Chemokine: small cytokines, including a number of secreted growth factors and interferons involved in mitogenic, chemotactic, and inflammatory activity; distinguished from other cytokines by their receptors, which are G-protein coupled receptors; divided into 4 subfamilies based on the arrangement of the two N-terminal cysteines; some members can bind multiple receptors and many chemokine receptors can bind more than one chemokine; this redundancy allows precise control in stimulating the immune system and in contributing to the homeostasis of a cell; when expressed inappropriately, chemokines play a role in autoimmune diseases, vascular irregularities, graft rejection, neoplasia, and allergies; exist as monomers, dimers and multimers, but are believed to function as monomers; found only in vertebrates and a few viruses. See CDs: Chemokine_CXC (cd00273), Chemokine_CC (cd00272), Chemokine_C (cd00271), and Chemokine_CX3C (cd00274) for chemokine subgroups.

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gi 3947924   29 QDCCLKYSQKKIPYSIVRGYRKQEPSLGCPIPAILFSPRKHSKpeLCANPEEGWVQNLMRRLD 91
Cdd:cd01119   1 EDCCLSYTQHPIPWRVLRGYTYQEISESCDIPAIIFHTRRGRK--VCADPKQDWVKRAIQLLS 61

Chemokine_CC_DCCL: subgroup of the Chemokine_CC subgroup based on the presence of a DCCL motif involving the two N-terminal cysteine residues; includes a number of small inducible cytokines capable of reversibly inhibiting normal hematopoietic progenitor proliferation by blocking progression through the cell cycle; DCCL subgroup contains Exodus-1 (also known as CCL20, MIP-3alpha, LARC, ST38 (mouse)), Exodus-2 (also known as CCL21, SLC, 6-Ckine, TCA4, CKbeta9), and Exodus-3 (also known as CCL-19, ELC, MIP-3beta, CKbeta11). Exodus-3 was shown to inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells in vivo in a mouse model; Exodus-1, -2, and -3 were all shown to significantly inhibit chronic myelogenous leukemia progenitor cell proliferation; Exodus-2 and -3 show potent immunotherapeutic activity toward solid tumors; chemotatic for T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophage progenitor cells, and NK cells; exist as monomers and dimers, but are believed to be functional as monomers; found only in vertebrates. See CDs: Chemokine_CC (cd00272) for the entire CC subgroup, Chemokine (cd00169) for the general alignment of chemokines, or Chemokine_CXC (cd00273), Chemokine_C (cd00271), and Chemokine_CX3C (cd00274) for the additional chemokine subgroups.

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gi 3947924   29 QDCCLKYSQKKIPYSIVRGYRKQEPSLGCPIPAILFSPRKHSKpeLCANPEEGWVQNLMRRLD 91
Cdd:cd01119   1 EDCCLSYTQHPIPWRVLRGYTYQEISESCDIPAIIFHTRRGRK--VCADPKQDWVKRAIQLLS 61

Intercrine alpha family (small cytokine C-X-C) (chemokine CXC); Family of cytokines involved in cell-specific chemotaxis, mediation of cell growth, and the inflammatory response.

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gi 3947924      30 DCCLKYSQKKIPYSIVRGYRKqePSLGCPIPAILFSPRKHSKpeLCANPEEGWVQNLMRRL 90
Cdd:smart00199   3 RCCLSYTSKKIPLKRIKSYYP--TSSHCPKPAVIFTTKKGRK--VCADPKAKWVQRYIKKL 59

Chemokine_CC_DCCL: subgroup of the Chemokine_CC subgroup based on the presence of a DCCL motif involving the two N-terminal cysteine residues; includes a number of small inducible cytokines capable of reversibly inhibiting normal hematopoietic progenitor proliferation by blocking progression through the cell cycle; DCCL subgroup contains Exodus-1 (also known as CCL20, MIP-3alpha, LARC, ST38 (mouse)), Exodus-2 (also known as CCL21, SLC, 6-Ckine, TCA4, CKbeta9), and Exodus-3 (also known as CCL-19, ELC, MIP-3beta, CKbeta11). Exodus-3 was shown to inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells in vivo in a mouse model; Exodus-1, -2, and -3 were all shown to significantly inhibit chronic myelogenous leukemia progenitor cell proliferation; Exodus-2 and -3 show potent immunotherapeutic activity toward solid tumors; chemotatic for T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophage progenitor cells, and NK cells; exist as monomers and dimers, but are believed to be functional as monomers; found only in vertebrates. See CDs: Chemokine_CC (cd00272) for the entire CC subgroup, Chemokine (cd00169) for the general alignment of chemokines, or Chemokine_CXC (cd00273), Chemokine_C (cd00271), and Chemokine_CX3C (cd00274) for the additional chemokine subgroups.

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gi 3947924   29 QDCCLKYSQKKIPYSIVRGYRKQEPSLGCPIPAILFSPRKHSKpeLCANPEEGWVQNLMRRLD 91
Cdd:cd01119   1 EDCCLSYTQHPIPWRVLRGYTYQEISESCDIPAIIFHTRRGRK--VCADPKQDWVKRAIQLLS 61

Chemokine_CC: 1 of 4 subgroup designations based on the arrangement of the two N-terminal cysteine residues; includes a number of secreted growth factors and interferons involved in mitogenic, chemotactic, and inflammatory activity; some members (e.g. 2HCC) contain an additional disulfide bond which is thought to compensate for the highly conserved Trp missing in these; chemotatic for monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, and T cells, but not neutrophils; exist as monomers and dimers, but are believed to be functional as monomers; found only in vertebrates and a few viruses; a subgroup of CC, identified by an N-terminal DCCL motif (Exodus-1, Exodus-2, and Exodus-3), has been shown to inhibit specific types of human cancer cell growth in a mouse model. See CDs: Chemokine (cd00169) for the general alignment of chemokines, or Chemokine_CXC (cd00273), Chemokine_C (cd00271), and Chemokine_CX3C (cd00274) for the additional chemokine subgroups, and Chemokine_CC_DCCL for the DCCL subgroup of this CD.

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gi 3947924   31 CCLKYSQKKIPYSIVRGYRKQEPSlgCPIPAILFSPRKHSkpELCANPEEGWVQNLMRRLD 91
Cdd:cd00272   1 CCLSYSKKRIPLRVLKSYRRTSSS--CSKPAVIFKTKRGR--EVCADPKQKWVQRYMKLLD 57

Intercrine alpha family (small cytokine C-X-C) (chemokine CXC); Family of cytokines involved in cell-specific chemotaxis, mediation of cell growth, and the inflammatory response.

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gi 3947924      30 DCCLKYSQKKIPYSIVRGYRKqePSLGCPIPAILFSPRKHSKpeLCANPEEGWVQNLMRRL 90
Cdd:smart00199   3 RCCLSYTSKKIPLKRIKSYYP--TSSHCPKPAVIFTTKKGRK--VCADPKAKWVQRYIKKL 59

Chemokine_CX3C: 1 of 4 subgroup designations based on the arrangement of the two N-terminal cysteines; differ structurally from the other subgroups in that they are attached to a membrane-spanning domain via a mucin-like stalk and can be proteolytically cleaved to a freely diffusible form; chemotatic for T cells, monocytes, and natural killer cells; function as monomers and are found only in vertebrates and a few viruses; currently only fractalkine (sometimes called neurotactin) has been identified as a member of this subfamily; the primary source of fractalkine is neurons, and they exhibit cell adhesion and chemoattractive properties in the central nervous system. See CDs: Chemokine (cd00169) for the general alignment of chemokines, or Chemokine_CXC (cd00273), Chemokine_CC (cd00272), and Chemokine_C (cd00271) for the additional chemokine subgroups.

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gi 3947924   39 KIPYSIVRGYRKQEPSlgCPIPAILFSPRKHSKpeLCANPEEGWVQNLMRRLDQPPA 95
Cdd:cd00274  18 KIPVALLIHYQQNQES--CGKRAIILETRQHRL--FCADPKEQWVKDAMQHLDRQAA 70