomere assembly by acting as a modulator of transcription factors. Defects in FHL1 gene are responsible for a number of Muscular dystrophy-like muscle disorders. It has been detected that FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 119608882 101 CKGCFKAIVAGDQNVEYKGTVWHKDCFTCSNCKQVIGTGSFFPKGEDFYCVTCHETKF 158
Cdd:cd09424    1 CKGCYKDILAGDQNVEYKGNVWHKDCFTCSNCKQPIGTKSFFPKGEDFYCVPCHEKKF 58

The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1; The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1): FHL1 is heavily expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It plays important roles in muscle growth, differentiation, and sarcomere assembly by acting as a modulator of transcription factors. Defects in FHL1 gene are responsible for a number of Muscular dystrophy-like muscle disorders. It has been detected that FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 119608882  40 CVECRKPIGADSKEVHYKNRFWHDTCFRCAKCLHPLANETFVAKDNKILCNKCT 93
Cdd:cd09344    1 CAECRKPIGADSKELHHKNRYWHETCFRCAKCYKPLANEPFVAKDNKILCGKCT 54

The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1); The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1): FHL1 is heavily expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It plays important roles in muscle growth, differentiation, and sarcomere assembly by acting as a modulator of transcription factors. Defects in FHL1 gene are responsible for a number of Muscular dystrophy-like muscle disorders. It has been detected that FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 119608882 101 CKGCFKAIVAGDQNVEYKGTVWHKDCFTCSNCKQVIGTGSFFPKGEDFYCVTCHETKF 158
Cdd:cd09424    1 CKGCYKDILAGDQNVEYKGNVWHKDCFTCSNCKQPIGTKSFFPKGEDFYCVPCHEKKF 58

The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1; The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1): FHL1 is heavily expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It plays important roles in muscle growth, differentiation, and sarcomere assembly by acting as a modulator of transcription factors. Defects in FHL1 gene are responsible for a number of Muscular dystrophy-like muscle disorders. It has been detected that FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 119608882  40 CVECRKPIGADSKEVHYKNRFWHDTCFRCAKCLHPLANETFVAKDNKILCNKCT 93
Cdd:cd09344    1 CAECRKPIGADSKELHHKNRYWHETCFRCAKCYKPLANEPFVAKDNKILCGKCT 54

Zinc-binding domain present in Lin-11, Isl-1, Mec-3; Zinc-binding domain family. Some LIM domains bind protein partners via tyrosine-containing motifs. LIM domains are found in many key regulators of developmental pathways.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 119608882   220 KCAGCKNPITGFGKgssVVAYEGQSWHDYCFHCKKCSVNLANKRFVFHQEQVYCPDC 276
Cdd:smart00132   1 KCAGCGKPIYGTER---VLRALGKVWHPECFKCATCGKPLSGDTFFEKDGKLYCKDC 54

Zinc-binding domain present in Lin-11, Isl-1, Mec-3; Zinc-binding domain family. Some LIM domains bind protein partners via tyrosine-containing motifs. LIM domains are found in many key regulators of developmental pathways.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 119608882   162 CVKCNKAITSG--GITYQDQPWHADCFVCVTCSKKLAGQRFTAVEDQYYCVDC 212
Cdd:smart00132   2 CAGCGKPIYGTerVLRALGKVWHPECFKCATCGKPLSGDTFFEKDGKLYCKDC 54

LIM domain; This family represents two copies of the LIM structural domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 119608882  162 CVKCNKAITSGGITY-QDQPWHADCFVCVTCSKKLAGQRFTAVEDQYYCVDCY 213
Cdd:pfam00412   1 CAGCNRPIYDRELVRaLGKVWHPECFRCAVCGKPLTTGDFYEKDGKLYCKHDY 53

LIM domain; This family represents two copies of the LIM structural domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 119608882   40 CVECRKPIgADSKEVHYKNRFWHDTCFRCAKCLHPLANETFVAKDNKILCNKC 92
Cdd:pfam00412   1 CAGCNRPI-YDRELVRALGKVWHPECFRCAVCGKPLTTGDFYEKDGKLYCKHD 52

The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1); The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1): FHL1 is heavily expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It plays important roles in muscle growth, differentiation, and sarcomere assembly by acting as a modulator of transcription factors. Defects in FHL1 gene are responsible for a number of Muscular dystrophy-like muscle disorders. It has been detected that FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 119608882 101 CKGCFKAIVAGDQNVEYKGTVWHKDCFTCSNCKQVIGTGSFFPKGEDFYCVTCHETKF 158
Cdd:cd09424    1 CKGCYKDILAGDQNVEYKGNVWHKDCFTCSNCKQPIGTKSFFPKGEDFYCVPCHEKKF 58

The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1; The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1): FHL1 is heavily expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It plays important roles in muscle growth, differentiation, and sarcomere assembly by acting as a modulator of transcription factors. Defects in FHL1 gene are responsible for a number of Muscular dystrophy-like muscle disorders. It has been detected that FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 119608882  40 CVECRKPIGADSKEVHYKNRFWHDTCFRCAKCLHPLANETFVAKDNKILCNKCT 93
Cdd:cd09344    1 CAECRKPIGADSKELHHKNRYWHETCFRCAKCYKPLANEPFVAKDNKILCGKCT 54

The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL); The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL): LIM-only protein family consists of five members, designated FHL1, FHL2, FHL3, FHL5 and LIMPETin. The first four members are composed of four complete LIM domains arranged in tandem and an N-terminal single zinc finger domain with a consensus sequence equivalent to the C-terminal half of a LIM domain. LIMPETin is an exception, containing six LIM domains. FHL1, 2 and 3 are predominantly expressed in muscle tissues, and FHL5 is highly expressed in male germ cells. FHL proteins exert their roles as transcription co-activators or co-repressors through a wide array of interaction partners. For example, FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. FHL3 int eracts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. FHL5 is a tissue-specific coactivator of CREB/CREM family transcription factors. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 119608882 101 CKGCFKAIVAGDQNVEYKGTVWHKDCFTCSNCKQVIGTGSFFPKGEDFYCVTCH 154
Cdd:cd09345    1 CKACGKAIMPGSKKMEYKGKFWHEKCFTCSECKKPIGTKSFIPKDDKIYCVPCY 54

The fifth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin; The fifth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin: LIMPETin contains 6 LIM domains at the C-terminal and an N-terminal PET domain. Four of the six LIM domains are highly homologous to the four and half LIM domain protein family and two of them show sequence similarity to the LIM domains of the testin family. Thus, LIMPETin may be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and FHL proteins. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, LIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult male. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 119608882 162 CVKCNKAITSGGITYQDQPWHADCFVCVTCSKKLAGQRFTAVEDQYYCVDCY 213
Cdd:cd09430    1 CSKCNKIINSGGVTYKNEPWHRECFTCTNCSKSLAGQRFTSRDEKPYCADCF 52

The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2); The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2): FHL2 is one of the best studied FHL proteins. FHL2 expression is most abundant in the heart, and in brain, liver and lung at lesser extent. FHL2 participates in a wide range of cellular processes, such as transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and cell survival by binding to various protein partners. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. Although FHL2 is abundantly expressed in heart, the fhl2 null mice are viable and had no detectable abnormal cardiac phenotype. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119608882  37 ANTCVECRKPIGADSKEVHYKNRFWHDTCFRCAKCLHPLANETFVAKDNKILCNKCTTRE 96
Cdd:cd09422    2 SNTCEECKKPIGCDCKDLSYKDRHWHESCFHCFQCKNSLVDKPFAAKEEHLLCTECYSNE 61

The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2); The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2): FHL2 is one of the best studied FHL proteins. FHL2 expression is most abundant in the heart, and in brain, liver and lung to a lesser extent. FHL2 participates in a wide range of cellular processes, such as transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and cell survival by binding to various protein partners. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. Although FHL2 is abundantly expressed in heart, the fhl2 null mice are viable and had no detectable abnormal cardiac phenotype. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to s upport the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 119608882 221 CAGCKNPITGFGkGSSVVAYEGQSWHDYCFHCKKCSVNLANKRFVFHQEQVYCPDCAK 278
Cdd:cd09433    1 CAGCTNPISGLG-GTKYISFEERQWHNDCFNCKKCSLSLVGRGFLTERDDILCPECGK 57

The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 3 (FHL3); The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 3 (FHL3): FHL3 is highly expressed in the skeleton and cardiac muscles and possesses the transactivation and repression activities. FHL3 interacts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. Moreover, FHL3 interacts with alpha- and beta-subunits of the muscle alpha7beta1 integrin receptor. FHL3 was also proved to possess the auto-activation ability and was confirmed that the second zinc finger motif in fourth LIM domain was responsible for the auto-activation of FHL3. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 119608882  37 ANTCVECRKPIGADSKEVHYKNRFWHDTCFRCAKCLHPLANETFVAKDNKILCNKC 92
Cdd:cd09423    2 ANTCDECKELIGHDSRELYYEDRHYHEHCFRCFRCDRSLADEPFTCQDEELLCNDC 57

The fourth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin; The fourth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin: LIMPETin contains 6 LIM domains at the C-terminal and an N-terminal PET domain. Four of the six LIM domains are highly homologous to the four and half LIM domain protein family and two of them show sequence similarity to the LIM domains of the Testin family. Thus, LIMPETin may be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and FHL proteins. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, LIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult male. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 119608882 101 CKGCFKAIVAGDQNVEYKGTVWHKDCFTCSNCKQVIGTGSFFPKGEDFYCVTCH 154
Cdd:cd09425    1 CDGCGEIFRAGMKKMEYKGQQWHEKCFCCCECKQPIGTKSFIPKDDDVYCVPCY 54

The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 3 (FHL3); The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 3 (FHL3): FHL3 is highly expressed in the skeleton and cardiac muscles and possesses the transactivation and repression activities. FHL3 interacts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. Moreover, FHL3 interacts with alpha- and beta-subunits of the muscle alpha7beta1 integrin receptor. FHL3 was also proved to possess the auto-activation ability and was confirmed that the second zinc finger motif in fourth LIM domain was responsible for the auto-activation of FHL3. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 119608882 221 CAGCKNPITGFGKGSsVVAYEGQSWHDYCFHCKKCSVNLANKRFVFHQEQVYCPDC 276
Cdd:cd09434    1 CAACNKPITGFGGGK-YVSFEDRQWHQPCFKCSRCSVSLVGAGFFPDGDQILCRDC 55

The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL); The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL): LIM-only protein family consists of five members, designated FHL1, FHL2, FHL3, FHL5 and LIMPETin. The first four members are composed of four complete LIM domains arranged in tandem and an N-terminal single zinc finger domain with a consensus sequence equivalent to the C-terminal half of a LIM domain. LIMPETin is an exception, containing six LIM domains. FHL1, 2 and 3 are predominantly expressed in muscle tissues, and FHL5 is highly expressed in male germ cells. FHL proteins exert their roles as transcription co-activators or co-repressors through a wide array of interaction partners. For example, FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. FHL3 int eracts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. FHL5 is a tissue-specific coactivator of CREB/CREM family transcription factors. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 119608882  40 CVECRKPIGADSKEVHYKNRFWHDTCFRCAKCLHPLANETFVAKDNKILCNKC 92
Cdd:cd09345    1 CKACGKAIMPGSKKMEYKGKFWHEKCFTCSECKKPIGTKSFIPKDDKIYCVPC 53

The third LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1); The third LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1): FHL1 is heavily expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It plays important roles in muscle growth, differentiation, and sarcomere assembly by acting as a modulator of transcription factors. Defects in FHL1 gene are responsible for a number of Muscular dystrophy-like muscle disorders. It has been detected that FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 119608882 221 CAGCKNPITGFGkgssvVAYEGQSWHDYCFHCKKCSVNLANKRFVFHQEQVYCPDCAK 278
Cdd:cd09429    1 CVKCNKPITSGG-----VTYQDQPWHSECFVCSSCSKKLAGQRFTAVEDQYYCVDCYK 53

Zinc-binding domain present in Lin-11, Isl-1, Mec-3; Zinc-binding domain family. Some LIM domains bind protein partners via tyrosine-containing motifs. LIM domains are found in many key regulators of developmental pathways.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 119608882   220 KCAGCKNPITGFGKgssVVAYEGQSWHDYCFHCKKCSVNLANKRFVFHQEQVYCPDC 276
Cdd:smart00132   1 KCAGCGKPIYGTER---VLRALGKVWHPECFKCATCGKPLSGDTFFEKDGKLYCKDC 54

Zinc-binding domain present in Lin-11, Isl-1, Mec-3; Zinc-binding domain family. Some LIM domains bind protein partners via tyrosine-containing motifs. LIM domains are found in many key regulators of developmental pathways.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 119608882   100 KCKGCFKAIVAGDQNVEYKGTVWHKDCFTCSNCKQVIGTGSFFPKGEDFYCVTC 153
Cdd:smart00132   1 KCAGCGKPIYGTERVLRALGKVWHPECFKCATCGKPLSGDTFFEKDGKLYCKDC 54

The sixth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin; The sixth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin: LIMPETin contains 6 LIM domains at the C-terminal and an N-terminal PET domain. Four of the six LIM domains are highly homologous to the four and half LIM domain protein family and two of them show sequence similarity to the LIM domains of the testin family. Thus, LIMPETin may be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and FHL proteins. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, LIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult male. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 119608882 162 CVKCNKAITSGG----ITYQDQPWHADCFVCVTCSKKLAGQRFTAVEDQYYCVDC 212
Cdd:cd09432    1 CAACGKPITGIGgtkfISFEDRHWHNDCFNCAGCRTSLVGKGFITDGGRILCPDC 55

The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL); The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL): LIM-only protein family consists of five members, designated FHL1, FHL2, FHL3, FHL5 and LIMPETin. The first four members are composed of four complete LIM domains arranged in tandem and an N-terminal single zinc finger domain with a consensus sequence equivalent to the C-terminal half of a LIM domain. LIMPETin is an exception, containing six LIM domains. FHL1, 2 and 3 are predominantly expressed in muscle tissues, and FHL5 is highly expressed in male germ cells. FHL proteins exert their roles as transcription co-activators or co-repressors through a wide array of interaction partners. For example, FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. FHL3 int eracts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. FHL5 is a tissue-specific coactivator of CREB/CREM family transcription factors. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 119608882 158 FAKHCVKCNKAI--TSGGITYQDQPWHADCFVCVTCSKKLAGQRFTAVEDQYYCVDCY 213
Cdd:cd09343    1 FANTCEECKKKIgcDSKDLSYKDRHWHEGCFKCFKCQRSLVDKPFAAKDEDLLCTECY 58

LIM is a small protein-protein interaction domain, containing two zinc fingers; LIM domains are identified in a diverse group of proteins with wide variety of biological functions, including gene expression regulation, cell fate determination, cytoskeleton organization, tumor formation and development. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes. They perform their functions through interactions with other protein partners. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. The consensus sequence of LIM domain has been defined as C-x(2)-C-x(16,23)-H-x(2)-[CH]-x(2)-C-x(2)-C-x(16,21)-C-x(2,3)-[CHD] (where X denotes any amino acid).

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 119608882 221 CAGCKNPITGfgkgSSVVAYEGQSWHDYCFHCKKCSVNLANKRFVFHQEQVYCPDCA 277
Cdd:cd08368    1 CAGCGKPIEG----RELLRALGKKWHPECFKCAECGKPLGGDSFYEKDGKPYCEKCY 53

The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 5 (FHL5); The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 5 (FHL5): FHL5 is a tissue-specific coactivator of CREB/CREM family transcription factors , which are highly expressed in male germ cells and is required for post-meiotic gene expression. FHL5 associates with CREM and confers a powerful transcriptional activation function. Activation by CREB has known to occur upon phosphorylation at an essential regulatory site and the subsequent interaction with the ubiquitous coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP). However, the activation by FHL5 is independent of phosphorylation and CBP association. It represents a new route for transcriptional activation by CREM and CREB. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 119608882 101 CKGCFKAIVAGDQNVEYKGTVWHKDCFTCSNCKQVIGTGSFFPKGEDFYCVTC 153
Cdd:cd09428    1 CFHCKKTIMPGSRKLEFEGNEWHETCFVCQSCQQPIGTKPLITKENKNYCVPC 53

The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL); The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL): LIM-only protein family consists of five members, designated FHL1, FHL2, FHL3, FHL5 and LIMPETin. The first four members are composed of four complete LIM domains arranged in tandem and an N-terminal single zinc finger domain with a consensus sequence equivalent to the C-terminal half of a LIM domain. LIMPETin is an exception, containing six LIM domains. FHL1, 2 and 3 are predominantly expressed in muscle tissues, and FHL5 is highly expressed in male germ cells. FHL proteins exert their roles as transcription co-activators or co-repressors through a wide array of interaction partners. For example, FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. FHL3 interacts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. FHL5 is a tissue-specific coactivator of CREB/CREM family transcription factors. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 119608882  40 CVECRKPIGA--DSKEVHYKNRFWHDTCFRCAKCLHPLANETFVAKDNKILCNKCT 93
Cdd:cd09347    1 CAACTKPITGlgGAKFISFEERQWHSDCFNCGKCSVSLVGQGFLTQRDEILCPECG 56

LIM is a small protein-protein interaction domain, containing two zinc fingers; LIM domains are identified in a diverse group of proteins with wide variety of biological functions, including gene expression regulation, cell fate determination, cytoskeleton organization, tumor formation and development. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes. They perform their functions through interactions with other protein partners. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. The consensus sequence of LIM domain has been defined as C-x(2)-C-x(16,23)-H-x(2)-[CH]-x(2)-C-x(2)-C-x(16,21)-C-x(2,3)-[CHD] (where X denotes any amino acid).

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 119608882  40 CVECRKPIGADSKeVHYKNRFWHDTCFRCAKCLHPLANETFVAKDNKILCNKC 92
Cdd:cd08368    1 CAGCGKPIEGREL-LRALGKKWHPECFKCAECGKPLGGDSFYEKDGKPYCEKC 52

The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1; The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1): FHL1 is heavily expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It plays important roles in muscle growth, differentiation, and sarcomere assembly by acting as a modulator of transcription factors. Defects in FHL1 gene are responsible for a number of Muscular dystrophy-like muscle disorders. It has been detected that FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 119608882 221 CAGCKNPItgfGKGSSVVAYEGQSWHDYCFHCKKCSVNLANKRFVFHQEQVYCPDCA 277
Cdd:cd09344    1 CAECRKPI---GADSKELHHKNRYWHETCFRCAKCYKPLANEPFVAKDNKILCGKCT 54

The first LIM domain of Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 6 (TRIP6); The first LIM domain of Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 6 (TRIP6): TRIP6 is a member of the zyxin LIM protein family and contains three LIM zinc-binding domains at the C-terminal. TRIP6 protein localizes to focal adhesion sites and along actin stress fibers. Recruitment of this protein to the plasma membrane occurs in a lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-dependent manner. TRIP6 recruits a number of molecules involved in actin assembly, cell motility, survival and transcriptional control. The function of TRIP6 in cell motility is regulated by Src-dependent phosphorylation at a Tyr residue. The phosphorylation activates the coupling to the Crk SH2 domain, which is required for the function of TRIP6 in promoting lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced cell migration. TRIP6 can shuttle to the nucleus to serve as a coactivator of AP-1 and NF-kappaB transcriptional factors. Moreover, TRIP6 can form a ternary complex with the NHERF2 PDZ protein and LPA2 receptor to regulate LPA-induced activation of ERK and AKT, rendering cells resistant to chemotherapy. Recent evidence shows that TRIP6 antagonizes Fas-Induced apoptosis by enhancing the antiapoptotic effect of LPA in cells. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 119608882 173 GITYQDQPWHADCFVCVTCSKKLAGQRFTAVEDQYYCVDCY 213
Cdd:cd09350   14 GCTAMDQVFHVDCFTCMTCNGKLRGQPFYAVEKKAYCEPCY 54

The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL); The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL): LIM-only protein family consists of five members, designated FHL1, FHL2, FHL3, FHL5 and LIMPETin. The first four members are composed of four complete LIM domains arranged in tandem and an N-terminal single zinc finger domain with a consensus sequence equivalent to the C-terminal half of a LIM domain. LIMPETin is an exception, containing six LIM domains. FHL1, 2 and 3 are predominantly expressed in muscle tissues, and FHL5 is highly expressed in male germ cells. FHL proteins exert their roles as transcription co-activators or co-repressors through a wide array of interaction partners. For example, FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. FHL3 int eracts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. FHL5 is a tissue-specific coactivator of CREB/CREM family transcription factors. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 119608882 221 CAGCKNPITgfgKGSSVVAYEGQSWHDYCFHCKKCSVNLANKRFVFHQEQVYCPDC 276
Cdd:cd09345    1 CKACGKAIM---PGSKKMEYKGKFWHEKCFTCSECKKPIGTKSFIPKDDKIYCVPC 53

The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 3 (FHL3); The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 3 (FHL3): FHL3 is highly expressed in the skeleton and cardiac muscles and possesses the transactivation and repression activities. FHL3 interacts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. Moreover, FHL3 interacts with alpha- and beta-subunits of the muscle alpha7beta1 integrin receptor. FHL3 was also proved to possess the auto-activation ability and was confirmed that the second zinc finger motif in fourth LIM domain was responsible for the auto-activation of FHL3. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 119608882 162 CVKCNKAITSGG----ITYQDQPWHADCFVCVTCSKKLAGQRFTAVEDQYYCVDC 212
Cdd:cd09434    1 CAACNKPITGFGggkyVSFEDRQWHQPCFKCSRCSVSLVGAGFFPDGDQILCRDC 55

The third LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL); The third LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL): LIM-only protein family consists of five members, designated FHL1, FHL2, FHL3, FHL5 and LIMPETin. The first four members are composed of four complete LIM domains arranged in tandem and an N-terminal single zinc finger domain with a consensus sequence equivalent to the C-terminal half of a LIM domain. LIMPETin is an exception, containing six LIM domains. FHL1, 2 and 3 are predominantly expressed in muscle tissues, and FHL5 is highly expressed in male germ cells. FHL proteins exert their roles as transcription co-activators or co-repressors through a wide array of interaction partners. For example, FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. FHL3 int eracts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. FHL5 is a tissue-specific coactivator of CREB/CREM family transcription factors. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 119608882 221 CAGCKNPITGFGkgssvVAYEGQSWHDYCFHCKKCSVNLANKRFVFHQEQVYCPDC 276
Cdd:cd09346    1 CAKCKKAITSGG-----VTYRDQPWHKECFVCTGCKKQLAGQRFTSRDEYPYCVDC 51

The third LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family; The third LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family: This family consists of paxillin, leupaxin, Hic-5 (ARA55), and other related proteins. There are four LIM domains in the C-terminal of the proteins and leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminal region. Members of this family are adaptor proteins to recruit key components of signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. It associates with focal adhesion kinases PYK2 and pp125FAK and identified to be a component of the osteoclast pososomal signaling complex. Hic-5 controls cell proliferation, migration and senescence by functioning as coactivator for steroid receptors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 119608882 162 CVKCNKAITSGGITYQDQPWHADCFVCVTCSKKLAGQRFTAVEDQYYC 209
Cdd:cd09338    1 CGGCNKPILENYISALNTQWHPECFVCRECHKPFINGSFFEHEGLPYC 48

The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2); The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2): FHL2 is one of the best studied FHL proteins. FHL2 expression is most abundant in the heart, and in brain, liver and lung at lesser extent. FHL2 participates in a wide range of cellular processes, such as transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and cell survival by binding to various protein partners. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. Although FHL2 is abundantly expressed in heart, the fhl2 null mice are viable and had no detectable abnormal cardiac phenotype. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 119608882 218 AKKCAGCKNPItgfGKGSSVVAYEGQSWHDYCFHCKKCSVNLANKRFVFHQEQVYCPDC 276
Cdd:cd09422    2 SNTCEECKKPI---GCDCKDLSYKDRHWHESCFHCFQCKNSLVDKPFAAKEEHLLCTEC 57

The first LIM domain of Zyxin; The first LIM domain of Zyxin: Zyxin exhibits three copies of the LIM domain, an extensive proline-rich domain and a nuclear export signal. Localized at sites of cell substratum adhesion in fibroblasts, Zyxin interacts with alpha-actinin, members of the cysteine-rich protein (CRP) family, proteins that display Src homology 3 (SH3) domains and Ena/VASP family members. Zyxin and its partners have been implicated in the spatial control of actin filament assembly as well as in pathways important for cell differentiation. In addition to its functions at focal adhesion plaques, recent work has shown that zyxin moves from the sites of cell contacts to the nucleus, where it directly participates in the regulation of gene expression. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 119608882 162 CVKCNKAI--TSGGITYQDQPWHADCFVCVTCSKKLAGQRFTAVEDQYYCVDCY 213
Cdd:cd09349   34 CGICGQPLsrTQPAVRALGHLFHVTCFTCHQCEQQLQGQQFYSLEGKPYCEECY 87

The third LIM domain of Testin-like family; The third LIM domain of Testin_like family: This family includes testin, prickle, dyxin and LIMPETin. Structurally, testin and prickle proteins contain three LIM domains at C-terminal; LIMPETin has six LIM domains; and dyxin presents only two LIM domains. However, all members of the family contain a PET protein-protein interaction domain. Testin is a cytoskeleton associated focal adhesion protein that localizes along actin stress fibers, at cell-cell-contact areas, and at focal adhesion plaques. Testin interacts with a variety of cytoskeletal proteins, including zyxin, mena, VASP, talin, and actin and it is involved in cell motility and adhesion events. Prickles have been implicated in roles of regulating tissue polarity or planar cell polarity (PCP). Dyxin involves in lung and heart development by interaction with GATA6 and blocking GATA6 activated target genes. LIMPETin might be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and four and half LIM proteins and its function is not well understood. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 119608882  40 CVECRKPIGADSKEVHYKNRFWH--DTCFRCAKCLHPLANETFVAKDNKILCnkcttredSPKCK 102
Cdd:cd09342    1 CDACGEPIGPDVQRVAHNGQHWHatEECFCCSNCKKSLLGQPFLPKNGQIFC--------SPKCK 57

The third LIM domain of Enigma-like family; The third LIM domain of Enigma-like family: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three members: Enigma, ENH, and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. Enigma was initially characterized in humans and is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone, and brain. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes, such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. The second member, ENH protein, was first identified in rat brain. It has been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ZASP/Cypher is required for maintenance of Z-line structure during muscle contraction, but not required for Z-line assembly. In heart, Cypher/ZASP plays a structural role through its interaction with cytoskeletal Z-line proteins. In addition, there is increasing evidence that Cypher/ZASP also performs signaling functions. Studies reveal that Cypher/ZASP interacts with and directs PKC to the Z-line, where PKC phosphorylates downstream signaling targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119608882 101 CKGCFKAIVAGDQNVEYKGTVWHKDCFTCSNCKQVIGTGSFFPKGEDFYC 150
Cdd:cd09363    1 CHGCDFPIEAGDRFLEALGHTWHDTCFVCAVCHVNLEGQTFYSKKDKPLC 50

The sixth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin; The sixth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin: LIMPETin contains 6 LIM domains at the C-terminal and an N-terminal PET domain. Four of the six LIM domains are highly homologous to the four and half LIM domain protein family and two of them show sequence similarity to the LIM domains of the testin family. Thus, LIMPETin may be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and FHL proteins. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, LIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult male. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 119608882  40 CVECRKPIGA--DSKEVHYKNRFWHDTCFRCAKCLHPLANETFVAKDNKILCNKCT 93
Cdd:cd09432    1 CAACGKPITGigGTKFISFEDRHWHNDCFNCAGCRTSLVGKGFITDGGRILCPDCA 56

The first LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family; The first LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family: This family consists of paxillin, leupaxin, Hic-5 (ARA55), and other related proteins. There are four LIM domains in the C-terminal of the proteins and leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminal region. Members of this family are adaptor proteins to recruit key components of signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. It associates with focal adhesion kinases PYK2 and pp125FAK and identified to be a component of the osteoclast pososomal signaling complex. Hic-5 controls cell proliferation, migration and senescence by functioning as coactivator for steroid receptors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 119608882 101 CKGCFKAIVAgdQNVEYKGTVWHKDCFTCSNCKQVIGTGSFFPKGEDFYCVTCH 154
Cdd:cd09336    1 CAACNKPIVG--QVVTALGKTWHPEHFVCVHCQTELGTSNFFERDGKPYCEKDY 52

The fifth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin; The fifth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin: LIMPETin contains 6 LIM domains at the C-terminal and an N-terminal PET domain. Four of the six LIM domains are highly homologous to the four and half LIM domain protein family and two of them show sequence similarity to the LIM domains of the testin family. Thus, LIMPETin may be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and FHL proteins. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, LIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult male. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 119608882 221 CAGCKNPITGFGkgssvVAYEGQSWHDYCFHCKKCSVNLANKRFVFHQEQVYCPDC 276
Cdd:cd09430    1 CSKCNKIINSGG-----VTYKNEPWHRECFTCTNCSKSLAGQRFTSRDEKPYCADC 51

The second LIM domain of protein LIMPETin and related proteins; The second LIM domain of protein LIMPETin: LIMPETin contains 6 LIM domains at the C-terminal and an N-terminal PET domain. Four of the six LIM domains are highly homologous to the four and half LIM domain protein family and two of them show sequence similarity to the LIM domains of the testin family. Thus, LIMPETin may be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and FHL proteins. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, LIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult male. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 119608882 161 HCVKCNKAITSGGIT-YQDQPWHADCFVCVTCSKKLAGQRFTAVEDQYYCVDCYK 214
Cdd:cd09417    2 RSVQCDELIFSGEYTkAMNKDWHSGHFCCWQCDESLTGQRYVLRDEHPYCIKCYE 56

The third LIM domain of an Enigma subfamily with unknown function; The third LIM domain of an Enigma subfamily with unknown function: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three characterized members: Enigma, ENH, and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. They serve as adaptor proteins, where the PDZ domain tethers the protein to the cytoskeleton and the LIM domains, recruit signaling proteins to implement corresponding functions. The members of the enigma family have been implicated in regulating or organizing cytoskeletal structure, as well as involving multiple signaling pathways. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119608882 101 CKGCFKAIVAGDQNVEYKGTVWHKDCFTCSNCKQVIGTGSFFPKGEDFYC 150
Cdd:cd09461    1 CVSCGFPIEAGDRWVEALNNNYHSQCFNCTRCNVNLEGQSFYAKGGRPFC 50

The third LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family; The third LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family: This family consists of paxillin, leupaxin, Hic-5 (ARA55), and other related proteins. There are four LIM domains in the C-terminal of the proteins and leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminal region. Members of this family are adaptor proteins to recruit key components of signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. It associates with focal adhesion kinases PYK2 and pp125FAK and identified to be a component of the osteoclast pososomal signaling complex. Hic-5 controls cell proliferation, migration and senescence by functioning as coactivator for steroid receptors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 119608882 101 CKGCFKAIVagDQNVEYKGTVWHKDCFTCSNCKQVIGTGSFFPKGEDFYC 150
Cdd:cd09338    1 CGGCNKPIL--ENYISALNTQWHPECFVCRECHKPFINGSFFEHEGLPYC 48

The third LIM domain of Testin; The third LIM domain of Testin: Testin contains three C-terminal LIM domains and a PET protein-protein interaction domain at the N-terminal. Testin is a cytoskeleton associated focal adhesion protein that localizes along actin stress fibers at cell-cell-contact areas and at focal adhesion plaques. Testin interacts with a variety of cytoskeletal proteins, including zyxin, mena, VASP, talin, and actin and it is involved in cell motility and adhesion events. Knockout mice experiments reveal that tumor repressor function of Testin. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 119608882 162 CVKCNKAI--TSGGITYQDQPWHA--DCFVCVTCSKKLAGQRFTAVEDQYYC-VDCYK 214
Cdd:cd09419    1 CQGCHNAIdpEVQRVSYNNFHWHAepECFLCSCCSKCLIGQKFMPVEGMVFCsVECKK 58