RING finger (Really Interesting New Gene) domain and U-box domain superfamily; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type RING fingers are closely related to RING-HC fingers. In contrast, C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type RING fingers are more closely related to RING-H2 fingers. However, not all RING finger-containing proteins display regular RING finger features, and the RING finger family has turned out to be multifarious. The degenerate RING fingers of the Siz/PIAS RING (SP-RING) family proteins and sporulation protein RMD5, are characterized by lacking the second, fifth, and sixth Zn2+ ion-coordinating residues. They bind only one Zn2+ ion. On the other hand, the RING fingers of the human APC11 and RBX1 proteins can bind a third Zn atom since they harbor four additional Zn ligands. U-box is a modified form of the RING finger domain that lacks metal chelating Cys and His residues. It resembles the cross-brace RING structure consisting of three beta-sheets and a single alpha-helix, which would be stabilized by salt bridges instead of chelated metal ions. U-box proteins are widely distributed among eukaryotic organisms and show a higher prevalence in plants than in other organisms. RING finger/U-box-containing proteins are a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enable efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLRE-SYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVvsskaskqrsSVTCPLCKT 72
Cdd:cd16574   4 CPICLDRFENEkAFLDGCFHAFCFTCILEWSKV----------KNECPLCKQ 45

RING finger, HC subclass, found in topoisomerase I-binding arginine/serine-rich protein (Topors) and similar proteins; Topors, also known as topoisomerase I-binding RING finger protein, tumor suppressor p53- binding protein 3, or p53-binding protein 3 (p53BP3), is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that can ligate both ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to substrate proteins in the nucleus. It contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger which ligates ubiquitin to its target proteins including DNA topoisomerase I, p53, NKX3.1, H2AX, and the AAV-2 Rep78/68 proteins. As a RING-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, Topors works with the E2 enzymes UbcH5a, UbcH5c, and UbcH6, but not with UbcH7, CDC34, or UbcH2b. Topors acts as a tumor suppressor in various malignancies. It regulates p53 modification, suggesting it may be responsible for astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1, also known as metadherin, or LYRIC) ubiquitin modification. Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Topors inhibits Topors-mediated sumoylation of p53, whereas p53 ubiquitination is enhanced, leading to p53 degradation. It also functions as a negative regulator of the prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1. Moreover, Topors is associated with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies, and may be involved in the cellular response to camptothecin. It also plays a key role in the turnover of H2AX protein, discriminating the type of DNA damaging stress. Furthermore, Topors is a cilia-centrosomal protein associated with autosomal dominant retinal degeneration. Mutations in TOPORS cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP).

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLRE-SYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVvsskaskqrsSVTCPLCKT 72
Cdd:cd16574   4 CPICLDRFENEkAFLDGCFHAFCFTCILEWSKV----------KNECPLCKQ 45

Ring finger; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain of c-Cbl and is likely to be a general function of this domain; Various RING fingers exhibit binding activity towards E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (Ubc' s)

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                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 70905075     22 CPICLGQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKvvsskaskqRSSVTCPLC 70
Cdd:smart00184   1 CPICLEEYLKDPVILPCGHTFCRSCIRKWLE---------SGNNTCPIC 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in topoisomerase I-binding arginine/serine-rich protein (Topors) and similar proteins; Topors, also known as topoisomerase I-binding RING finger protein, tumor suppressor p53- binding protein 3, or p53-binding protein 3 (p53BP3), is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that can ligate both ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to substrate proteins in the nucleus. It contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger which ligates ubiquitin to its target proteins including DNA topoisomerase I, p53, NKX3.1, H2AX, and the AAV-2 Rep78/68 proteins. As a RING-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, Topors works with the E2 enzymes UbcH5a, UbcH5c, and UbcH6, but not with UbcH7, CDC34, or UbcH2b. Topors acts as a tumor suppressor in various malignancies. It regulates p53 modification, suggesting it may be responsible for astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1, also known as metadherin, or LYRIC) ubiquitin modification. Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Topors inhibits Topors-mediated sumoylation of p53, whereas p53 ubiquitination is enhanced, leading to p53 degradation. It also functions as a negative regulator of the prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1. Moreover, Topors is associated with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies, and may be involved in the cellular response to camptothecin. It also plays a key role in the turnover of H2AX protein, discriminating the type of DNA damaging stress. Furthermore, Topors is a cilia-centrosomal protein associated with autosomal dominant retinal degeneration. Mutations in TOPORS cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP).

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLRE-SYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVvsskaskqrsSVTCPLCKT 72
Cdd:cd16574   4 CPICLDRFENEkAFLDGCFHAFCFTCILEWSKV----------KNECPLCKQ 45

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger); The C3HC4 type zinc-finger (RING finger) is a cysteine-rich domain of 40 to 60 residues that coordinates two zinc ions, and has the consensus sequence: C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C where X is any amino acid. Many proteins containing a RING finger play a key role in the ubiquitination pathway.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 70905075    22 CPICLGQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKvvsskaskqRSSVTCPLC 70
Cdd:pfam00097   1 CPICLEEPKDPVTLLPCGHLFCSKCIRSWLE---------SGNVTCPLC 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in SNF2 histone-linker PHD finger RING finger helicase (SHPRH) and similar proteins; SHPRH is a yeast RAD5 homolog found in mammals. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that associates with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), RAD18, and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC13 (E2), and suppresses genomic instability by proliferating methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)-induced PCNA polyubiquitination. SHPRH contains a SWI/SNF helicase domain that is divided into N- and C-terminal parts by an insertion of a linker histone domain (H15), a PHD-finger, and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger involved in the poly-ubiquitination of PCNA. This subfamily also includes tripartite motif-containing protein 15 (TRIM15). TRIM15, also known as RING finger protein 93 (RNF93), zinc finger protein 178 (ZNF178), or zinc finger protein B7 (ZNFB7), is a focal adhesion protein that regulates focal adhesion disassembly. It localizes to focal contacts in a myosin-II-independent manner by an interaction between its coiled-coil domain and the LD2 motif of paxillin. TRIM15 can also associate with coronin 1B, cortactin, filamin binding LIM protein1, and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, which are involved in actin cytoskeleton dynamics. As an additional component of the integrin adhesome, it regulates focal adhesion turnover and cell migration. TRIM15 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 70905075  19 FDPCPICLGQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKvvsSKASKQRSSVTCPLCK 71
Cdd:cd16569   1 PEPCPICARPLGKQWSVLPCGHCFCLECIAILID---QYAQSRRRSLKCPICR 50

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RMA2; Provisional

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 70905075   13 IDDGSDFDpCPICLGQfLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWikVVSSKASKQ--------RSSVTCPLCKTE 73
Cdd:PLN03208  13 VDSGGDFD-CNICLDQ-VRDPVVTLCGHLFCWPCIHKW--TYASNNSRQrvdqydhkREPPKCPVCKSD 77

RING finger, HC subclass, found in breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and similar proteins; BRCA1, also known as RING finger protein 53 (RNF53), is a RING finger protein encoded by the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 that regulates all DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways. BRCA1 is frequently mutated in patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). Its mutation is also associated with an increased risk of pancreatic, stomach, laryngeal, fallopian tube, and prostate cancer. It plays an important role in the DNA damage response signaling and has been implicated in various cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation, transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodeling, DNA DSBs, and apoptosis. BRCA1 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and two BRCT (BRCA1 C-terminus domain) repeats at the C-terminus.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 70905075  22 CPICLgQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVVSSKASkqrssvtCPLCKTE 73
Cdd:cd16498  19 CPICL-ELLKEPVSTKCDHQFCRFCILKLLQKKKKPAP-------CPLCKKS 62

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 19A (RNF19A) and similar proteins; RNF19A, also known as double ring-finger protein (Dorfin) or p38, is a transmembrane (TM) domain-containing RBR-type E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that localizes to the ubiquitylated inclusions in Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It interacts with Psmc3, a protein component of the 19S regulatory cap of the 26S proteasome, and further participates in the ubiquitin-proteasome system in acrosome biogenesis, spermatid head shaping, and development of the head-tail coupling apparatus and tail. It modulates the ubiquitination and degradation of calcium-sensing receptor (CaR), which may contribute to a general mechanism for CaR quality control during biosynthesis. Moreover, RNF19A can also ubiquitylate mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), the causative gene of familial ALS. It may associate with endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, which is related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as PD or Alzheimer's disease. RNF19A contains an RBR domain followed by three TMs. The RBR domain was previously known as RING-BetweenRING-RING domain or TRIAD [two RING fingers and a DRIL (double RING finger linked)] domain. Based on current understanding of the structural biology of RBR ligases, the nomenclature of RBR has been corrected as RING-BRcat (benign-catalytic)-Rcat (required-for-catalysis) recently. The RBR (RING1-BRcat-Rcat) domain uses an auto-inhibitory mechanism to modulate ubiquitination activity, as well as a hybrid mechanism that combines aspects from both RING and HECT E3 ligase function to facilitate the ubiquitination reaction. This model corresponds to the RING domain, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger required for RBR-mediated ubiquitination.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLRESYLD--TCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVvssKASKQRSSVTCPLC 70
Cdd:cd16775   3 CPLCLLRHSKDRFPDimTCHHRSCADCLRQYLRI---EISESRVNISCPEC 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae POB3/SPT16 histone-associated protein 1 (ScPSH1) and similar proteins; ScPSH1 is a Cse4-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with the kinetochore protein Pat1 and targets the degradation of budding yeast centromeric histone H3 variant, CENP-ACse4, which is essential for faithful chromosome segregation. ScPSH1 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a DNA directed RNA polymerase domain.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 70905075  22 CPICLgQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVVSSKaskqrssvTCPLCKT 72
Cdd:cd16568   7 CIICH-EYLYEPMVTTCGHTYCYTCLNTWFKSNRSL--------SCPDCRT 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in constitutive photomorphogenesis protein 1 (COP1) and similar proteins; COP1, also known as RING finger and WD repeat domain protein 2 (RFWD2) or RING finger protein 200 (RNF200), is a central regulator of photomorphogenic development in plants, which targets key transcription factors for proteasome-dependent degradation. It is localized predominantly in the nucleus, but may also be present in the cytosol. Mammalian COP1 functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with Jun transcription factors and modulates their transcriptional activity. It also interacts with and negatively regulates the tumor-suppressor protein p53. Moreover, COP1 associates with COP9 signalosome subunit 6 (CSN6), and is involved in 14-3-3sigma ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The CSN6-COP1 link enhances ubiquitin-mediated degradation of p27(Kip1), a critical CDK inhibitor involved in cell cycle regulation, to promote cancer cell growth. Furthermore, COP1 functions as the negative regulator of ETV1 and influences prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer. COP1 contains an N-terminal extension, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a coiled coil domain, and seven WD40 repeats. In human COP1, a classic leucine-rich NES, and a novel bipartite NLS is bridged by the RING-HC finger.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 70905075  22 CPICLgQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVVSSkaskqrssvtCPLCKTE 73
Cdd:cd16504   5 CPICF-DIIKEAFVTKCGHSFCYKCIVKHLEQKNR----------CPKCNFY 45

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC3D-type), found in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and similar proteins; TRAF6, also known as interleukin-1 signal transducer or RING finger protein 85 (RNF85), is a cytoplasmic adapter protein that mediates signals induced by the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily and Toll-like receptor (TLR)/interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) family. It functions as a mediator involved in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and interferon regulatory factor pathways, as well as in IL-1R-mediated activation of NF-kappaB. TRAF6 is also an oncogene that plays a vital role in K-RAS-mediated oncogenesis. TRAF6 contains an N-terminal domain with a modified C3HC3D-type RING-HC finger and several zinc fingers, and a C-terminal TRAF domain that comprises a coiled coil domain and a conserved TRAF-C domain.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 70905075  22 CPICLgQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIK 52
Cdd:cd16643   4 CPICL-MALREPVQTPCGHRFCKACILKSIR 33

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 10 (TRIM10) and similar proteins; TRIM10, also known as B30-RING finger protein (RFB30), RING finger protein 9 (RNF9), or hematopoietic RING finger 1 (HERF1), is a novel hematopoiesis-specific RING finger protein required for terminal differentiation of erythroid cells. TRIM10 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGqFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVvssKASKQRSSVTCPLCK 71
Cdd:cd16593   8 CPICQG-TLREPVTIDCGHNFCRACLTRYCEI---PGPDLEEPPTCPLCK 53

RING-CH finger, H2 subclass (C4HC3-type), found in zinc finger SWIM domain-containing protein 2 (ZSWIM2) and similar proteins; ZSWIM2, also known as MEKK1-related protein X (MEX) or ZZ-type zinc finger-containing protein 2, is a testis-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes death receptor-induced apoptosis through Fas, death receptor (DR) 3, and DR4 signaling. ZSWIM2 is self-ubiquitinated and targeted for degradation through the proteasome pathway. It also acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, through the E2, Ub-conjugating enzymes UbcH5a, UbcH5c, or UbcH6. ZSWIM2 contains four putative zinc-binding domains including an N-terminal SWIM (SWI2/SNF2 and MuDR) domain critical for its ubiquitination and two RING fingers separated by a ZZ zinc finger domain, which was required for interaction with UbcH5a and its self-association. This model corresponds to the first RING finger, which is a C4HC3-type RING-CH finger, also known as vRING or RINGv, rather than the canonical C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 70905075  20 DPCPICLGQFLrESYLDTCFHKF-CFN-----CIKQWikvvSSKASKQRSSVTCPLCKTE 73
Cdd:cd16494   2 DDCPICYEEML-EKGEPLTYCRFgCGNnvhihCMKVW----AEHQRQSDEPVTCPLCRSD 56

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 166 (RNF166) and similar proteins; RNF166 is encoded by the gene RNF166 targeted by thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 (TRalpha1), which is important in brain development. It plays an important role in RNA virus-induced interferon-beta production by enhancing the ubiquitination of TRAF3 and TRAF6. RNF166, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF125 and RNF138, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVvsskaskqrSSVTCPLCK 71
Cdd:cd16549   4 CPICLEVYHKPVVITSCGHTFCGECLQPCLQV---------ASPLCPLCR 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF24, RNF122, and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RNF24, RNF122, and similar proteins. RNF24 is an intrinsic membrane protein localized in the Golgi apparatus. It specifically interacts with the ankyrin-repeats domains (ARDs) of TRPC1, -3, -4, -5, -6, and -7, and affects TRPC intracellular trafficking without affecting their activity. RNF122 is a RING finger protein associated with HEK 293T cell viability. It is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, and overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. RNF122 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can ubiquitinate itself and undergo degradation through its RING finger in a proteasome-dependent manner. Both RNF24 and RNF122 contain an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 70905075  20 DPCPICLGQFLRESYLD--TCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVVSSkaskqrssvtCPLCKT 72
Cdd:cd16469   1 DTCAVCLEEFKLKEELGvcPCGHAFHTKCLKKWLEVRNS----------CPICKS 45

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in the PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligase family; The PA-TM-RING family represents a group of transmembrane-type E3 ubiquitin ligases, which has been characterized by an N-terminal transient signal peptide, a PA (protease-associated) domain, a TM (transmembrane) domain, as well as a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain. It includes RNF13, RNF167, ZNRF4 (zinc and RING finger 4), GRAIL (gene related to anergy in lymphocytes)/RNF128, RNF130, RNF133, RNF148, RNF149 and RNF150 (which are more closely related), as well as RNF43 and ZNRF3, which have substantially longer C-terminal tail extensions compared with the others. PA-TM-RING proteins are expressed at low levels in all mammalian tissues and species, but they are not present in yeast. They play a common regulatory role in intracellular trafficking/sorting, suggesting that abrogation of their function may result in dysregulation of cellular signaling events in cancer.

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gi 70905075  21 PCPICLGQFLRESYLD--TCFHKFCFNCIKQWIkvvsskasKQRSsvTCPLCK 71
Cdd:cd16454   1 TCAICLEEFKEGEKVRvlPCNHLFHKDCIDPWL--------EQHN--TCPLCR 43

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC3D-type), found in PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1 (PHRF1) and similar proteins; PHRF1, also known as KIAA1542, or CTD-binding SR-like protein rA9, is a ubiquitin ligase which induces the ubiquitination of TGIF (TG-interacting factor) at lysine 130. It acts as a tumor suppressor that promotes the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta cytostatic program through selective release of TGIF-driven promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) inactivation. PHRF1 contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and a modified C3HC3D-type RING-HC finger.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLRE--SYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVVSS 56
Cdd:cd16635   7 CPICLNTFRDQavGTPESCDHIFCLDCILEWSKNANT 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 5 (RNF5) and similar proteins; RNF5, also known as protein G16 or Ram1, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase anchored to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It acts at early stages of cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) biosynthesis and functions as a target for therapeutic modalities to antagonize mutant CFTR proteins in CF patients carrying the F508del allele. It also regulates the turnover of specific G protein-coupled receptors by ubiquitinating JNK-associated membrane protein (JAMP) and preventing proteasome recruitment. RNF5 limits basal levels of autophagy and influences susceptibility to bacterial infection through the regulation of ATG4B stability. It is also involved in the degradation of Pendrin, a transmembrane chloride/anion exchanger highly expressed in thyroid, kidney, and inner ear. RNF5 plays an important role in cell adhesion and migration. It can modulate cell migration by ubiquitinating paxillin. Furthermore, RNF5 interacts with virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA) at mitochondria in a viral infection-dependent manner, and further targets VISA at K362 and K461 for K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation after viral infection. It also negatively regulates virus-triggered signaling by targeting MITA, also known as STING, for ubiquitination and degradation at the mitochondria. In addition, RNF5 determines breast cancer response to ER stress-inducing chemotherapies through the regulation of the L-glutamine carrier proteins SLC1A5 and SLC38A2 (SLC1A5/38A2). It also has been implicated in muscle organization and in recognition and processing of misfolded proteins. RNF5 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 70905075  22 CPICLgQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKvvsSKASKQrssvTCPLCK 71
Cdd:cd16743   3 CNICL-ETARDAVVSLCGHLFCWPCLHQWLE---TRPERQ----ECPVCK 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger and transmembrane domain-containing protein 1 (RNFT1); RNFT1, also known as protein PTD016, is a multi-pass membrane protein containing a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Its biological role remains unclear.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 70905075  20 DPCPICLGQFlRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIkvvsskaSKQRssvTCPLCKT 72
Cdd:cd16741  15 DICAICQAEF-RKPILLICQHVFCEECISLWF-------NREK---TCPLCRT 56

N1R/p28-like protein; Provisional

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 70905075   22 CPICLGQFLRESY-------LDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWikvvsskaSKQRSsvTCPLCKTENLSII 78
Cdd:PHA02929 177 CAICMEKVYDKEIknmyfgiLSNCNHVFCIECIDIW--------KKEKN--TCPVCRTPFISVI 230

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 10 (RNF10) and similar proteins; RNF10 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with mesenchyme Homeobox 2 (MEOX2) transcription factor, a regulator of the proliferation, differentiation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes; it enhances Meox2 activation of the p21 promoter. It also regulates the expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) genes and is required for myelin production in Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. Moreover, RNF10 regulates retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation and the cell cycle exit of P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. RNF10 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and three putative nuclear localization signals.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLrESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWikvVSSKASKQRssvTCPLC 70
Cdd:cd16536   3 CPICLEPPV-APRITRCGHIFCWPCILRY---LSLSEKKWR---KCPIC 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 180 (RNF180) and similar proteins; RNF180, also known as Rines, is a membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase well conserved among vertebrates. It is a critical regulator of the monoaminergic system, as well as emotional and social behavior. It interacts with brain monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and targets it for ubiquitination and degradation. It also functions as a novel tumor suppressor in gastric carcinogenesis. The hypermethylated CpG site count of the RNF180 DNA promoter can be used to predict survival of gastric cancer. RNF180 contains a novel conserved dual specificity protein phosphatase Rines conserved (DSPRC) domain, a basic coiled-coil domain, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and a C-terminal hydrophobic region that is predicted to be a transmembrane domain.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWikvvsskASKQRSSVTCPLCKTE 73
Cdd:cd16554   5 CPVCLDLYYDPYMCYPCGHIFCEPCLRQL-------AKSSPKNTPCPLCRTT 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe DNA repair protein Rad8 (SpRad8) and similar proteins; SpRad8 is a conserved protein homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA repair protein Rad5 and human helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) that is required for error-free postreplication repair by contributing to polyubiquitylation of PCNA. SpRad8 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger responsible for the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, a SNF2-family helicase domain including an ATP binding site, and a family-specific HIRAN domain (HIP116, Rad5p N-terminal domain) that contributes to nuclear localization.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVVSSKASKQRssvtCPLCK 71
Cdd:cd16572   7 CPICAEEPISELALTRCWHSACKDCLLDHIEFQKSKNEVPL----CPTCR 52

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM65 and similar proteins; TRIM65 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with the innate immune receptor MDA5, enhancing its ability to stimulate interferon-beta signaling. It functions as a potential oncogenic protein that negatively regulates p53 through ubiquitination, providing insight into the development of novel approaches targeting TRIM65 for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment, and also overcoming chemotherapy resistance. Moreover, TRIM65 negatively regulates microRNA-driven suppression of mRNA translation by targeting TNRC6 proteins for ubiquitination and degradation. TRIM65 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLRESYLDtCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVvsskasKQRSSVTCPLCK 71
Cdd:cd16609   6 CSICLGLYQDPVTLP-CQHSFCRACIEDHWRQ------KDEGSFSCPECR 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 185 (RNF185) and similar proteins; RNF185 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) that targets cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). It controls the degradation of CFTR and CFTR F508del allele in a RING- and proteasome-dependent manner, but does not control that of other classical ERAD model substrates. It also negatively regulates osteogenic differentiation by targeting dishevelled2 (Dvl2), a key mediator of the Wnt signaling pathway, for degradation. Moreover, RNF185 regulates selective mitochondrial autophagy through interaction with the Bcl-2 family protein BNIP1. It also plays an important role in cell adhesion and migration through the modulation of cell migration by ubiquitinating paxillin. RNF185 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQfLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKvvsSKASKQrssvTCPLCKT 72
Cdd:cd16744   3 CNICLDT-AKDAVVSLCGHLFCWPCLHQWLE---TRPNRQ----VCPVCKA 45

RING finger found in polycomb group RING finger protein 5 (PCGF5) and similar proteins; PCGF5, also known as RING finger protein 159 (RNF159), is one of six PcG RING finger (PCGF) homologs (PCGF1/NSPc1, PCGF2/Mel-18, PCGF3, PCGF4/BMI1, PCGF5, and PCGF6/MBLR) and serves as the core component of a Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). Like other PCGF homologs, PCGF5 associates with ring finger protein 2 (RNF2) to form a RNF2-PCGF heterodimer, which is catalytically competent as an E3 ubiquitin transferase and is the scaffold for the assembly of additional components. PCGF5 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 70905075  18 DFDP---CPICLGQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIkvvsskaskqRSSVTCPLCKTE 73
Cdd:cd16737   6 DFNPyitCRICKGYLIKPTTVTECLHTFCKSCIVQHF----------EDSNDCPECGIQ 54

RING finger, HC subclass, found in the family of RING finger proteins RNF19A, RNF19B and similar proteins; The family includes RING finger protein RNF19A and RNF19B, both of which are transmembrane (TM) domain-containing RBR-type E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. RNF19A, also known as double ring-finger protein (Dorfin) or p38, localizes to the ubiquitylated inclusions in Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It interacts with Psmc3, a protein component of the 19S regulatory cap of the 26S proteasome, and further participates in the ubiquitin-proteasome system in acrosome biogenesis, spermatid head shaping, and development of the head-tail coupling apparatus and tail. It modulates the ubiquitination and degradation of calcium-sensing receptor (CaR), which may contribute to a general mechanism for CaR quality control during biosynthesis. Moreover, RNF19A can also ubiquitylate mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), the causative gene of familial ALS. It may associate with endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, which is related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as PD or Alzheimer's disease. RNF19B, also known as IBR domain-containing protein 3 or natural killer lytic-associated molecule (NKLAM), plays a role in controlling tumor dissemination and metastasis. It is involved in the cytolytic function of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). It interacts with ubiquitin conjugates UbcH7 and UbcH8, and ubiquitinates uridine kinase like-1 (URKL-1) protein, targeting it for degradation. Moreover, RNF19B is a novel component of macrophage phagosomes and plays a role in macrophage anti-bacterial activity. It functions as a novel modulator of macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Both RNF19A and RNF19B contain an RBR domain followed by three TMs. The RBR domain was previously known as RING-BetweenRING-RING domain or TRIAD [two RING fingers and a DRIL (double RING finger linked)] domain. Based on current understanding of the structural biology of RBR ligases, the nomenclature of RBR has been corrected as RING-BRcat (benign-catalytic)-Rcat (required-for-catalysis) recently. The RBR (RING1-BRcat-Rcat) domain uses an auto-inhibitory mechanism to modulate ubiquitination activity, as well as a hybrid mechanism that combines aspects from both RING and HECT E3 ligase function to facilitate the ubiquitination reaction. This model corresponds to the RING domain, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger required for RBR-mediated ubiquitination.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLRESY--LDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVvssKASKQRSSVTCPLC 70
Cdd:cd16629   3 CPLCLDDLSPEFFpiLLSCEHRSCRDCLRQYLTI---EISESRVNISCPEC 50

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana MED25-binding RING-H2 protein (MBR) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes MBR1 and MBR2 (also called HAL3-interacting protein 1 or AtHIP1). They are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that function as regulators of MED25 stability by targeting MED25 for degradation in a RING-H2-dependent manner. Proteasome-dependent degradation of MED25 seems to activate its function as a positive regulator of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and is important to induce the expression of FT, and consequently to promote flowering. MBR2 may also function downstream of HAL3 and be required for HAL3-regulated plant growth. Activation of MBR2 by HAL3 may lead to the degradation of cell cycle suppressors, resulting in enhancement of cell division and plant growth. Both MBR1 and MBR2 contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 70905075  18 DFDPCPICLGQFLRESYLDT--CFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVVSSkaskqrssvtCPLCKTENL 75
Cdd:cd23113   1 SDEKCCICQEEYEEGDELGTieCGHEYHSDCIKQWLVQKNL----------CPICKATAL 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 13 (TRIM13) and similar proteins; TRIM13, also known as B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia tumor suppressor Leu5, leukemia-associated protein 5, putative tumor suppressor RFP2, RING finger protein 77 (RNF77), or Ret finger protein 2, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane anchored E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with proteins localized to the ER, including valosin-containing protein (VCP), a protein indispensable for ER-associated degradation (ERAD). It also targets the known ER proteolytic substrate CD3-delta, but not the N-end rule substrate Ub-R-YFP (yellow fluorescent protein) for degradation. Moreover, TRIM13 regulates ubiquitination and degradation of NEMO to suppress tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF- kappa B) activation. It is also involved in NF-kappaB p65 activation and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT)-dependent activation of c-Rel upon T-cell receptor engagement. Furthermore, TRIM13 negatively regulates melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-mediated type I interferon production. It also regulates caspase-8 ubiquitination, translocation to autophagosomes, and activation during ER stress induced cell death. Meanwhile, TRIM13 enhances ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis by increasing p53 stability and decreasing AKT kinase activity through MDM2 and AKT degradation. TRIM13 belongs to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region. In addition, TRIM13 contains a C-terminal transmembrane domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLRESYLdTCFHKFCFNCIkQWIKVVSSKASKQRSSVTCPLCKTE 73
Cdd:cd16762   6 CPICCCLFDDPRVL-PCSHNFCKKCL-EGILEGNVRTMLWRPPFKCPTCRKE 55

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 39 (RNF39) and similar proteins; RNF39, also called protein HZFw, may play a role in prolonged long term-potentiation (LTP) maintenance. It is involved in the etiology of Behcet's disease (BD). It may also be involved in HIV-1 replication. RNF39 acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that inhibits retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) pathways by mediating K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of DDX3X (DEAD-box RNA helicase 3, X-linked). RNF39 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLRESYLDtCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVVSSKASKQRsSVTCPLCK 71
Cdd:cd16592   7 CPICLGYFKDPVILD-CEHSFCRACIARHWGQEAMEGNGAE-GVFCPQCG 54

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 151 (RNF151) and similar proteins; RNF151 is a testis-specific RING finger protein that interacts with dysbindin, a synaptic and microtubular protein that binds brain snapin, a SNARE-binding protein that mediates intracellular membrane fusion in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Thus, it may be involved in acrosome formation of spermatids by interacting with multiple proteins participating in membrane biogenesis and microtubule organization. RNF151 contains a C3HC4-type RING finger domain, a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS), and a TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF)-type zinc finger domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGqFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKvvsskaskqrSSVTCPLCKTE 73
Cdd:cd16547   6 CSICHG-VLRCPVRLSCSHIFCKKCILQWLK----------RQETCPCCRKE 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein RNF5, RNF185 and similar proteins; RNF5 and RNF185 are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that are anchored to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). RNF5 acts at early stages of cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) biosynthesis, and functions as a target for therapeutic modalities to antagonize mutant CFTR proteins in CF patients carrying the F508del allele. RNF185 controls the degradation of CFTR and CFTR F508del allele in a RING- and proteasome-dependent manner, but does not control that of other classical endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) model substrates. Moreover, both RNF5 and RNF185 play important roles in cell adhesion and migration through the modulation of cell migration by ubiquitinating paxillin. Arabidopsis thaliana RING membrane-anchor proteins (AtRMAs) are also included in this family. They possess E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity and may play a role in the growth and development of Arabidopsis. All members of this family contain a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQfLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVvsskaskQRSSVTCPLCK 71
Cdd:cd16534   3 CNICLDT-ASDPVVTMCGHLFCWPCLYQWLET-------RPDRQTCPVCK 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, and similar proteins; TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM7, also known as glycogenin-interacting protein (GNIP) or RING finger protein 90 (RNF90), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. Its phosphorylation and activation by MSK1 in response to direct activation by the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway can stimulate TRIM7 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in mediating Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the AP-1 coactivator RACO-1, leading to RACO-1 protein stabilization. Moreover, TRIM7 binds and activates glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis. TRIM11, also known as protein BIA1, or RING finger protein 92 (RNF92), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the development of the central nervous system. It is overexpressed in high-grade gliomas and promotes proliferation, invasion, migration and glial tumor growth. TRIM11 acts as a potential therapeutic target for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) by mediating the degradation of CCHS-associated polyalanine-expanded Phox2b. TRIM11 modulates the function of neurogenic transcription factor Pax6 through the ubiquitin-proteosome system, and thus plays an essential role for Pax6-dependent neurogenesis. It also binds to and destabilizes a key component of the activator-mediated cofactor complex (ARC105), humanin, a neuroprotective peptide against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults, and further regulates ARC105 function in transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling. Moreover, TRIM11 negatively regulates retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-mediated interferon-beta (IFNbeta) production and antiviral activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1). It may contribute to the endogenous restriction of retroviruses in cells. It enhances N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) entry by interfering with Ref1 restriction. It also suppresses the early steps of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 transduction, resulting in decreased reverse transcripts. TRIM27, also known as RING finger protein 76 (RNF76), RET finger protein (RFP), or zinc finger protein RFP, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in testis and in various tumor cell lines. Expression of TRIM27 is associated with prognosis of colon and endometrial cancers. TRIM27 was first identified as a fusion partner of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as a transcriptional repressor and associates with several proteins involved in transcriptional activity, such as enhancer of polycomb 1 (Epc1), a member of the Polycomb group proteins, and Mi-2beta, a main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (RB1). It also interacts with HDAC1, leading to downregulation of thioredoxin binding protein 2 (TBP-2), which inhibits the function of thioredoxin. Moreover, TRIM27 mediates Pax7-induced ubiquitination of MyoD in skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, it inhibits muscle differentiation by modulating serum response factor (SRF) and Epc1. TRIM27 promotes a non-canonical polyubiquitination of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that catalyzes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) to PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). It is an IKKepsilon-interacting protein that regulates IkappaB kinase (IKK) function and negatively regulates signaling involved in the antiviral response and inflammation. TRIM27 also forms a protein complex with MBD4 or MBD2 or MBD3, and thus plays an important role in the enhancement of transcriptional repression through MBD proteins in tumorigenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis. It is a component of an estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulatory complex that is involved in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription in MCF-7 cells.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 70905075  22 CPICLgQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQ-WikvvsskaSKQRSSVTCPLCK 71
Cdd:cd16594   8 CPICL-DYFTDPVTLDCGHSFCRACIARcW--------EEPETSASCPQCR 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 40 (TRIM40) and similar proteins; TRIM40, also known as probable E3 NEDD8-protein ligase or RING finger protein 35 (RNF35), is highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract including the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It enhances neddylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB kinase subunit gamma (IKKgamma), inhibits the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-mediated transcription, and thus prevents inflammation-associated carcinogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract. TRIM40 belongs to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as an uncharacterized region positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 70905075  15 DGSDFDPCPICLgQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKvvssKASKQrSSVTCPLCKT 72
Cdd:cd16583   1 DSDEEGVCPICQ-EPLKEAVSTDCGHLFCRMCLTQHAK----KASAS-GVFSCPVCRK 52

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 146 (RNF146) and similar proteins; RNF146, also known as dactylidin, or iduna, is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is responsible for PARylation-dependent ubiquitination (PARdU). It displays neuroprotective property due to its inhibition of Parthanatos, a PAR dependent cell death, via binding with Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). It also modulates PAR polymerase-1 (PARP-1)-mediated oxidative cell injury in cardiac myocytes. Moreover, RNF146 mediates tankyrase-dependent degradation of axin, thereby positively regulating Wnt signaling. It also facilitates DNA repair and protects against cell death induced by DNA damaging agents or gamma-irradiation by translocating to the nucleus after cellular injury and promoting the ubiquitination and degradation of various nuclear proteins involved in DNA damage repair. Furthermore, RNF146 is implicated in neurodegenerative disease and cancer development. It regulates the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by enhancing cell growth, invasion, and survival. RNF146 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger followed by a WWE domain with a poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) binding motif at the tail.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLRESYLdTCFHKFCFNCIKqwikvvsSKASKQRssvTCPLCKTE 73
Cdd:cd16546   3 CPICLQTCIHPVKL-PCGHIFCYLCVK-------GVAWQSK---RCALCRQE 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 138 (RNF138) and similar proteins; RNF138, also known as Nemo-like kinase-associated RING finger protein (NARF) or NLK-associated RING finger protein, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. It specifically cooperates with the E2 conjugating enzyme E2-25K (Hip-2/UbcH1), regulates the ubiquitylation and degradation of T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF), and further suppresses Wnt-beta-catenin signaling. RNF138, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF125 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 70905075  22 CPICLGQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQwikvvsskaSKQRSSVTCPLCKT 72
Cdd:cd16544   5 CPVCQEVLKDPVELPPCRHIFCKACILL---------ALRSSGARCPLCRG 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM58 and similar proteins; TRIM58, also known as protein BIA2, is an erythroid E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase induced during late erythropoiesis. It binds and ubiquitinates the intermediate chain of the microtubule motor dynein (DYNC1LI1/DYNC1LI2), stimulating the degradation of the dynein holoprotein complex. It may participate in the erythroblast enucleation process through regulation of nuclear polarization. TRIM58 belongs to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 70905075  22 CPICLgQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWikvVSSKASKQRSSVTCPLCK 71
Cdd:cd16606   5 CPVCL-DFLQEPVSVDCGHSFCLRCISEF---CEKSDSAQGGVYACPQCR 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM5, TRIM6, TRIM22, TRIM34 and similar proteins; TRIM5, TRIM6, TRIM22, and TRIM34, four closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM5, also known as RING finger protein 88 (RNF88), is a capsid-specific restriction factor that prevents infection from non-host-adapted retroviruses in a species-specific manner by binding to and destabilizing the retroviral capsid lattice before reverse transcription is completed. Its retroviral restriction activity correlates with the ability to activate TAK1-dependent innate immune signaling. TRIM5 also acts as a pattern recognition receptor that activates innate immune signaling in response to the retroviral capsid lattice. Moreover, TRIM5 plays a role in regulating autophagy through activation of autophagy regulator BECN1 by causing its dissociation from its inhibitors BCL2 and TAB2. It also plays a role in autophagy by acting as a selective autophagy receptor which recognizes and targets HIV-1 capsid protein p24 for autophagic destruction. TRIM6, also known as RING finger protein 89 (RNF89), is an E3-ubiquitin ligase that cooperates with the E2-ubiquitin conjugase UbE2K to catalyze the synthesis of unanchored K48-linked polyubiquitin chains, and further stimulates the interferon-I kappa B kinase epsilon (IKKepsilon) kinase-mediated antiviral response. It also regulates the transcriptional activity of Myc during the maintenance of embryonic stem (ES) cell pluripotency, and may act as a novel regulator for Myc-mediated transcription in ES cells. TRIM22, also known as 50 kDa-stimulated trans-acting factor (Staf-50) or RING finger protein 94 (RNF94), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an integral role in the host innate immune response to viruses. It has been shown to inhibit the replication of a number of viruses, including HIV-1, hepatitis B, and influenza A. TRIM22 acts as a suppressor of basal HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven transcription by preventing the transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding to the HIV-1 promoter. It also controls FoxO4 activity and cell survival by directing Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-stimulated cells toward type I interferon (IFN) type I gene induction or apoptosis. Moreover, TRIM22 can activate the noncanonical nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway by activating I kappa B kinase alpha (IKKalpha). It also regulates nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2)-dependent activation of interferon-beta signaling and nuclear factor-kappaB. TRIM34, also known as interferon-responsive finger protein 1 or RING finger protein 21 (RNF21), may function as antiviral protein that contribute to the defense against retroviral infections.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 70905075  22 CPICLgQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIkqwikVVSSKASK-QRSSVTCPLCKT----ENL 75
Cdd:cd16591   9 CPICL-ELLTEPLSLDCGHSFCQACI-----TANHKESVnQEGESSCPVCRTsyqpENL 61

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM9, TRIM67, and similar proteins; Tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM9 and TRIM67 belong to the C-I subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, consisting of three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a COS (carboxyl-terminal subgroup one signature) box, a fibronectin type III (FN3) domain, and a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM9 (the human ortholog of rat Spring), also known as RING finger protein 91 (RNF91), is a brain-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase collaborating with an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBCH5b. TRIM9 plays an important role in the regulation of neuronal functions and participates in neurodegenerative disorders through its ligase activity. TRIM67, also known as TRIM9-like protein (TNL), is a protein selectively expressed in the cerebellum. It interacts with PRG-1, an important molecule in the control of hippocampal excitability dependent on presynaptic LPA2 receptor signaling, and 80K-H, also known as glucosidase II beta, a protein kinase C substrate.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 70905075  22 CPIClGQFLRESYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWIkvvsskaskqrssVTCPLCK 71
Cdd:cd16576   6 CPVC-GSLFTEPVILPCSHNLCLGCALNIQ-------------LTCPICH 41

RING-CH finger, H2 subclass (C4HC3-type), found in transcriptional repressor NF-X1 and similar proteins; NF-X1, also known as nuclear transcription factor, X box-binding protein 1, is a novel cysteine-rich sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that interacts with the conserved X-box motif of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes via a repeated Cys-His domain. It functions as a cytokine-inducible transcriptional repressor that plays an important role in regulating the duration of an inflammatory response by limiting the period in which class II MHC molecules are induced by interferon gamma (IFN- gamma). NFX1 contains an N-terminal PAM2 motif, a C4HC3-type RING-CH finger, a Cys-rich region that harbors several NFX1-type zinc fingers, and a C-terminal R3H domain.

                        10        20        30
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 70905075  37 TCFHKFCFNCIKQWIKVVSSKASKQRSSVTCPLCK 71
Cdd:cd16696  21 SCYHVFHLNCIKKWARSPAAQAEDNSGGWRCPACQ 55

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana RING-H2 zinc finger protein RHF2A and similar proteins; RHF2A is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the positive regulation of the gametogenesis progression. It is required for the degradation of KRP6, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor which accumulates during meiosis and blocks the progression of subsequent mitoses during gametophytes development. It functions in association with RHF1A. Members of this subfamily contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 70905075  11 GSIDDGSDfDPCPICLGQFLRE--SYLDTCFHKFCFNCIKQWikvvsskasKQRSSvTCPLC 70
Cdd:cd23122   4 GGIQDACE-DACSICLESFCEAdpATVTSCKHEYHLQCILEW---------SQRSK-ECPMC 54